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Cheng Z, Tu J, Wang K, Li F, He Y, Wu W. Wogonin alleviates NLRP3 inflammasome activation after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by regulating AMPK/SIRT1. Brain Res Bull 2024; 207:110886. [PMID: 38253131 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2024.110886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (IR) is the main pathophysiological process after stroke and can seriously impair neurological function. Wogonin, a natural flavonoid extracted from the roots of Scutellaria baicalensis, has potent anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we investigated the protective mechanism of wogonin against middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) model-induced cerebral IR injury through adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/sirtuin 1 (SIRT1)/NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome axis. Our results showed that wogonin (20 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection) effectively reduced infarct size, attenuated brain edema, improved neurological deficits, and alleviated histopathological damage. In addition, wogonin reduced microglial cell activation and inflammatory factors, including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and IL-10, in brain tissue and serum after cerebral IR injury. Wogonin also effectively activated the AMPK/SIRT1 signaling pathway and inhibited NLPR3 inflammasome-related molecules upregulation in cerebral IR injury as well as in OGD/R-stimulated HT-22 cells. Furthermore, inhibition of the AMPK/SIRT1 signaling pathway by Compound C, an AMPK inhibitor, significantly reversed the protective effect of wogonin on OGD/R-induced NLRP3 inflammasome. Meanwhile, the protective effect of wogonin against brain IR injury was also reversed in the presence of compound C. These results suggest that wogonin ameliorates cerebral IR injruy-induced inflammation by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome through the AMPK/SIRT1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijuan Cheng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang university, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Jianglong Tu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang university, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang university, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang university, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Yuan He
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang university, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang university, Jiangxi 330006, China.
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2
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Pereira JF, de Sousa Neves JC, Fonteles AA, Bezerra JR, Pires RC, da Silva ATA, Lima FAV, Neves KRT, Oriá RB, de Barros Viana GS, Tavares J, de Sousa Nascimento T, Oliveira AV, Parente ACB, Gomes JMP, de Andrade GM. Palmatine, a natural alkaloid, attenuates memory deficits and neuroinflammation in mice submitted to permanent focal cerebral ischemia. J Neuroimmunol 2023; 381:578131. [PMID: 37413943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2023.578131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the major causes of human morbidity and mortality. The pathophysiology of ischemic stroke involves complex events, including oxidative stress and inflammation, that lead to neuronal loss and cognitive deficits. Palmatine (PAL) is a naturally occurring (Coptidis rhizome) isoquinoline alkaloid that belongs to the class of protoberberines and has a wide spectrum of pharmacological and biological effects. In the present study, we evaluated the impact of Palmatine on neuronal damage, memory deficits, and inflammatory response in mice submitted to permanent focal cerebral ischemia induced by middle cerebral artery (pMCAO) occlusion. The animals were treated with Palmatine (0.2, 2 and 20 mg/kg/day, orally) or vehicle (3% Tween + saline solution) 2 h after pMCAO once daily for 3 days. Cerebral ischemia was confirmed by evaluating the infarct area (TTC staining) and neurological deficit score 24 h after pMCAO. Treatment with palmatine (2 and 20 mg/kg) reduced infarct size and neurological deficits and prevented working and aversive memory deficits in ischemic mice. Palmatine, at a dose of 2 mg/kg, had a similar effect of reducing neuroinflammation 24 h after cerebral ischemia, decreasing TNF-, iNOS, COX-2, and NF- κB immunoreactivities and preventing the activation of microglia and astrocytes. Moreover, palmatine (2 mg/kg) reduced COX-2, iNOS, and IL-1β immunoreactivity 96 h after pMCAO. The neuroprotective properties of palmatine make it an excellent adjuvant treatment for strokes due to its inhibition of neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Fernandes Pereira
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Brazil, Rua Professor Costa Mendes, 1608, 60.430-140 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Juliana Catharina de Sousa Neves
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1127, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Analu Aragão Fonteles
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1127, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Rabelo Bezerra
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1127, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1000, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Rayssa Costa Pires
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1127, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Ana Thais Araújo da Silva
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Brazil, Rua Professor Costa Mendes, 1608, 60.430-140 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1000, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Francisco Arnaldo Viana Lima
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1127, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Kelly Rose Tavares Neves
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1127, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Reinaldo Barreto Oriá
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Brazil, Rua Professor Costa Mendes, 1608, 60.430-140 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Glauce Socorro de Barros Viana
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1127, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1000, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Juliete Tavares
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Brazil, Rua Professor Costa Mendes, 1608, 60.430-140 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1000, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Tyciane de Sousa Nascimento
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Brazil, Rua Professor Costa Mendes, 1608, 60.430-140 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1000, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Alfaete Vieira Oliveira
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1127, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1000, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Ana Caroline Barros Parente
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Brazil, Rua Professor Costa Mendes, 1608, 60.430-140 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1000, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Jessica Maria Pessoa Gomes
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Brazil, Rua Professor Costa Mendes, 1608, 60.430-140 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1000, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Geanne Matos de Andrade
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Brazil, Rua Professor Costa Mendes, 1608, 60.430-140 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1127, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1000, 60.430-275 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
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3
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Tu X, Zhang H, Chen S, Ding YH, Wu X, Liang R, Shi SS. LncRNA CEBPA-AS1 alleviates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by sponging miR-340-5p regulating APPL1/LKB1/AMPK pathway. FASEB J 2021; 36:e22075. [PMID: 34919285 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100826rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) regulate neurological damage in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI). This study aimed to investigate the biological roles of lncRNA CEBPA-AS1 in CIRI. Middle cerebral artery occlusion and ischemia-reperfusion injury (MCAO/IR) rat model and oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R) cell lines were generated; the expression of CEBPA-AS1 was evaluated by qRT-PCR. The effects of CEBPA-AS1 on cell apoptosis and nerve damage were examined. The downstream microRNA (miRNA) and mRNA of CEBPA-AS1 were predicted and verified. We found that overexpression of CEBPA-AS1 could attenuate MCAO/IR-induced nerve damage and neuronal apoptosis in the rat model. Knockdown of CEBPA-AS1 aggravated cell apoptosis and enhanced the production of LDH and MDA in the OGD/R cells. Upon examining the molecular mechanisms, we found that CEBPA-AS1 stimulated APPL1 expression by combining with miR-340-5p, thereby regulating the APPL1/LKB1/AMPK pathway. In the rescue experiments, CEBPA-AS1 overexpression was found to attenuate OGD/R-induced cell apoptosis and MCAO/IR induced nerve damage, while miR-340-5p reversed these effects of CEBPA-AS1. In conclusion, CEBPA-AS1 could decrease CIRI by sponging miR-340-5, regulating the APPL1/LKB1/AMPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiankun Tu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgical Institute of Fujian Province, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Huabin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgical Institute of Fujian Province, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Song Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgical Institute of Fujian Province, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yi-Hang Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgical Institute of Fujian Province, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiyao Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgical Institute of Fujian Province, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Risheng Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgical Institute of Fujian Province, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Song-Sheng Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgical Institute of Fujian Province, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
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4
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Baicalein, Baicalin, and Wogonin: Protective Effects against Ischemia-Induced Neurodegeneration in the Brain and Retina. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:8377362. [PMID: 34306315 PMCID: PMC8263226 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8377362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia is a common pathological condition present in many neurodegenerative diseases, including ischemic stroke, retinal vascular occlusion, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma, threatening the sight and lives of millions of people globally. Ischemia can trigger excessive oxidative stress, inflammation, and vascular dysfunction, leading to the disruption of tissue homeostasis and, ultimately, cell death. Current therapies are very limited and have a narrow time window for effective treatment. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop more effective therapeutic options for ischemia-induced neural injuries. With emerging reports on the pharmacological properties of natural flavonoids, these compounds present potent antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic agents for the treatment of ischemic insults. Three major active flavonoids, baicalein, baicalin, and wogonin, have been extracted from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (S. baicalensis); all of which are reported to have low cytotoxicity. They have been demonstrated to exert promising pharmacological capabilities in preventing cell and tissue damage. This review focuses on the therapeutic potentials of these flavonoids against ischemia-induced neurotoxicity and damage in the brain and retina. The bioactivity and bioavailability of baicalein, baicalin, and wogonin are also discussed. It is with hope that the therapeutic potential of these flavonoids can be utilized and developed as natural treatments for ischemia-induced injuries of the central nervous system (CNS).
