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DU LINNA, LIU CHUNGANG, TENG MEIYU, MENG QINGFAN, LU JIAHUI, ZHOU YULIN, LIU YAN, CHENG YINGKUN, WANG DI, TENG LESHENG. Anti-diabetic activities of Paecilomyces tenuipes N45 extract in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Mol Med Rep 2015; 13:1701-8. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Che JH, Yun JW, Cho EY, Kim SH, Kim YS, Kim WH, Park JH, Son WC, Kim MK, Kang BC. Toxicologic assessment of Paecilomyces tenuipes in rats: renal toxicity and mutagenic potential. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 70:527-34. [PMID: 25223566 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Paecilomyces tenuipes is entomogenous fungus that is called snow-flake Dongchunghacho in Korea. Although it is widely used in traditional medicines, its safety has not yet been comprehensively investigated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the genotoxicity, acute and subchronic toxicity of P. tenuipes. The acute oral LD50 of P. tenuipes extract in rats was estimated to be greater than 2000mg/kg of body weight. In the subchronic study, the oral treatment of rats with 500, 1000 or 2000mg/kg P. tenuipes extract daily for 13weeks did not induce any dose-related changes (body weight, food consumption, clinical observation, urinalysis, hematology, clinical chemistry and organ weight). In contrast, histopathological observation revealed that P. tenuipes extract induced karyomegaly in outer medulla of kidney in all treated rats. Importantly, P. tenuipes extract exerted the mutagenic potential in Ames assay. Since karyomegalic alterations have been known to be associated with carcinogenicity, our finding on the mutagenicity of P. tenuipes extract supports the possibility on the potential involvement of P. tenuipes in carcinogenicity at least partially. In conclusion, the subchronic oral exposure of P. tenuipes may induce kidney abnormality at the concentration higher than 500mg/kg body weight, although further studies using other animal models are needed to identify the toxicity of P. tenuipes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hwan Che
- Biomedical Center for Animal Resource and Development, Bio-Max Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Won Yun
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Young Cho
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Soon Kim
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Ho Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hak Park
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Chan Son
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Kyung Kim
- Biofood Network, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; BiofoodCRO, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Cheol Kang
- Biomedical Center for Animal Resource and Development, Bio-Max Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Shen L, Jiao RH, Ye YH, Wang XT, Xu C, Song YC, Zhu HL, Tan RX. Absolute configuration of new cytotoxic and other bioactive trichothecene macrolides. Chemistry 2007; 12:5596-602. [PMID: 16673428 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200600084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Three new cytotoxic 10,13-cyclotrichothecane-derived macrolides, myrothecines A-C (1-3), were characterized from the extracts of two Myrothecium roridum strains, IFB-E009 and IFB-E012, isolated as endophytic fungi found on the traditional Chinese medicinal plants Trachelospermum jasminoides and Artemisia annua, respectively. The absolute configuration of myrothecines A-C was elucidated by a combination of spectral techniques (UV, IR, MS, circular dichroism (CD), (1)H and (13)C NMR, DEPT, (1)H-(1)H COSY, NOESY, HMQC, and HMBC spectrascopic analyses), Mosher's ester analysis, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The absolute configuration of the reported bioactive analogue, mytoxin B was established by correlating its spectral data with that of known absolute configurational structures. Furthermore, the significance in endophytism (or symbiosis) and biocatabolism, highlighted by production of those macrolides by the endophytic strains, is discussed in brief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Shen
- Institute of Functional Biomolecules, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
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Lee DH, Park T, Kim HW. Induction of Apoptosis by Disturbing Mitochondrial-Membrane Potential and Cleaving PARP in Jurkat T Cells through Treatment with Acetoxyscirpenol Mycotoxins. Biol Pharm Bull 2006; 29:648-54. [PMID: 16595895 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.29.648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Paecilomyces tenuipes is a famous Chinese medicinal entomopathogenic fungus that grows within the larvae of silkworms. 4beta-acetoxyscirpendiol (4-MAS), a cytotoxic compound belonging to the scirpenol subfamily of trichothecene mycotoxin, was isolated from Paecilomyces tenuipes. To further elucidate the cytotoxic mechanism of 4-MAS, evidences of its induction of apoptosis, together with the structurally related acetoxyscirpenol moiety mycotoxins (ASMs) such as, 15-acetoxyscirpenol (15-MAS), 4,15-diacetoxyscirpenol (4,15-DAS), and 3alpha-acetyldiacetoxyscirpenol (TAS), in the human Jurkat T cell line were reported herein. In the MTT reduction and time-course cytotoxicity assays for monitoring cell viability, all the four ASMs that were tested exhibited cytotoxicity; single acetoxylation at C-4 of the scirpenol family resulted in relatively weak cytotoxicity, while acetoxylation at C-15 resulted in strong cytotoxicity regardless of the other acetoxylations at the C-3 and/or C-4 positions. Phosphatidylserine externalization was induced by all the ASMs that were treated at an early phase in a time-dependent manner, showing a typical apoptotic phenomenon, not a necrotic one. The ASMs also reduced the mitochondria's inner-membrane potential (deltaPsim) through flow cytometry analysis after staining these with DiOC6, a mitochondria-specific and voltage-dependent dye. Acetoxylation of ASM at C-15 increased deltaPsim disruption, but that at C-3 reduced the deltaPsim. The ASMs that were tested also cleaved 113 kDa PARP to an 89-kDa fragment through Western blot assay, suggesting the activation of caspase-3 and/or caspase-7 in the Jurkat T cell. DNA fragmentation was also observed to have been increased in a time-dependent manner by the ASMs that were tested in Jurkat T cells, resulting in the DNA fragmentation intensity order of 4,15-DAS>15-MAS>TAS>4-MAS. These data indicate that the Jurkat T cells that were treated with ASMs underwent typical cascades of apoptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hee Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Seoul, Korea
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Yokoyama E, Yamagishi K, Hara A. Heterothallism in Cordyceps takaomontana. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2005; 250:145-50. [PMID: 16055279 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsle.2005.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2005] [Revised: 06/28/2005] [Accepted: 07/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Perithecium formation of an entomopathogenic fungus Cordyceps takaomontana was promoted by treating the mycelia with cell wall-degrading enzymes and PEG 4000. Perithecia were formed in the mixed culture of both mating-type strains MAT1 and MAT2, and not in the culture of MAT1 or MAT2 alone. The MAT1 strains did not possess a mating-type gene MAT1-1-3, but could produce perithecia. These results strongly suggested that C. takaomontana is heterothallic, and does not need MAT1-1-3 for the perithecium formation. MAT1-1-3 was also not found in another entomopathogenic fungus Cordyceps militaris. On the other hand, phytopathogenic fungi Balansia sp., Claviceps purpurea and Epichloë typhina possessed MAT1-1-3. The structures of mating-type locus MAT1-1 of these phytopathogenic fungi in the family Clavicipitaceae were similar to that of a phytopathogenic fungus Gibberella fujikuroi in the family Nectriaceae, which is closely related to Clavicipitaceae. These results suggested that phytopathogen might be more ancestral group than entomopathogen in Clavicipitaceae, and that MAT1-1-3 might be lost in the course of the host shift from plants to insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Yokoyama
- The Agricultural High-Tech Research Center, Meijo University, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan.
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