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Nie X, He Q, Zhou B, Huang D, Chen J, Chen Q, Yang S, Yu X. Exploring the five-paced viper ( Deinagkistrodon acutus) venom proteome by integrating a combinatorial peptide ligand library approach with shotgun LC-MS/MS. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2021; 27:e20200196. [PMID: 34745239 PMCID: PMC8547348 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2020-0196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Snake venoms are complex mixtures of toxic proteins or peptides encoded by various gene families that function synergistically to incapacitate prey. In the present study, in order to unravel the proteomic repertoire of Deinagkistrodon acutus venom, some trace abundance components were analyzed. METHODS Shotgun proteomic approach combined with shotgun nano-LC-ESI-MS/MS were employed to characterize the medically important D. acutus venom, after collected samples were enriched with the combinatorial peptide ligand library (CPLL). RESULTS This avenue helped us find some trace components, undetected before, in D. acutus venom. The results indicated that D. acutus venom comprised 84 distinct proteins from 10 toxin families and 12 other proteins. These results are more than twice the number of venom components obtained from previous studies, which were only 29 distinct proteins obtained through RP-HPLC for the venom of the same species. The present results indicated that in D. acutus venom, the most abundant components (66.9%) included metalloproteinases, serine proteinases, and C-type lectin proteins; the medium abundant components (13%) comprised phospholipases A2 (PLA2) and 5'-nucleotidases and nucleases; whereas least abundant components (6%) were aminopeptidases, L-amino acid oxidases (LAAO), neurotoxins and disintegrins; and the trace components. The last were undetected before the use of conventional shotgun proteomics combined with shotgun nano-LC-ESI-MS/MS, such as cysteine-rich secretory proteins Da-CRPa, phospholipases B-like 1, phospholipases B (PLB), nerve growth factors (NGF), glutaminyl-peptide cyclortransferases (QC), and vascular non-inflammatory molecules 2 (VNN2). CONCLUSION These findings demonstrated that the CPLL enrichment method worked well in finding the trace toxin proteins in D. acutus venom, in contrast with the previous venomic characterization of D. acutus by conventional LC-MS/MS. In conclusion, this approach combined with the CPLL enrichment was effective for allowing us to explore the hidden D. acutus venomic profile and extended the list of potential venom toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuekui Nie
- Animal Toxin Group, Engineering Research Center of Active Substance and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiyi He
- Animal Toxin Group, Engineering Research Center of Active Substance and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Library, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dachun Huang
- Animal Toxin Group, Engineering Research Center of Active Substance and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junbo Chen
- Animal Toxin Group, Engineering Research Center of Active Substance and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qianzi Chen
- Animal Toxin Group, Engineering Research Center of Active Substance and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuqing Yang
- Emergency Department, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaodong Yu
- Animal Toxin Group, Engineering Research Center of Active Substance and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
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Genetic association of ERAP1 and ERAP2 with eclampsia and preeclampsia in northeastern Brazilian women. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6764. [PMID: 33762660 PMCID: PMC7990956 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86240-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical spectrum of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) is determined by the interplay between environmental and genetic factors, most of which remains unknown. ERAP1, ERAP2 and LNPEP genes code for multifunctional aminopeptidases involved with antigen processing and degradation of small peptides such as angiotensin II (Ang II), vasopressin and oxytocin. We aimed to test for associations between genetic variants in aminopeptidases and HDP. A total of 1282 pregnant women (normotensive controls, n = 693; preeclampsia, n = 342; chronic hypertension with superimposed preeclampsia, n = 61; eclampsia, n = 74; and HELLP syndrome, n = 112) were genotyped for variants in LNPEP (rs27300, rs38034, rs2303138), ERAP1 (rs27044, rs30187) and ERAP2 (rs2549796 rs2927609 rs11135484). We also evaluated the effect of ERAP1 rs30187 on plasma Ang II levels in an additional cohort of 65 pregnant women. The genotype C/C, in ERAP1 rs30187 variant (c.1583 T > C, p.Lys528Arg), was associated with increased risk of eclampsia (OR = 1.85, p = 0.019) whereas ERAP2 haplotype rs2549796(C)–rs2927609(C)–rs11135484(G) was associated with preeclampsia (OR = 1.96, corrected p-value = 0.01). Ang II plasma levels did not differ across rs30187 genotypic groups (p = 0.895). In conclusion, ERAP1 gene is associated with eclampsia whereas ERAP2 is associated with preeclampsia, although the mechanism by which genetic variants in ERAPs influence the risk of preeclampsia and eclampsia remain to be elucidated.