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Huynh DL, Ngau TH, Nguyen NH, Tran GB, Nguyen CT. Potential therapeutic and pharmacological effects of Wogonin: an updated review. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:9779-9789. [PMID: 33165817 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05972-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are members of polyphenolic compounds, which are naturally presented in fruits, vegetables, and some medicinal plants. Traditionally, the root of Scutellaria baicalensis is widely used as Chinese herbal medicine and contains several major bioactive compounds such as Wogonin, Scutellarein, Baicalein, and Baicalin. Experimental and clinical evidence has been proving that Wogonin exhibits diverse biological activities such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammation, and treatment of bacterial and viral infections. In this review, we summarize and emphasize the benefits of Wogonin as a therapeutic adjuvant for anti-viral infection, anti-inflammation, neuroprotection as well as anxiolytic and anticonvulsant. Moreover, the molecular mechanism(s) how Wogonin mediates the cellular signal pathways and immune responses are also discussed and highlighted valuable properties of Wogonin in multiple therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Luong Huynh
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Vietnam
| | - Tran Hoang Ngau
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Ho Chi Minh University of Food and Industry, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Hoai Nguyen
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Ho Chi Minh City Open University, 97 Vo Van Tan Street, District 3, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Gia-Buu Tran
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology and Food-Technology, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
| | - Cuong Thach Nguyen
- NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
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6
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Chen Q, Rahman K, Wang SJ, Zhou S, Zhang H. Scutellaria barbata: A Review on Chemical Constituents, Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Applications. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:160-175. [PMID: 31840605 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666191216124310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Scutellaria barbata has a long history of medical use in Traditional Chinese Medicine for removing heat and toxic material, promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, and inducing diuresis to reduce edema. Recent pharmacology investigations have provided evidence for its anti-cancer, bacteriostasis, anti-virus, anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation and immunity enhancement properties. The efficacy of activating blood circulation and removing blood stasis has unique advantages in the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. A total of 84 compounds have been isolated from S. barbata and are characterized mainly as flavonoids, diterpenoids, followed by polysaccharide, volatile oil and steroids. Peer-reviewed articles published over the last few years were gathered by consulting the databases PubMed, Elsevier, Springer, and Chinese Herbal Classics. This review mainly focuses on the pharmacologically active constituents isolated from S. barbata,which have been subjected to in vitro and/or in vivo studies. Although, the chemical components, pharmacological activities, toxicology, clinical applications and mechanisms of action of S. barbata have been investigated, many constituents remain unknown. Further investigations are required to investigate the medicinal properties of S. barbata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.,Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Khalid Rahman
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, England, United Kingdom
| | - Su-Juan Wang
- Department of Drug Preparation, Hospital of TCM and Hui Nationality Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Wuzhong 751100, China
| | - Shuang Zhou
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion Techniques Department, School of Acupuncture-moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.,Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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Badawy AM, El-Naga RN, Gad AM, Tadros MG, Fawzy HM. Wogonin pre-treatment attenuates cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats: Impact on PPAR-γ, inflammation, apoptosis and Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Chem Biol Interact 2019. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2019.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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8
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Badawy AM, El-Naga RN, Gad AM, Tadros MG, Fawzy HM. Wogonin pre-treatment attenuates cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats: Impact on PPAR-γ, inflammation, apoptosis and Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 308:137-146. [PMID: 31103702 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cisplatin, a platinum chemotherapeutic agent, is used in a diversity of malignancies; nevertheless, the excessive nephrotoxicity following cisplatin treatment is the dose-limiting devastating reaction. This study was designed to explore the possible nephroprotective impact of wogonin, a forceful anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor agent, in a rat model of cisplatin-induced renal injury. The potential nephroprotective mechanisms were additionally investigated. Wogonin was given at a dose of 40 mg/kg. Acute nephrotoxicity was indicated by a significant rise in BUN, and serum creatinine levels in cisplatin-injected rats. Also, cisplatin enhanced the lipid peroxidation, diminished GSH, catalase, and PPAR-γ levels. Additionally, cisplatin-injected rats showed a significant rise in tissue levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, NF-kB, and caspase-3 enzymatic activity. Notably, the pre-treatment with wogonin ameliorated the nephrotoxicity indices, oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis induced by cisplatin. Also, wogonin up-regulated PPAR-γ expression. The involvement of Wnt/β-catenin pathway was debatable; however, our findings showed that it was significantly induced by cisplatin. Wogonin pre-treatment markedly attenuated Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Collectively, these findings imply that wogonin is a promising nephroprotective agent that improves the therapeutic index of cisplatin via reducing oxidative stress, inflammation as well as inducing PPAR-γ. Also, Wnt/β-catenin pathway is partially involved in the pathogenesis of cisplatin nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa M Badawy
- Department of Pharmacology, The National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Reem N El-Naga
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Amany M Gad
- Department of Pharmacology, The National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mariane G Tadros
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hala M Fawzy
- Department of Pharmacology, The National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Cairo, Egypt
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Xing H, Ren C, Kong Y, Ning C, Kong D, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Li N, Wang Z, Chen X, Lu Y. Mechanistic study of absorption and first-pass metabolism of GL-V9, a derivative of wogonin. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2019; 40:151-161. [PMID: 30931529 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
GL-V9, a derivative of wogonin, has potent anti-cancer activity. The absorption and metabolism of this compound have not been investigated systematically. This study aims to illustrate the pharmacokinetic characters of GL-V9 by exploring its metabolic status under different administration routes. To further clarify the absorption mechanism of GL-V9, an in situ single-pass perfusion model and a Caco-2 cell monolayer model were used. Meanwhile, a microsomal incubation system was used to evaluate the enzyme kinetic parameters. In vivo, the obtained gastrointestinal availability (Fa × Fg ) was 21.28 ± 5.38%. The unmetabolized fraction in the gut wall (Fgut wall ) was 98.59 ± 9.74%, while the hepatic bioavailability (Fh ) was 29.11 ± 5.22%. These results indicated that poor absorption and extensive metabolism may contribute greatly to the low bioavailability of GL-V9. The effective permeability (Peff ) in the duodenum and jejunum was 1.34 ± 0.50 × 10-4 and 0.90 ± 0.27 × 10-4 cm/s, respectively. The high permeability of GL-V9 indicated that other unknown factors (such as metabolism) may account for its systemic exposure problem. Studies in rat liver microsomal (RLMs) confirmed this hypothesis, and the Clint, CYP450s and UGT of GL-V9 was 0.20 ml/min/mg protein. In conclusion, these results suggest that GL-V9 possesses higher permeability than wogonin and the metabolism of GL-V9 is related to its disposition in rat intestine and liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Xing
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211198, China
| | - Chang Ren
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211198, China
| | - Ying Kong
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211198, China
| | - Chen Ning
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211198, China
| | - Dexuan Kong
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211198, China
| | - Yongjie Zhang
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211198, China
| | - Di Zhao
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211198, China
| | - Ning Li
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211198, China
| | - Zeyu Wang
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211198, China
| | - Xijing Chen
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211198, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211198, China
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10
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Umemoto Y, Patel A, Huynh T, Chitravanshi VC. Wogonin attenuates the deleterious effects of traumatic brain injury in anesthetized Wistar rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 848:121-130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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11
