1
|
Mizoguchi M, Takemori H, Furukawa S, Ito M, Asai M, Morino H, Miura T, Yabe D, Shibata T. Increased expression of glucagon-like peptide-1 and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator in the ileum and colon in mouse treated with metformin. Endocr J 2023; 70:149-159. [PMID: 36198615 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej22-0260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin, an oral medication, is prescribed to patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Although the efficacy, safety, and low economic burden of metformin on patients have long been recognized, approximately 5% of the patients treated with this drug develop severe diarrhea and discontinue the treatment. We previously reported that 1,000 mg·kg-1·day-1 of metformin induced diarrhea in diabetic obese (db/db) mice and wood creosote (traditional medication for diarrhea) ameliorated the symptoms. In this study, we attempted to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which metformin induces diarrhea. Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a key ion (chloride) channel in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-induced diarrhea. Metformin treatment increased bile flow (bile acids and bilirubin) in the ileum of mice. In addition, the treatment was accompanied by an increase in mRNA and protein levels of CFTR in the mucosa of the ileum and colon in both wild-type (C57BL/6J) and db/db mice. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), as well as cholic acid, induces CFTR mRNA expression in human colon carcinoma Caco-2 cells through cAMP signaling. Although wood creosote (10 mg/kg) ameliorated diarrhea symptoms, it did not alter the mRNA levels of Glp-1 or Cftr. Similar to overeating, metformin upregulated GLP-1 and CFTR expression, which may have contributed to diarrhea symptoms in mice. Although we could not identify db/db mouse-specific factors associated with metformin-induced diarrhea, these factors may modulate colon function. Wood creosote may not interact with these factors but ameliorates diarrhea symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Momoka Mizoguchi
- Department of Life Science and Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takemori
- Department of Life Science and Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Saho Furukawa
- Department of Life Science and Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Masafumi Ito
- Taiko Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka 550-0005, Japan
| | - Mutsumi Asai
- Taiko Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka 550-0005, Japan
| | | | | | - Daisuke Yabe
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism/Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Nutrition, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Takashi Shibata
- Taiko Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka 550-0005, Japan
- Strategic Global Partnership Cross-Innovation Initiative, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University Hospital, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Anti-Diarrheal Effects of Wood Creosote, Seirogan, in Japanese Patients. REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/reports2040028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Wood creosote, Seirogan, is a non-prescription drug used to treat diarrhea. However, reports of its clinical use are rare. Here, we report the efficacy of wood creosote (3 capsules daily) in alleviating diarrheal symptoms in 148 patients from 10 clinics in Osaka, Japan. Wood creosote was classified to be remarkably effective, effective, partially effective, or not effective on the basis of the degree of alleviation of diarrheal symptoms. The anti-diarrheal efficacy of wood creosote soft capsules did not differ between males and females. Younger patients (21–30 years) showed greater improvement in diarrhea symptoms than elderly patients (>61 years) did. Wood creosote soft capsules were remarkably effective (44 patients), effective (71 patients), and partially effective (13 patients) in alleviating diarrhea symptoms due to a variety of causes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the clinical effectiveness of wood creosote soft capsules in treating diarrhea.
Collapse
|
3
|
Hiramoto K, Yamate Y, Kobayashi H, Ishii M, Miura T, Sato EF, Inoue M. Effect of the smell of Seirogan, a wood creosote, on dermal and intestinal mucosal immunity and allergic inflammation. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2012; 51:91-5. [PMID: 22962524 PMCID: PMC3432832 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.11-82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Seirogan, a wood creosote, has been used as an antidiarrhetic drug in Asian countries including Japan for many years. This antidiarrhetic has recently been used as a sugar-coated pill because Seirogan has a strong smell. The strong smell of the uncoated form of Seirogan may modulate the defense systems of animals because the sense of smell is important for the detection of toxic metabolites in foods contaminated with pathogens. This study examined the effect of the sugar-coated and uncoated forms of this antidiarrhetic on the immunological response and inflammatory reactions in mice that had been sensitized with either fluorescein isothiocyanate or oxazolone. The sensitization of mice with either FITC or oxazolone markedly increased the plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and mucosal IgA and elicited severe inflammation in the colon by a mechanism that could be suppressed by exposure of animals to the smell of uncoated Seirogan as effectively as the oral administration of the agent. Dermal inflammation in the FITC- and oxazolone-sensitized mice was also suppressed effectively either by the exposure to the smell or oral administration of the agent. Biochemical and histochemical analyses revealed that the elevated levels of plasma tumor necrosis factor-α and mucosal IgA were significantly decreased by exposure to the smell of uncoated Seirogan as well as by oral administration of the agent. Exposure of mice to the smell of Seirogan but not oral administration of the agent selectively increased plasma levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol, particularly in the sensitized animals. These observations suggest that exposing the animals to the smell of Seirogan per se activated the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis and systemically modulated immunological reactions to suppress the allergic reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Hiramoto