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Vasopressin inactivation: Role of insulin-regulated aminopeptidase. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2019; 113:101-128. [PMID: 32138946 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2019.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The physiological importance of vasopressin inactivation has long been appreciated, but the mechanisms and potential pathophysiologic roles of this process remain active subjects of research. Human Placental Leucine Aminopeptidase (P-LAP, encoded by the LNPEP gene) is an important determinant of vasopressinase activity during pregnancy and is associated with gestational diabetes insipidus and preeclampsia. Insulin-Regulated Aminopeptidase (IRAP), the rodent homologue of P-LAP, is coregulated with the insulin-responsive glucose transporter, GLUT4, in adipose and muscle cells. Recently, the Tether containing a UBX domain for GLUT4 (TUG) protein was shown to mediate the coordinated regulation of water and glucose homeostasis. TUG sequesters IRAP and GLUT4 intracellularly in the absence of insulin. Insulin and other stimuli cause the proteolytic cleavage of TUG to mobilize these proteins to the cell surface, where IRAP acts to terminate the activity of circulating vasopressin. Intriguingly, genetic variation in LNPEP is associated with the vasopressin response and mortality during sepsis, and increased copeptin, a marker of vasopressin secretion, is associated with cardiovascular and metabolic disease. We propose that in the setting of insulin resistance in muscle, increased cell-surface IRAP and accelerated vasopressin degradation cause a compensatory increase in vasopressin secretion. The increased vasopressin concentrations present at the kidneys then contribute to hypertension in the metabolic syndrome. Further analyses of metabolism and of vasopressin and copeptin may yield novel insights into a unified pathophysiologic mechanism linking insulin resistance and hypertension, and potentially other components of the metabolic syndrome, in humans.
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Sandanayake NS, Camuzeaux S, Sinclair J, Blyuss O, Andreola F, Chapman MH, Webster GJ, Smith RC, Timms JF, Pereira SP. Identification of potential serum peptide biomarkers of biliary tract cancer using MALDI MS profiling. BMC Clin Pathol 2014; 14:7. [PMID: 24495412 PMCID: PMC3923428 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6890-14-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this discovery study was the identification of peptide serum biomarkers for detecting biliary tract cancer (BTC) using samples from healthy volunteers and benign cases of biliary disease as control groups. This work was based on the hypothesis that cancer-specific exopeptidases exist and that their activities in serum can generate cancer-predictive peptide fragments from circulating proteins during coagulation. METHODS This case control study used a semi-automated platform incorporating polypeptide extraction linked to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) to profile 92 patient serum samples. Predictive models were generated to test a validation serum set from BTC cases and healthy volunteers. RESULTS Several peptide peaks were found that could significantly differentiate BTC patients from healthy controls and benign biliary disease. A predictive model resulted in a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 93.8% in detecting BTC in the validation set, whilst another model gave a sensitivity of 79.5% and a specificity of 83.9% in discriminating BTC from benign biliary disease samples in the training set. Discriminatory peaks were identified by tandem MS as fragments of abundant clotting proteins. CONCLUSIONS Serum MALDI MS peptide signatures can accurately discriminate patients with BTC from healthy volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neomal S Sandanayake
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London, London, UK.,Cancer Proteomics Laboratory, EGA Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK.,Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, St Leonards, Australia
| | - Stephane Camuzeaux
- Cancer Proteomics Laboratory, EGA Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - John Sinclair
- Cancer Proteomics Laboratory, EGA Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Oleg Blyuss
- Cancer Proteomics Laboratory, EGA Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Fausto Andreola
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London, London, UK
| | - Michael H Chapman
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Gastroenterology, University College Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - George J Webster
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Gastroenterology, University College Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Ross C Smith
- Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, St Leonards, Australia
| | - John F Timms
- Cancer Proteomics Laboratory, EGA Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Stephen P Pereira
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Gastroenterology, University College Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Aird SD, Watanabe Y, Villar-Briones A, Roy MC, Terada K, Mikheyev AS. Quantitative high-throughput profiling of snake venom gland transcriptomes and proteomes (Ovophis okinavensis and Protobothrops flavoviridis). BMC Genomics 2013; 14:790. [PMID: 24224955 PMCID: PMC3840601 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Advances in DNA sequencing and proteomics have facilitated quantitative comparisons of snake venom composition. Most studies have employed one approach or the other. Here, both Illumina cDNA sequencing and LC/MS were used to compare the transcriptomes and proteomes of two pit vipers, Protobothrops flavoviridis and Ovophis okinavensis, which differ greatly in their biology. Results Sequencing of venom gland cDNA produced 104,830 transcripts. The Protobothrops transcriptome contained transcripts for 103 venom-related proteins, while the Ovophis transcriptome contained 95. In both, transcript abundances spanned six orders of magnitude. Mass spectrometry identified peptides from 100% of transcripts that occurred at higher than contaminant (e.g. human keratin) levels, including a number of proteins never before sequenced from snakes. These transcriptomes reveal fundamentally different envenomation strategies. Adult Protobothrops venom promotes hemorrhage, hypotension, incoagulable blood, and prey digestion, consistent with mammalian predation. Ovophis venom composition is less readily interpreted, owing to insufficient pharmacological data for venom serine and metalloproteases, which comprise more than 97.3% of Ovophis transcripts, but only 38.0% of Protobothrops transcripts. Ovophis venom apparently represents a hybrid strategy optimized for frogs and small mammals. Conclusions This study illustrates the power of cDNA sequencing combined with MS profiling. The former quantifies transcript composition, allowing detection of novel proteins, but cannot indicate which proteins are actually secreted, as does MS. We show, for the first time, that transcript and peptide abundances are correlated. This means that MS can be used for quantitative, non-invasive venom profiling, which will be beneficial for studies of endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Aird
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Tancha 1919-1, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa-ken 904-0412, Japan.