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Wang T, Long F, Jiang G, Cai H, Jiang Q, Cheng K, Hu Z, Wang Y. Pharmacokinetic properties of wogonin and its herb-drug interactions with docetaxel in rats with mammary tumors. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 32:e4264. [PMID: 29679509 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Docetaxel, frequently used for the treatment of breast cancer, is mainly metabolized via hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A in humans and is also a substrate of P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Wogonin has been shown to be able to modulate the activities of CYPs and P-gp, and it could serve as an adjuvant chemotherapeutic agent. However, the impacts of co-administration of wogonin and docetaxel on their pharmacokinetics have not been studied because of a lack of an analytical method for their simultaneous measurement. In the present study, we established an HPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneous measurement of wogonin and docetaxel in rat plasma, and it was then utilized to explore the pharmacokinetics of wogonin and the herb-drug interactions between wogonin and docetaxel after their combined administration in rats with mammary tumors. The rats received 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg wogonin via oral administration, with or without docetaxel intravenously administered at 10 mg/kg, and the plasma concentrations of wogonin and docetaxel were measured using the established and validated HPLC-MS/MS method. The Cmax and AUC0-t of wogonin were proportionally increased in the dose range from 10 to 40 mg/kg, suggesting a linear pharmacokinetics of wogonin. Moreover, the Cmax and AUC0-t of docetaxel and the AUC0-t of wogonin were increased after co-administration (p < 0.05), indicating increased in vivo exposures of both wogonin and docetaxel, which might lead to an increase in not only therapeutic but also toxic effects. Thus the alterations of pharmacokinetics should be taken into consideration when wogonin and docetaxel are co-administered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institution, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Fangyi Long
- Department of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Hospital for Women and Children, Women and Children's Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Gang Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institution, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Cai
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institution, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institution, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Kai Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institution, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiqiang Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institution, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
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12
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Xu Y, Yang B, Hu Y, Lu L, Lu X, Wang J, Xu F, Yu S, Huang J, Liang X. Wogonin prevents TLR4-NF-κB-medicated neuro-inflammation and improves retinal ganglion cells survival in retina after optic nerve crush. Oncotarget 2018; 7:72503-72517. [PMID: 27756890 PMCID: PMC5341925 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic neuro-inflammation is involved in the death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in glaucoma. The aim of this study is to determine whether wogonin can suppress inflammatory responses and rescue RGCs death after optic nerve crush (ONC), an ideal animal model of glaucoma. Wogonin was administered intraperitoneally 10 min after establishment of ONC model. In this study, wogonin treatment reduced RGCs loss and inhibited RGCs apoptosis demonstrated by the increased Brn3a labeling RGCs at day 14 and the decreased cleaved caspase-3 expression at day 7 after ONC, respectively. In ONC model, number of GFAP-positive glial cells and iba1-positive microglial cells were increased, combined of the elevated level of pro-inflammatory cytokines released in retina at day 7. However, most of these responses were inhibited after wogonin treatment. The level of TLR4 expression, NF-κB-P65 nucleus location and NF-κB-P65 phosphorylation were increased in retina at day 1 after ONC, which was significantly reduced after wogonin treatment. These results demonstrated that wogonin protected RGCs survival and suppressed neuro-inflammation in retina after ONC by inhibiting TLR4-NF-κB pathways. We conclude that wogonin could be a possible strategy for the treatment of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Boyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaguang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoling Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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Clinical and Preclinical Cognitive Function Improvement after Oral Treatment of a Botanical Composition Composed of Extracts from Scutellaria baicalensis and Acacia catechu. Behav Neurol 2016; 2016:7240802. [PMID: 28042201 PMCID: PMC5155129 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7240802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dementia and cognitive impairment have become the major concerns worldwide due to a significantly aging population, increasing life span and lack of effective pharmacotherapy. In light of limited pharmaceutical drug choices and the socioeconomic implications of these conditions, the search for safe and effective alternatives from natural sources has gained many attractions within the medical food and dietary supplement industry. Two polyphenol extracts derived from roots of Scutellaria baicalensis and heartwoods of Acacia catechu containing free-B-ring flavonoids and flavans, respectively, were combined into a proprietary blend called UP326. A similar bioflavonoid composition, UP446, has been reported with modulation of pathways related to systemic inflammation. To test the effect of UP326 on memory and learning, a radial arm water maze (RAWM) and contextual fear conditioning (CF) were utilized in aged F344 rats fed with UP326 at doses of 3, 7, and 34 mg/kg for 11 weeks. The 7 and 34 mg/kg dosage groups had significantly fewer errors than aged vehicle control animals and their performance was equivalent to young animal controls. In a separate human clinical trial, test subjects orally given 300 mg of UP326 BID for 30 days showed marked improvement in speed and accuracy of processing complex information in computer tasks and reduced their standard deviation of performance compared to baseline and the placebo group. This data suggest that UP326 may help maintain memory, sustain speed of processing, and reduce the number or memory errors as we age.
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Ferreira EDO, Fernandes MYSD, Lima NMRD, Neves KRT, Carmo MRSD, Lima FAV, Fonteles AA, Menezes APF, Andrade GMD. Neuroinflammatory response to experimental stroke is inhibited by eriodictyol. Behav Brain Res 2016; 312:321-32. [PMID: 27353856 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral ischemia is a common disease and one of the most common causes of death and disability worldwide. The lack of glucose and oxygen in neuronal tissue leads to a series of inflammatory events, culminating in neuronal death. Eriodictyol is a flavonoid isolated from the Chinese herb Dracocephalum rupestre that has been proven to have anti-inflammatory properties. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE Thus, the present study was designed to explore whether eriodictyol has neuroprotective effects against the neuronal damage, motor and memory deficits induced by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) in mice. STUDY DESIGN Animals were orally treated with eriodictyol (1, 2 and 4mg/kg) or vehicle (saline) 30min before pMCAO, 2h after, and then once daily for the following five days. METHODS The parameters studied were neuronal viability, brain infarcted area; sensorimotor deficits; exploratory activity; working and aversive memory; myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity; TNFα, iNOS and GFAP immunoreactivity. RESULTS The treatment with eriodictyol prevented neuronal death, reduced infarct area and improved neurological and memory deficits induced by brain ischemia. The increase of MPO activity and TNF-α, iNOS and GFAP expression were also reduced by eriodictyol treatment. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that eriodictyol exhibit promising neuroprotection effects against the permanent focal ischemia cerebral injury in the mice experimental model and the underlying mechanisms might be mediated through inhibition of neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emerson de Oliveira Ferreira
- Post-Graduate Programme in Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Mara Yone Soares Dias Fernandes
- Post-Graduate Programme in Pharmacology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Neila Maria Rocha de Lima
- Post-Graduate Programme in Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Kelly Rose Tavares Neves
- Post-Graduate Programme in Pharmacology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Marta Regina Santos do Carmo
- Post-Graduate Programme in Pharmacology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Francisco Arnaldo Viana Lima
- Post-Graduate Programme in Pharmacology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Analu Aragão Fonteles
- Post-Graduate Programme in Pharmacology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Ana Paula Fontenele Menezes
- Post-Graduate Programme in Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Geanne Matos de Andrade
- Post-Graduate Programme in Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil; Post-Graduate Programme in Pharmacology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil; Institute of Biomedicine of Brazilian Semi-arid, Brazil.
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15
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An Analysis of the Combination Frequencies of Constituent Medicinal Herbs in Prescriptions for the Treatment of Stroke in Korean Medicine: Determination of a Group of Candidate Prescriptions for Universal Use. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:2674014. [PMID: 27087820 PMCID: PMC4818814 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2674014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to Western medicine, which typically prescribes one medicine to treat a specific disease, traditional East Asian medicine uses any one of a large number of different prescriptions (mixtures of medicinal herbs), according to the patient's characteristics. Although this can be considered an advantage, the lack of a universal prescription for a specific disease is considered a drawback of traditional East Asian medicine. The establishment of universally applicable prescriptions for specific diseases is therefore required. As a basic first step in this process, this study aimed to select prescriptions used in the treatment of stroke and, through the analysis of medicinal herb combination frequencies, select a high-frequency medicinal herb combination group for further experimental and clinical research. As a result, we selected some candidates of a medicinal herb combination and 13 candidates of a medicinal herb for the treatment of stroke.