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Iwami M, Shiina T, Hirayama H, Shima T, Takewaki T, Shimizu Y. Inhibitory effects of zingerone, a pungent component of Zingiber officinale Roscoe, on colonic motility in rats. J Nat Med 2011; 65:89-94. [PMID: 20799069 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-010-0463-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ginger (rhizome of Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is an herbal medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders including constipation and diarrhea. Zingerone is a likely active constituent responsible for the antidiarrheal activity of ginger. The current study was designed to characterize pharmacological actions of zingerone on colonic motility. To evaluate pharmacological effects of zingerone on colonic motility, we used isolated colonic segments from rats, in which mechanical responses were recorded in the longitudinal direction. In addition, we evaluated the effects on colonic motility in vivo by measuring intraluminal pressure changes and expelled fluid volume from the colon in anesthetized rats. Zingerone was applied to the lumen of the colon to allow the drug to access from the mucosal side. Zingerone inhibited spontaneous contractile movements in the isolated colonic segments in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibitory effects of zingerone on colonic movements were not affected by pretreatment with capsazepine, a typical antagonist of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1. In addition, tetrodotoxin, a blocker of voltage-dependent sodium channels on neurons, did not affect the suppression of colonic movements by zingerone, suggesting that zingerone acts on the smooth muscles directly. Zingerone also attenuated colonic motility in vivo without affecting blood pressure and heart rate. The effects were reversible and reproducible. Our findings suggest that zingerone can inhibit colonic motility via direct action on smooth muscles. Zingerone might exert beneficial therapeutic effects on hypermotility-induced diarrhea by abrogating excessive gastrointestinal motility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Momoe Iwami
- Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Basic Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Palombo EA. Phytochemicals from traditional medicinal plants used in the treatment of diarrhoea: modes of action and effects on intestinal function. Phytother Res 2006; 20:717-24. [PMID: 16619336 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.1907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Medicinal plants have been used as traditional treatments for numerous human diseases for thousands of years. Diarrhoeal diseases continue to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world and there is renewed interest in the discovery of novel compounds that can be used to fight these diseases. Numerous studies have validated the traditional use of antidiarrhoeal medicinal plants by investigating the biological activity of extracts of such plants, which have antispasmodic effects, delay intestinal transit, suppress gut motility, stimulate water adsorption or reduce electrolyte secretion. Of the numerous phytochemicals (such as alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids and terpenes) present in active extracts, tannins and flavonoids are thought to be responsible for antidiarrhoeal activity by increasing colonic water and electrolyte reabsorption. Others act by inhibiting intestinal motility. As some of the active ingredients are potentially toxic, there is a need to evaluate the safety of plant preparations. A few clinical trials have evaluated the safety and tolerability of traditional and herbal medicine preparations used to treat diarrhoea and generally indicate that minimal side effects are observed. However, with the increased popularity of plant-derived and herbal medicines in Western society, the benefits and potential dangers of these medicines must be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enzo A Palombo
- Environment and Biotechnology Centre, Faculty of Life and Social Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ataka K, Ito M, Shibata T. New views on antidiarrheal effect of wood creosote: is wood creosote really a gastrointestinal antiseptic? YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2005; 125:937-50. [PMID: 16327239 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.125.937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Wood creosote, the principal ingredient in Seirogan, has a long history as a known gastrointestinal microbicidal agent. When administered orally, the intraluminal concentration of wood creosote is not sufficiently high to achieve this microbicidal effect. Through further animal tests, we have shown that antimotility and antisecretory actions are the principal antidiarrheal effects of wood creosote. Wood creosote inhibits intestinal secretion induced by enterotoxins by blocking the Cl(-) channel on the intestinal epithelium. Wood creosote also decreases intestinal motility accelerated by mechanical, chemical, or electrical stimulus by the inhibition of the Ca(2+) influx into the smooth muscle cells. In this overview, the antimotility and antisecretory effects of wood creosote are compared with those of loperamide. Wood creosote was observed to inhibit stimulated colonic motility, but not normal jejunal motility. Loperamide inhibits normal jejunal motility, but not stimulated colonic motility. Both wood creosote and loperamide inhibit intestinal secretion accelerated by acetylcholine. Wood creosote was found to have greater antisecretory effects in the colon than loperamide. Based upon these findings, we conclude that the antidiarrheal effects of wood creosote are due to both antisecretory activity in the intestine and antimotility in the colon, but not due to the microbicidal activity as previously thought. Wood creosote was found to have no effects on normal intestinal activity. These conclusions are supported by the results of a recent clinical study comparing wood creosote and loperamide, which concluded that wood creosote was more efficacious in relieving abdominal pain and comparable to loperamide in relieving diarrhea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koji Ataka
- Research Institute, Taiko Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 3-34-14 Uchihonmachi, Suita City 564-0032, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|