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Wang PF, Zhou Y, Fang H, Lin S, Wang YC, Liu Y, Xia J, Eslick GD, Yang QW. Treatment of acute cerebral ischemia using animal models: a meta-analysis. Transl Neurosci 2015; 6:47-58. [PMID: 28123790 PMCID: PMC4936615 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2015-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are numerous potential treatments assessed for acute cerebral ischemia using animal models. This study aimed to assess the effect of these treatments in terms of infarct size and neurobehavioral change. This meta-analysis was conducted to determine if any of these treatments provide a superior benefit so that they might be used on humans. METHODS A systematic search was conducted using several electronic databases for controlled animal studies using only nonsurgical interventions for acute cerebral ischemia. A random-effects model was used. RESULTS After an extensive literature search, 145 studies were included in the analysis. These studies included 1408 treated animals and 1362 control animals. Treatments that had the most significant effect on neurobehavioral scales included insulin, various antagonists, including N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist ACEA1021, calmodulin antagonist DY-9760e, and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor antagonist YM872, and antiviral agents. Treatments providing the greatest effect on infarct size included statins, sphingosine-1-phosphate agonist (fingolimod), alcohol, angiotensin, and leukotrienes. Treatments offering the greatest reduction in brain water content included various agonists, including sphingosine-1-phosphate agonist fingolimod, statins, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ). Treatment groups with more than one study all had high heterogeneity (I2 > 80%), however, using meta-regression we determined several sources of heterogeneity including sample size of the treatment and control groups, the occlusion time, but not the year when the study was conducted. CONCLUSIONS Some treatments stand out when compared to others for acute cerebral ischemia in animals. Greater replication of treatment studies is required before any treatments are selected for future human trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huang Fang
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Sen Lin
- Department of Development and Regeneration Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Histoembryology and Neurobiology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan-Chun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Xia
- Systematic Review Solutions, China
| | - Guy D Eslick
- Department of Surgery, The University of Sydney, Nepean Hospital, Penrith, Australia
| | - Qing-Wu Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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17
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Dhama K, Kesavan M, Karthik K, . A, Tiwari R, Sunkara LT, Singh R. Neuroimmunomodulation Countering Various Diseases, Disorders, Infections, Stress and Aging. INT J PHARMACOL 2015. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2015.76.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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18
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Chen F, Wu R, Zhu Z, Yin W, Xiong M, Sun J, Ni M, Cai G, Zhang X. Wogonin protects rat dorsal root ganglion neurons against tunicamycin-induced ER stress through the PERK-eIF2α-ATF4 signaling pathway. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 55:995-1005. [PMID: 25417142 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0456-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been demonstrated to contribute to neurodegeneration in multiple nervous system diseases. Wogonin is a flavonoid isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis root and has multiple pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer effects. It has a protective role in nervous system diseases; however, the pharmacological function of wogonin in the spinal cord is still with limited acquaintance. In the present study, rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons were pretreated with different concentrations of wogonin (0-100 μM) before inducing ER stress using tunicamycin (TUN) (0.75 μg/ml). Wogonin pretreatment at 75 and 100 μM had a cytoprotective effect on cells against TUN-induced toxicity. Wogonin also decreased the number of the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL)-positive DRG neurons and increased expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD), which was accompanied by decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) level. The induction of apoptosis was prevented with reduction in expression level of Bax and concomitant increase in B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) level. Furthermore, wogonin downregulated expression level of ER stress genes coding for glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), active caspase 12, transcription factor 4 (ATF4), and phosphorylation of pancreatic ER stress kinase (PERK) and eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha (eIF2α). The current study indicated that wogonin modulated stress-responsive genes, helping DRG neurons prevent TUN-induced ER stress through the PERK-eIF2α-ATF4 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyi Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, People's Republic of China
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19
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Wogonin prevents rat dorsal root ganglion neurons death via inhibiting tunicamycin-induced ER stress in vitro. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2014; 35:389-398. [PMID: 25381475 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-014-0134-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Wogonin is a natural flavonoid isolated from the root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, which has been widely used in various research areas for its anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer activities. It also presents a neuroprotective effect in the brain while encounters stress conditions, but the mechanisms controlling the neuroprotective effect of wogonin are not clear. In this study, we investigated the biomechanism underlying the neuroprotective effect of wogonin on rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Wogonin pre-treatment at 75 μM significantly increased the cell viability of DRG neurons and decreased the number of the propidium iodide-positive DRG neurons before the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is being induced by tunicamycin (TUN) (0.75 μg/mL). In addition, Wogonin also inhibited the release of LDH and up-regulated the level of GSH. Furthermore, wogonin decreased the activation of ER stress-related molecules, including glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), GRP94, C/EBP-homologous protein, active caspase12 and active caspase3, phosphorylation of pancreatic ER stress kinase, and eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha (eIF2α). In summary, our results indicated that wogonin could protect DRG neurons against TUN-induced ER stress.
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20
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Nam KW, Chae S, Song HY, Mar W, Han MD. The role of wogonin in controlling SOCS3 expression in neuronal cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 450:1518-24. [PMID: 25035930 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism underlying the wogonin-mediated increase in the expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) is unclear. Promoter deletion assay results revealed that wogonin-induced SOCS3 expression is dependent on the AP-1 consensus sequences and two STAT responsive elements (TTACAAGAA and TTCCAGGAA) in the 5'-flanking region of the SOCS3 gene in SH-SY5Y cells. Wogonin-induced SOCS3 expression was blocked by inhibitors of PI3K, Akt, Raf, p38, JNK, MEK, and STAT3, respectively. However, JAK2 inhibitors did not inhibit wogonin-induced SOCS3 expression. These results indicate that SOCS3-inducing effect of wogonin is caused by the activation of PI3K-mediated MAPK signaling pathways (Akt, ERK1/2, p38, and JNK), and the subsequent activation of AP-1 consensus sequences and STAT responsive elements in SH-SY5Y cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kung-Woo Nam
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Science, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 336-745, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwook Chae
- Herbal Quality Control Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 488 Expo, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Yeon Song
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 330-721, Republic of Korea
| | - Woongchon Mar
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Man-Deuk Han
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Science, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 336-745, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Gaire BP, Moon SK, Kim H. Scutellaria baicalensis in stroke management: nature's blessing in traditional Eastern medicine. Chin J Integr Med 2014; 20:712-20. [PMID: 24752475 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-014-1347-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi is the most widely used medicinal plant in traditional Eastern medicine, especially in Chinese medicine. The major phytochemicals isolated from S. baicalensis are flavonoids, glycosides and their glucoronides such as baicalin, baicalein, wogonin etc. More than 30 different kinds of flavonoids are isolated from this plant. S. baicalensis and its flavonoids are reported to have several pharmacological activities, which includes anti-allergic, antioxidant, anti apoptic, anti-inflammatory effects and many more. Recently, S. baicalensis and its isolated flavonoids have been studied for their neuroprotective effects, through a variety of in vitro and in vivo models of neurodegenerative diseases, plausibly suggesting that S. baicalensis has salutary effect as a nature's blessing for neuroprotection. In this review, we are focousing on the neuroprotective effects of S. baicalensis and its flavonoids in ischemia or stroke-induced neuronal cell death. We aimed at compiling all the information regarding the neuroprotective effect of S. baicalensis in various experimental models of cerebral ischemia or stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhakta Prasad Gaire
- Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Korea,
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22
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Sikder MA, Lee HJ, Ryu J, Park SH, Kim JO, Hong JH, Seok JH, Lee CJ. Apigenin and Wogonin Regulate Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Signaling Pathway Involved in MUC5AC Mucin Gene Expression and Production from Cultured Airway Epithelial Cells. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul) 2014; 76:120-6. [PMID: 24734099 PMCID: PMC3982238 DOI: 10.4046/trd.2014.76.3.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We investigated whether wogonin and apigenin significantly affect the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway involved in MUC5AC mucin gene expression, and production from cultured airway epithelial cells; this was based on our previous report that apigenin and wogonin suppressed MUC5AC mucin gene expression and production from human airway epithelial cells. Methods Confluent NCI-H292 cells were pretreated with wogonin or apigenin for 15 minutes or 24 hours and then stimulated with epidermal growth factor (EGF) for 24 hours or the indicated periods. Results We found that incubation of NCI-H292 cells with wogonin or apigenin inhibited the phosphorylation of EGFR. The downstream signals of EGFR such as phosphorylation of MEK1/2 and ERK1/2 were also inhibited by wogonin or apigenin. Conclusion The results suggest that wogonin and apigenin inhibits EGFR signaling pathway, which may explain how they inhibit MUC5AC mucin gene expression and production induced by EGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Asaduzzaman Sikder
- Department of Pharmacology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyun Jae Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jiho Ryu
- Department of Pharmacology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Su Hyun Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Ju-Ock Kim
- Pulmonology Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jang-Hee Hong
- Department of Pharmacology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Seok
- Department of Pharmacology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Choong Jae Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
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Gu Y, Chen J, Shen J. Herbal medicines for ischemic stroke: combating inflammation as therapeutic targets. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2014; 9:313-39. [PMID: 24562591 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-014-9525-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a debilitating disease for which limited therapeutic approaches are available currently. Thus, there is an urgent need for developing novel therapies for stroke. Astrocytes, endothelial cells and pericytes constitute a neurovascular network for metabolic requirement of neurons. During ischemic stroke, these cells contribute to post-ischemic inflammation at multiple stages of ischemic cascades. Upon ischemia onset, activated resident microglia and astrocytes, and infiltrated immune cells release multiple inflammation factors including cytokines, chemokines, enzymes, free radicals and other small molecules, not only inducing brain damage but affecting brain repair. Recent progress indicates that anti-inflammation is an important therapeutic strategy for stroke. Given a long history with direct experience in the treatment of human subjects, Traditional Chinese Medicine and its related natural compounds are recognized as important sources for drug discovery. Last decade, a great progress has been made to identify active compounds from herbal medicines with the properties of modulating post-ischemic inflammation for neuroprotection. Herein, we discuss the inflammatory pathway in early stage and secondary response to injured tissues after stroke from initial artery occlusion to brain repair, and review the active ingredients from natural products with anti-inflammation and neuroprotection effects as therapeutic agents for ischemic stroke. Further studies on the post-ischemic inflammatory mechanisms and corresponding drug candidates from herbal medicine may lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies in stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Gu
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR, China
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24
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Pharmacological effects of active compounds on neurodegenerative disease with gastrodia and uncaria decoction, a commonly used poststroke decoction. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:896873. [PMID: 24348193 PMCID: PMC3851952 DOI: 10.1155/2013/896873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases refer to the selective loss of neuronal systems in patients. The diseases cause high morbidity and mortality to approximately 22 million people worldwide and the number is expected to be tripled by 2050. Up to now, there is no effective prevention and treatment for the neurodegenerative diseases. Although some of the clinical therapies target at slowing down the progression of symptoms of the diseases, the general effectiveness of the drugs has been far from satisfactory. Traditional Chinese medicine becomes popular alternative remedies as it has been practiced clinically for more than thousands of years in China. As neurodegenerative diseases are mediated through different pathways, herbal decoction with multiple herbs is used as an effective therapeutic approach to work on multiple targets. Gastrodia and Uncaria Decoction, a popular TCM decoction, has been used to treat stroke in China. The decoction contains compounds including alkaloids, flavonoids, iridoids, carotenoids, and natural phenols, which have been found to possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and antiapoptotic effects. In this review, we will summarize the recent publications of the pharmacological effects of these five groups of compounds. Understanding the mechanisms of action of these compounds may provide new treatment opportunities for the patients with neurodegenerative diseases.
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PI3K/Akt Pathway Contributes to Neurovascular Unit Protection of Xiao-Xu-Ming Decoction against Focal Cerebral Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury in Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:459467. [PMID: 23781261 PMCID: PMC3678438 DOI: 10.1155/2013/459467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we used a focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion rat model to investigate the protective effects of Xiao-Xu-Ming decoction (XXMD) on neurovascular unit and to examine the role of PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase)/Akt pathway in this protection. The cerebral ischemia was induced by 90 min of middle cerebral artery occlusion. Cerebral infarct area was measured by tetrazolium staining, and neurological function was observed at 24 h after reperfusion. DNA fragmentation assay, combined with immunofluorescence, was performed to evaluate apoptosis of neuron, astrocyte, and vascular endothelial cell which constitute neurovascular unit. The expression levels of proteins involved in PI3K/Akt pathway were detected by Western blot. The results showed that XXMD improved neurological function, decreased cerebral infarct area and neuronal damage, and attenuated cellular apoptosis in neurovascular unit, while these effects were abolished by inhibition of PI3K/Akt with LY294002. We also found that XXMD upregulated p-PDKl, p-Akt, and p-GSK3 β expression levels, which were partly reversed by LY294002. In addition, the increases of p-PTEN and p-c-Raf expression levels on which LY294002 had no effect were also observed in response to XXMD treatment. The data indicated the protective effects of XXMD on neurovascular unit partly through the activation of PI3K/Akt pathway.
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Wogonin induces reactive oxygen species production and cell apoptosis in human glioma cancer cells. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:9877-9892. [PMID: 22949836 PMCID: PMC3431834 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13089877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma is the most common primary adult brain tumor with poor prognosis because of the ease of spreading tumor cells to other regions of the brain. Cell apoptosis is frequently targeted for developing anti-cancer drugs. In the present study, we have assessed wogonin, a flavonoid compound isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, induced ROS generation, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and cell apoptosis. Wogonin induced cell death in two different human glioma cells, such as U251 and U87 cells but not in human primary astrocytes (IC 50 > 100 μM). Wogonin-induced apoptotic cell death in glioma cells was measured by propidine iodine (PI) analysis, Tunnel assay and Annexin V staining methods. Furthermore, wogonin also induced caspase-9 and caspase-3 activation as well as up-regulation of cleaved PARP expression. Moreover, treatment of wogonin also increased a number of signature ER stress markers glucose-regulated protein (GRP)-78, GRP-94, Calpain I, and phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor-2α (eIF2α). Treatment of human glioma cells with wogonin was found to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Wogonin induced ER stress-related protein expression and cell apoptosis was reduced by the ROS inhibitors apocynin and NAC (N-acetylcysteine). The present study provides evidence to support the fact that wogonin induces human glioma cell apoptosis mediated ROS generation, ER stress activation and cell apoptosis.
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Kim JO, Sikder MA, Lee HJ, Rahman M, Kim JH, Chang GT, Lee CJ. Phorbol Ester or Epidermal Growth-factor-induced MUC5AC Mucin Gene Expression and Production from Airway Epithelial Cells are Inhibited by Apigenin and Wogonin. Phytother Res 2012; 26:1784-8. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Ock Kim
- Pulmonology Section, Department of Internal Medicine; Chungnam National University Hospital; Daejeon
| | | | - Hyun Jae Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine; Chungnam National University; Daejeon
| | - Mustafizur Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Dhaka University; Bangladesh
| | - Jang-Hyun Kim
- Department of Oriental Pediatrics; Dongguk Univ-Seoul, Graduate School of Oriental Medicine
| | - Gyu Tae Chang
- Department of Oriental Pediatrics, College of Oriental Medicine; KyungHee University; Seoul Korea
| | - Choong Jae Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine; Chungnam National University; Daejeon
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Chen CC, Hung TH, Wang YH, Lin CW, Wang PY, Lee CY, Chen SF. Wogonin improves histological and functional outcomes, and reduces activation of TLR4/NF-κB signaling after experimental traumatic brain injury. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30294. [PMID: 22272328 PMCID: PMC3260265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) initiates a neuroinflammatory cascade that contributes to neuronal damage and behavioral impairment. This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of wogonin, a flavonoid with potent anti-inflammatory properties, on functional and histological outcomes, brain edema, and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)- and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)-related signaling pathways in mice following TBI. Methodology/Principal Findings Mice subjected to controlled cortical impact injury were injected with wogonin (20, 40, or 50 mg·kg−1) or vehicle 10 min after injury. Behavioral studies, histology analysis, and measurement of blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and brain water content were carried out to assess the effects of wogonin. Levels of TLR4/NF-κB-related inflammatory mediators were also examined. Treatment with 40 mg·kg−1 wogonin significantly improved functional recovery and reduced contusion volumes up to post-injury day 28. Wogonin also significantly reduced neuronal death, BBB permeability, and brain edema beginning at day 1. These changes were associated with a marked reduction in leukocyte infiltration, microglial activation, TLR4 expression, NF-κB translocation to nucleus and its DNA binding activity, matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity, and expression of inflammatory mediators, including interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, macrophage inflammatory protein-2, and cyclooxygenase-2. Conclusions/Significance Our results show that post-injury wogonin treatment improved long-term functional and histological outcomes, reduced brain edema, and attenuated the TLR4/NF-κB-mediated inflammatory response in mouse TBI. The neuroprotective effects of wogonin may be related to modulation of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Cheng Chen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Leonardo CC, Doré S. Dietary flavonoids are neuroprotective through Nrf2-coordinated induction of endogenous cytoprotective proteins. Nutr Neurosci 2011; 14:226-36. [PMID: 22005287 DOI: 10.1179/1476830511y.0000000013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that the consumption of fruits and vegetables is associated with reduced risk for cardiovascular disease and stroke. Detailed investigations into the specific dietary components of these foods have revealed that many polyphenolic constituents exert anti-oxidant effects on key substrates involved in the pathogenesis and progression of ischemic injury. These data have perpetuated the belief that the protective effects of flavonoids result from direct anti-oxidant actions at the levels of the cerebral vasculature and brain parenchyma. While many in vitro studies using purified extracts support this contention, first-pass metabolism alters the bioavailability of flavonoids such that the achievable concentrations after oral consumption are not consistent with this mechanism. Importantly, oral consumption of flavonoids may promote neural protection by facilitating the expression of gene products responsible for detoxifying the ischemic microenvironment through both anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory actions. In particular, the transcriptional factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 has emerged as a critical regulator of flavonoid-mediated protection through the induction of various cytoprotective genes. The pleiotropic effects associated with potent transcriptional regulation likely represent the primary mechanisms of neural protection, as the flavonoid concentrations reaching ischemic tissues in vivo are sufficient to alter intracellular signal transduction but likely preclude the one-to-one stoichiometry necessary to confer protection by direct anti-oxidation. These data reflect an exciting new direction in the study of complementary and alternative medicine that may lead to the development of novel therapies for ischemic/hemorrhagic stroke, traumatic brain injury, and other neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Leonardo
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Wogonin suppresses arrhythmias, inflammatory responses, and apoptosis induced by myocardial ischemia/reperfusion in rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2011; 58:133-42. [PMID: 21436723 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e31821a5078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Wogonin is a flavonoid isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, a traditional Chinese medicine, and it possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The aim of this study is to investigate the in vivo effect of wogonin on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in an open-chest anesthetized rat model, which was induced by 45-minute left coronary artery occlusion and 2-hour reperfusion. Rats were treated with wogonin (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) 40 minutes before ischemia or treatment with 10 mg/kg of wogonin 15 minutes after occlusion. Pretreatment with 10 mg/kg of wogonin significantly delayed the occurrence of ventricular premature contractions and tachycardia, and it suppressed the incidence of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation, and mortality elicited by ischemia when compared with that in the control group, accompanied by reducing the arrhythmia scores. After 2-hour reperfusion, pretreatment and posttreatment with wogonin significantly reduced the infarct size and plasma levels of creatine kinase muscle-brain fraction and lactate dehydrogenase. Wogonin also significantly reduced the elevation of plasma tissue necrosis factor-α and superoxide anion production in the myocardium with ischemia/reperfusion. The expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, p65 and IκBα, and active caspase-3 in ischemic myocardium pronouncedly increased in the control group; these were significantly attenuated by treatment with wogonin. In conclusion, wogonin demonstrated in vivo cardioprotective effects by the attenuation of the severity of ischemia-induced arrhythmias and irreversible ischemia/reperfusion injury, which is associated with its antioxidant capacity and anti-inflammatory effects. The suppression of nuclear factor-κB and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation and the inhibition of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression contribute to the beneficial effects of wogonin.
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Petraglia AL, Winkler EA, Bailes JE. Stuck at the bench: Potential natural neuroprotective compounds for concussion. Surg Neurol Int 2011; 2:146. [PMID: 22059141 PMCID: PMC3205506 DOI: 10.4103/2152-7806.85987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: While numerous laboratory studies have searched for neuroprotective treatment approaches to traumatic brain injury, no therapies have successfully translated from the bench to the bedside. Concussion is a unique form of brain injury, in that the current mainstay of treatment focuses on both physical and cognitive rest. Treatments for concussion are lacking. The concept of neuro-prophylactic compounds or supplements is also an intriguing one, especially as we are learning more about the relationship of numerous sub-concussive blows and/or repetitive concussive impacts and the development of chronic neurodegenerative disease. The use of dietary supplements and herbal remedies has become more common place. Methods: A literature search was conducted with the objective of identifying and reviewing the pre-clinical and clinical studies investigating the neuroprotective properties of a few of the more widely known compounds and supplements. Results: There are an abundance of pre-clinical studies demonstrating the neuroprotective properties of a variety of these compounds and we review some of those here. While there are an increasing number of well-designed studies investigating the therapeutic potential of these nutraceutical preparations, the clinical evidence is still fairly thin. Conclusion: There are encouraging results from laboratory studies demonstrating the multi-mechanistic neuroprotective properties of many naturally occurring compounds. Similarly, there are some intriguing clinical observational studies that potentially suggest both acute and chronic neuroprotective effects. Thus, there is a need for future trials exploring the potential therapeutic benefits of these compounds in the treatment of traumatic brain injury, particularly concussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L Petraglia
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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Hwang YK, Jinhua M, Choi BR, Cui CA, Jeon WK, Kim H, Kim HY, Han SH, Han JS. Effects of Scutellaria baicalensis on chronic cerebral hypoperfusion-induced memory impairments and chronic lipopolysaccharide infusion-induced memory impairments. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 137:681-689. [PMID: 21718777 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Extracts of the roots of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (Labiatae) have been widely used to relieve fever related to bacterial infection and inflammatory diseases in traditional Korean medicine and have been reported to be effective in brain diseases. These experiments were conducted to examine the effects of oral administration of Scutellaria baicalensis extracts on the rescue of memory impairments induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion or chronic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) infusion. In addition, the underlying mechanisms of these effects were investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the first experiment, chronic cerebral hypoperfusion was induced in male Wister rats by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAo). Daily administration of Scutellaria baicalensis extracts was started on 20 day after BCCAo and given for 40 days. A Morris water maze was then used to evaluate the status of the hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and hippocampal mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling was examined in control rats, rats with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion, and rats with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion that was administered Scutellaria baicalensis. In the second experiment, hippocampal microglial activation was induced by chronic infusions of LPS into the fourth ventricle of Fisher-344 rat brains. Daily administration of Scutellaria baicalensis extracts was started on 7 day after the surgery of LPS infusion and given for 32 days. Spatial memory and hippocampal microglial activation was then examined in control rats with an artificial cerebrospinal fluid infusion, rats with chronic LPS infusion, and rats with chronic LPS infusion that were administered Scutellaria baicalensis. RESULTS Rats that received chronic cerebral hypoperfusion or chronic LPS infusion showed spatial memory impairments relative to their control rats; however, these symptoms were reduced by daily administration of Scutellaria baicalensis. Administration of Scutellaria baicalensis mitigated alterations of hippocampal MAPK signaling by chronic cerebral infusion and microglial activation by chronic LPS infusion. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that Scutellaria baicalensis may possess therapeutic potential for the prevention of Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo Kyeong Hwang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
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Su SY, Hsieh CL. Anti-inflammatory effects of Chinese medicinal herbs on cerebral ischemia. Chin Med 2011; 6:26. [PMID: 21740583 PMCID: PMC3152532 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8546-6-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstracts Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of anti-inflammation, including cellular immunity, inflammatory mediators, reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide and several transcriptional factors, in the treatment of cerebral ischemia. This article reviews the roles of Chinese medicinal herbs as well as their ingredients in the inflammatory cascade induced by cerebral ischemia. Chinese medicinal herbs exert neuroprotective effects on cerebral ischemia. The effects include inhibiting the activation of microglia, decreasing levels of adhesion molecules such as intracellular adhesion molecule-1, attenuating expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α, reducing inducible nitric oxide synthase and reactive oxygen species, and regulating transcription factors such as nuclear factor-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Yu Su
- Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan.
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Kim EJ, Kang D, Han J. Baicalein and wogonin are activators of rat TREK-2 two-pore domain K+ channel. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2011; 202:185-92. [PMID: 21306568 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2011.02263.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM Earlier studies have shown that TREK-1 and TREK-2 (TREKs), members of the two-pore domain K(+) (K(2P)) channel family that are highly expressed under pathological conditions, are activated by neuroprotective agents. Baicalein and wogonin, oriental flavonoids originating from the root of the medicinal herb Scutellaria baicalensis, are known to have beneficial effects for neuroprotection. However, little is known about the effects of baicalein and wogonin on ion channels including TREKs. We investigated whether baicalein and wogonin modulate the TREK-2 channel, which has been less studied than TREK-1. METHODS Single-channel recordings were performed in COS-7 cells transfected with rat TREK-2 and analyzed baicalein- or wogonin-induced channel activity. RESULTS We found that baicalein and wogonin activated the TREK-2 current by increasing the opening frequency (channel activity: from 0.05 ± 0.01 to 0.17 ± 0.06 in baicalein treatment and from 0.03 ± 0.01 to 0.29 ± 0.09 in wogonin treatment, P < 0.05), while leaving the single-channel conductance and mean open time unchanged. Baicalein continuously activated TREK-2, whereas wogonin transiently activated TREK-2. Application of baicalein and wogonin activated TREK-2 in both cell attached and excised patches, suggesting that baicalein and wogonin may modulate TREK-2 either directly or indirectly with different mechanisms. CONCLUSION These results suggest that baicalein- and wogonin-induced TREK-2 activation help set the resting membrane potential of cells exposed to pathological conditions and thus may give beneficial effects in neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- E-J Kim
- Medical Research Center for Neural Dysfunction, Department of Physiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea
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Natural compounds from traditional medicinal herbs in the treatment of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2010; 31:1523-31. [PMID: 21127495 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2010.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
More and more attention in the field of drug discovery has been focused on the neuroprotection of natural compounds from traditional medicinal herbs. Cerebral ischemia is a complex pathological process involving a series of mechanisms, and a framework for the development of neuroprotectants from traditional herb medicine is a promising treatment for cerebral ischemia. Natural compounds with the effects of anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, calcium antagonization, anti-apoptosis, and neurofunctional regulation exhibit preventive or therapeutic effects on experimental ischemic brain injury. According to the pharmacological mechanisms underlying neuroprotection, we evaluated natural products from traditional medicinal herbs that exhibit protective effects on ischemic brain injury and characterized the promising targets.
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Cao Y, Li G, Wang YF, Fan ZK, Yu DS, Wang ZD, Bi YL. Neuroprotective effect of baicalin on compression spinal cord injury in rats. Brain Res 2010; 1357:115-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.07.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Revised: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/31/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Erratum: Neural protection by naturopathic compounds-an example of tetramethylpyrazine from retina to brain. J Ocul Biol Dis Infor 2009; 2:137-144. [PMID: 20046848 PMCID: PMC2798986 DOI: 10.1007/s12177-009-9033-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the advantages of being stable in the ambient environment, being permeable to the blood-brain and/or blood-eye barriers and being convenient for administration, naturopathic compounds have growingly become promising therapeutic candidates for neural protection. Extracted from one of the most common Chinese herbal medicines, tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), also designated as ligustrazine, has been suggested to be neuroprotective in the central nervous system as well as the peripheral nerve network. Although the detailed molecular mechanisms of its efficacy for neural protection are understood limitedly, accumulating evidence suggests that antioxidative stress, antagonism for calcium, and suppression of pro-inflammatory factors contribute significantly to its neuroprotection. In animal studies, systemic administration of TMP (subcutaneous injection, 50 mg/kg) significantly blocked neuronal degeneration in hippocampus as well as the other vulnerable regions in brains of Sprague-Dawley rats following kainate-induced prolonged seizures. Results from us and others also demonstrated potent neuroprotective efficacy of TMP for retinal cells and robust benefits for brain in Alzheimer's disease or other brain injury. These results suggest a promising prospect for TMP to be used as a treatment of specific neurodegenerative diseases. Given the assessment of the distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity information that is already available on most neuroprotective naturopathic compounds such as TMP, preclinical data to justify bringing such therapeutic compounds to clinical trials in humans is feasible.[This corrects the article on p. in vol. .].
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Tan Z. Neural protection by naturopathic compounds-an example of tetramethylpyrazine from retina to brain. J Ocul Biol Dis Infor 2009; 2:57-64. [PMID: 19672463 PMCID: PMC2723671 DOI: 10.1007/s12177-009-9024-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the advantages of being stable in the ambient environment, being permeable to the blood–brain and/or blood–eye barriers and being convenient for administration, naturopathic compounds have growingly become promising therapeutic candidates for neural protection. Extracted from one of the most common Chinese herbal medicines, tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), also designated as ligustrazine, has been suggested to be neuroprotective in the central nervous system as well as the peripheral nerve network. Although the detailed molecular mechanisms of its efficacy for neural protection are understood limitedly, accumulating evidence suggests that antioxidative stress, antagonism for calcium, and suppression of pro-inflammatory factors contribute significantly to its neuroprotection. In animal studies, systemic administration of TMP (subcutaneous injection, 50 mg/kg) significantly blocked neuronal degeneration in hippocampus as well as the other vulnerable regions in brains of Sprague–Dawley rats following kainate-induced prolonged seizures. Results from us and others also demonstrated potent neuroprotective efficacy of TMP for retinal cells and robust benefits for brain in Alzheimer’s disease or other brain injury. These results suggest a promising prospect for TMP to be used as a treatment of specific neurodegenerative diseases. Given the assessment of the distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity information that is already available on most neuroprotective naturopathic compounds such as TMP, it would not take much preclinical data to justify bringing such therapeutic compounds to clinical trials in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqun Tan
- Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, ZOT 4275, 100 Irvine Hall, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
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Tu XK, Yang WZ, Shi SS, Wang CH, Chen CM. Neuroprotective Effect of Baicalin in a Rat Model of Permanent Focal Cerebral Ischemia. Neurochem Res 2009; 34:1626-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-009-9953-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2008] [Accepted: 03/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Heo H, Shin Y, Cho W, Choi Y, Kim H, Kwon YK. Memory improvement in ibotenic acid induced model rats by extracts of Scutellaria baicalensis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2009; 122:20-27. [PMID: 19111602 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2008] [Revised: 09/23/2008] [Accepted: 11/20/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (Labiatae) extracts have been used as traditional Korean medicine, to treat cerebral ischemia in addition to bacterial infection and inflammatory diseases. AIM OF THE STUDY The improvement effect on learning and memory by the administration of Scutellaria baicalensis extracts was evaluated and the underlying mechanisms were investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Memory behavior was tested by the passive avoidance test and Y-maze test. We also investigated the cells expressing neuronal markers related to memory processes by immunofluorescence staining analysis in memory deficient animal model (Ibo model) rats and in hippocampal progenitor cells. RESULTS We found neuronal cells immunoreactive to choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), a marker for cholinergic neurons were increased in the hippocampus, while cells producing GABA and glutamate were not after 30 mg/kg Scutellaria baicalensis administration. Futhermore, Scutellaria baicalensis extracts enhanced the survival of a hippocampal progenitor cell line, HiB5 and its differentiation to ChAT immunoreactive cells. The increased expression of memory related neurotransmitter, NMDA receptor and a reduction of activated microglia in the hippocampus were also observed in the Ibo model when administrated Scutellaria baicalensis extracts. CONCLUSIONS These results imply that Scutellaria baicalensis has significant neuroprotective effects in the Ibo model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwon Heo
- Department of Biology, Kyunghee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
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Li-Weber M. New therapeutic aspects of flavones: the anticancer properties of Scutellaria and its main active constituents Wogonin, Baicalein and Baicalin. Cancer Treat Rev 2008; 35:57-68. [PMID: 19004559 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2008.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 610] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Revised: 09/08/2008] [Accepted: 09/17/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicines have been recently recognized as a new source of anticancer drugs and new chemotherapy adjuvant to enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy and to ameliorate the side effects of cancer chemotherapies however their healing mechanisms are still largely unknown. Scutellaria baicalensis is one of the most popular and multi-purpose herb used in China traditionally for treatment of inflammation, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and bacterial and viral infections. Accumulating evidence demonstrate that Scutellaria also possesses potent anticancer activities. The bioactive components of Scutellaria have been confirmed to be flavones. The major constituents of Scutellaria baicalensis are Wogonin, Baicalein and Baicalin. These phytochemicals are not only cytostatic but also cytotoxic to various human tumor cell lines in vitro and inhibit tumor growth in vivo. Most importantly, they show almost no or minor toxicity to normal epithelial and normal peripheral blood and myeloid cells. The antitumor functions of these flavones are largely due to their abilities to scavenge oxidative radicals, to attenuate NF-kappaB activity, to inhibit several genes important for regulation of the cell cycle, to suppress COX-2 gene expression and to prevent viral infections. The tumor-selectivity of Wogonin has recently been demonstrated to be due to its ability to differentially modulate the oxidation-reduction status of malignant vs. normal lymphocytic cells and to preferentially induce phospholipase C gamma 1, a key enzyme involved in Ca(2+) signaling, through H(2)O(2) signaling in malignant lymphocytes. This review is aimed to summarize the research results obtained since the last 20 years and to highlight the recently discovered molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li-Weber
- Tumor Immunology Program D030, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Piao HZ, Choi IY, Park JS, Kim HS, Cheong JH, Son KH, Jeon SJ, Ko KH, Kim WK. Wogonin inhibits microglial cell migration via suppression of nuclear factor-kappa B activity. Int Immunopharmacol 2008; 8:1658-62. [PMID: 18725324 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2008.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Accepted: 07/29/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we and others have demonstrated that wogonin, an active component from the root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, has a neuroprotective effect in cerebral ischemic insult. The neuroprotective effect of wogonin may at least in part be due to its anti-inflammatory properties. Microglial cells, well-known residential macrophages in the central nervous system, migrate to the ischemic lesion and play a pivotal role in the development of chronic inflammation. In the present study, we observed that wogonin potently inhibited microglial migration toward a chemokine, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). The anti-migratory effect of wogonin was provoked at nanomolar concentrations, at which wogonin did not significantly inhibit the production of cytokines and chemokines. NF-kappaB has previously shown to regulate microglial cell migration, and activation of cAMP-signaling pathway has also been associated with inhibition of microglial cell motility. In the present study, wogonin at low micromolar concentrations completely suppressed the activity of NF-kappaB in MCP-1-stimulated microglia, and NF-kappaB inhibitors such as N-acetyl cysteine and pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate inhibited the MCP-1-induced migration of microglial cells. However, wogonin did not stimulate the production of cAMP in microglial cells. Our results indicate that the anti-inflammatory activity of wogonin is exerted at least in part by suppressing microglial cell motility via inhibition of NF-kappaB activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zi Piao
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
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Hussain H, Ahmad VU, Anwar S, Miana GA, Krohn K. Chemical constituents of Scutellaria linearis. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2007.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Heo HJ, Lee HJ, Kim YS, Kang SS, Son KH, Seok JH, Seo UK, Lee CJ. Effects of baicalin and wogonin on mucin release from cultured airway epithelial cells. Phytother Res 2008; 21:1130-4. [PMID: 17622975 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi has been used for the treatment of diverse chronic inflammatory diseases including respiratory disease in oriental medicine and its major components - baicalin, baicalein and wogonin - were reported to have various biological effects. This study investigated whether baicalin, baicalein and wogonin affect basal and ATP-induced mucin release from cultured airway epithelial cells. Confluent primary hamster tracheal surface epithelial (HTSE) cells were metabolically radiolabeled using (3)H-glucosamine for 24 h and chased for 30 min in the presence of varying concentrations of each agent to assess the effects on (3)H-mucin release. The results were as follows: (1) Baicalein did not affect both basal and ATP-induced mucin release significantly. (2) Baicalin and wogonin increased basal mucin release at the highest concentrations (10(-3) m). (3) However, baicalin and wogonin significantly inhibited ATP-induced mucin release. It is concluded that baicalin and wogonin can slightly increase basal mucin release whereas they can inhibit ATP-induced mucin release, by directly acting on airway mucin-secreting cells. It is suggested that baicalin and wogonin be further investigated for the possible use as mucoregulators during the treatment of chronic airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Jin Heo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
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Yun SP, Jung WS, Park SU, Moon SK, Park JM, Ko CN, Cho KH, Kim YS, Bae HS. Hwangryunhaedogtang (huanglianjiedutang) treatment for pathological laughter after stroke and importance of patterns identification: a preliminary study. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2008; 35:725-33. [PMID: 17963313 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x07005211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study was to test the importance of patterns identification (PI) and the effectiveness of hwangryunhaedogtang (huanglianjiedutang) (HT) treatment for patients with post stroke pathological laughter (PL). Fourteen subjects were enrolled. Eight subjects diagnosed with Yang Excess patterns (YEP) were assigned into group A and 6 subjects who had no YEP to group B. HT was administrated 3 times a day for 14 days to both groups. The duration of PL at one time, the frequency of PL in a day, and pathological laughter scale (PLS) were the primary outcome measures. Barthel index (BI) was the secondary outcome measure. The duration and the frequency of PL in group A were significantly decreased from 10.88 +/- 4.67 to 6.63 +/- 4.07 sec and from 6.38 +/- 2.72 to 3.00 +/- 1.77 times, respectively (p = 0.01) after 14 days administration of HT. PLS in group A was also significantly lowered from 9.13 +/- 1.73 to 4.75 +/- 0.71 points (p = 0.01). However, significant differences were not observed in BI in group A and in the primary and secondary outcome measures in group B. The duration and the frequency of PL and PLS were more markedly reduced in group A than in group B (p = 0.01, 0.02, and < 0.01, respectively). These results suggested that HT could be effective on subjects with post stroke PL diagnosed as YEP and PI, that prescription of herbal medications to such patients should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Pil Yun
- Saint Paul's Oriental Medical Center, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea.
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Deng YX, Lu T, Xie L, Liu XD. High-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination and pharmacokinetic study of wogonoside in rat serum after oral administration of traditional Chinese medicinal preparation Huang-Lian-Jie-Du decoction. Biomed Chromatogr 2007; 20:1098-102. [PMID: 16583457 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of wogonoside in plasma of rats administrated orally with the traditional Chinese medicinal preparation Huang-Lian-Jie-Du decoction was developed. Sample preparation was carried out by protein precipitation with a mixture of acetonitrile and methanol (1:1, v/v). The extracted sample was separated on a Hypersil C(18) (150 x 5 mm i.d., 5 microm) analytical column by linear gradient elution using 0.05% (v/v) phosphoric acid (containing 5 mm sodium dihydrogen phosphate) and acetonitrile as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min. The eluate was detected using a UV detector at 276 nm. The assay was linear over the range 0.109-7.0 microg/mL (R(2) = 0.9999, n = 5). Mean recovery was determined as 98.39%. Intra- and inter-day precisions (RSD) were < or =7.59%. The limit of quantitation was 0.109 microg/mL. After validation, the HPLC method developed was applied to investigate the preliminary pharmacokinetics of wogonoside in rat after oral administration of Huang-Lian-Jie-Du decoction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Xiong Deng
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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Enomoto R, Suzuki C, Koshiba C, Nishino T, Nakayama M, Hirano H, Yokoi T, Lee E. Wogonin Prevents Immunosuppressive Action but Not Anti-Inflammatory Effect Induced by Glucocorticoid. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1095:412-7. [PMID: 17404053 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1397.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid, such as dexamethasone, has anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive action as major pharmacological effects. The latter action caused by lymphocyte apoptosis is not only a therapeutic effect but also an adverse reaction. Wogonin, a plant flavone found in Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, inhibited dexamethasone-induced apoptotic changes, such as DNA fragmentation, nuclear condensation, phosphatidylserine translocation, and caspase activation in rat thymocytes. Since wogonin inhibited dexamethasone-induced DNA fragmentation in a noncompetitive manner, a target of this flavone is unlikely to be an antagonist of glucocorticoid receptor. Wogonin did not only act as an inhibitor of caspases, but also protected apoptosis induced by other glucocorticoids. Since wogonin reduced one of the major pharmacological effects of dexamethasone, we examined whether this flavone diminishes the anti-inflammatory action, another pharmacological effect. The anti-inflammatory action of dexamethasone was evaluated by carrageenan-induced paw edema model. Although dexamethasone significantly suppressed paw edema induced by carrageenan, wogonin had no effect on the anti-inflammatory action of dexamethasone. These results suggest that wogonin may be a useful compound to reduce the immunosuppressive side effect of glucocorticoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riyo Enomoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Ikawadani-cho, Nishi-ku, Kobe 651-2180, Japan.
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Enomoto R, Sugahara C, Suzuki C, Nagase I, Takamura Y, Yoshikawa A, Hosoda A, Hirano H, Yokoi T, Lee E. Wogonin Prevents Glucocorticoid-Induced Thymocyte Apoptosis Without Diminishing Its Anti-inflammatory Action. J Pharmacol Sci 2007; 104:355-65. [PMID: 17690528 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.fp0061501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of wogonin, a flavone highly purified from the roots of Scutellaria baicalensis, on apoptotic cell death was re-evaluated in rat thymocytes. This flavone inhibited glucocorticoid-induced apoptotic changes such as DNA fragmentation, phosphatidylserine translocation, and nuclear condensation in rat thymocytes. Similar inhibition was also observed in apoptosis induced by other inducers such as etoposide. No significant changes of these apoptotic features were observed in rat thymocytes treated with wogonin alone, suggesting that this flavone protects against glucocorticoid-mediated immunosuppression caused by thymocyte apoptosis. Wogonin was reported to possess anti-inflammatory action in some previous studies, but this flavone had no effect on carrageenan-induced paw edema in this study. The simultaneous treatment of wogonin and glucocorticoid neither enhanced nor reduced the anti-inflammatory effect of glucocorticoid. These results indicate that wogonin is likely to prevent the immunosuppression of glucocorticoid without diminishing its drug efficacy as an anti-inflammatory agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riyo Enomoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan
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