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Wang TF, Lin MG, Lo HF, Chi MC, Lin LL. Biophysical characterization of a recombinant aminopeptidase II from the thermophilic bacterium Bacillus stearothermophilus. J Biol Phys 2013; 40:25-40. [PMID: 24165863 DOI: 10.1007/s10867-013-9332-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the biophysical properties of His6-tagged Bacillus stearothermophilus aminopeptidase II (His6-tagged BsAmpII) are characterized in detail by gel-filtration, analytical ultracentrifugation, and various spectroscopic techniques. Using size-exclusion chromatography and analytical ultracentrifugation, we demonstrate that His6-tagged BsAmpII exists predominantly as a dimer in solution. The enzyme is active and stable at pHs ranging from 6.5 to 8.5. Far-UV circular dichroism analysis reveals that the secondary structures of His6-tagged BsAmpII are significantly altered in the presence of SDS, whereas the presence of 5-10% acetone and ethanol was harmless to the folding of the enzyme. Thermal unfolding of His6-tagged BsAmpII was found to be irreversible and led to the formation of aggregates. The native enzyme started to unfold beyond 0.6 M guanidine hydrochloride and had a midpoint of denaturation at 1.34 M. This protein remained active at concentrations of urea below 2.7 M but experienced an irreversible unfolding by >5 M denaturant. Taken together, this work lays a foundation for potential biotechnological applications of His6-tagged BsAmpII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Fan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, 701, Taiwan,
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Su M, Wei M, Zhou Z, Liu S. Application of capillary electrophoresis coupling with electrochemiluminescence detection to estimate activity of leucine aminopeptidas. Biomed Chromatogr 2013; 27:946-52. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2012] [Revised: 01/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Su
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Southeast University; Nanjing 210096 People's Republic of China
| | - Min Wei
- College of Food Science and Technology; Henan University of Technology; Zhengzhou 450001 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhixin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Southeast University; Nanjing 210096 People's Republic of China
| | - Songqin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Southeast University; Nanjing 210096 People's Republic of China
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8
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Duran R, Barrero FJ, Morales B, Luna JD, Ramirez M, Vives F. Oxidative stress and plasma aminopeptidase activity in Huntington’s disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2010; 117:325-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-009-0364-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 12/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Bouwman FG, van Ginneken MME, Noben JP, Royackers E, de Graaf-Roelfsema E, Wijnberg ID, van der Kolk JH, Mariman ECM, van Breda E. Differential expression of equine muscle biopsy proteins during normal training and intensified training in young standardbred horses using proteomics technology. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2009; 5:55-64. [PMID: 20374942 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2009.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Revised: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The major aim of the present study was to investigate the proteome of standardbred horses at different stages of training and intensified training. We searched for biomarkers using small skeletal muscle biopsies of live animals. 2D gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry were successfully applied to investigate training-induced differential expression of equine muscle biopsy proteins. Despite the poor resolution of the equine genome and proteome, we were able to identify the proteins of 20 differential spots representing 16 different proteins. Evaluation of those proteins complies with adaptation of the skeletal muscle after normal training involving structural changes towards a higher oxidative capacity, an increased capacity to take up long-chain fatty acids, and to store energy in the form of glycogen. Intensified training leads to additional changed spots. Alpha-1-antitrypsin was found increased after intensified training but not after normal training. This protein may thus be considered as a marker for overtraining in horses and also linked to overtraining in human athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freek G Bouwman
- NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, PO BOX 616, NL-6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Maruyama M, Arisaka N, Goto Y, Ohsawa Y, Inoue H, Fujiwara H, Hattori A, Tsujimoto M. Histidine 379 of human laeverin/aminopeptidase Q, a nonconserved residue within the exopeptidase motif, defines its distinctive enzymatic properties. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:34692-702. [PMID: 19819873 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.066712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human laeverin/aminopeptidase Q (LVRN/APQ) is a novel member of the M1 family of zinc aminopeptidases and is specifically expressed on the cell surface of human extravillous trophoblasts. Multiple sequence alignment of human M1 aminopeptidase revealed that the first Gly residue within the conserved exopeptidase motif of the M1 family, GXMEN motif, is uniquely substituted for His in human LVRN/APQ. In this study, we evaluated the roles of nonconserved His(379), comprising the exopeptidase motif in the enzymatic properties of human LVRN/APQ. We revealed that the substitution of His(379) with Gly caused significant changes in substrate specificity both toward fluorogenic substrates and natural peptide hormones. In addition, the susceptibilities of bestatin, a sensitive inhibitor for human LVRN/APQ, and natural inhibitory peptides were decreased in the H379G mutant. A molecular model suggested a conformational difference between wild-type and H379G human LVRN/APQs. These results indicate that His(379) of the enzyme plays essential roles in its distinctive enzymatic properties and contributes to maintaining the appropriate structure of the catalytic cavity of the enzyme. Our data may bring new insight into the biological significance of the unique exopeptidase motif of LVRN/APQ obtained during the evolution of primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Maruyama
- Laboratory of Cellular Biochemistry, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198
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Jianli Zheng, Weili Yang, Li Cao, Shigang Li, Yuying Zhang, Zhen Wan, Caiping Mao. Muscarinic effects and foetal cardiovascular and hormonal responses in utero. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2009; 10:138-46. [DOI: 10.1177/1470320309104866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Cholinergic mechanisms play an important role in the control of hormonal and vascular regulation. However, in utero development of cholinergic regulation in the foetal hormonal systems is not clearly understood.This study investigated foetal hormonal and cardiovascular responses following application of the muscarinic antagonist atropine. Materials and methods. Chronically prepared near-term ovine foetuses (control and experimental: n=5, each group) were used.After 4—5 days’ surgical recovery, conscious ewes and their foetuses were tested in vivo. Results. In response to intravenous atropine, foetal systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure, as well as heart rate, increased immediately. Inhibition of muscarinic systems in the circulation caused a reduction of plasma angiotensin II levels, while angiotensin I in the circulation remained unchanged in the foetus. In addition, foetal plasma aldosterone levels were significantly increased following blockade of the cholinergic receptor, while other hormones, including arginine vasopressin, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, and atrial natriuretic peptide, were not changed in foetal blood under the same condition. Conclusions. The results suggest that foetal automatic systems, not those hormonal factors tested, play a major role in cholinergic mechanisms mediating cardiovascular control. Furthermore, the data provide new information on how muscarinic inhibition affects renin-angiotensin system and adrenal cortex functions. Key words: aldosterone, angiotensin-converting enzyme, autonomic regulation, foetus
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianli Zheng
- Perinatal Biology Centre, Soochow University School of Medicine, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Weili Yang
- Perinatal Biology Centre, Soochow University School of Medicine, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Cao
- Perinatal Biology Centre, Soochow University School of Medicine, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Shigang Li
- Perinatal Biology Centre, Soochow University School of Medicine, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuying Zhang
- Perinatal Biology Centre, Soochow University School of Medicine, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Wan
- Perinatal Biology Centre, Soochow University School of Medicine, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Caiping Mao
- Perinatal Biology Centre, Soochow University School of Medicine, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China,
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Tu G, Li S, Huang H, Li G, Xiong F, Mai X, Zhu H, Kuang B, Xu WF. Novel aminopeptidase N inhibitors derived from 1,3,4-thiadiazole scaffold. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:6663-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.05.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Revised: 05/30/2008] [Accepted: 05/31/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Chi MC, Liu JS, Wang WC, Lin LL, Huang HB. Site-directed mutagenesis of the conserved Ala348 and Gly350 residues at the putative active site of Bacillus kaustophilus leucine aminopeptidase. Biochimie 2007; 90:811-9. [PMID: 18157952 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2007.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2007] [Accepted: 11/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) is an exopeptidase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of amino acid residues from the amino terminus of proteins and peptides. Sequence alignment shows that the conserved Ala348 and Gly350 residues of Bacillus kaustophilus LAP (BkLAP) are located right next to a coordinated ligand. We further investigated the roles of these two residues by performing computer modeling and site-directed mutagenesis. Based on the modeling, the carbonyl group of Ala348 interacts with Asn345 and Asn435, and that of Gly350 with Ile353 and Leu354, where these interactions might maintain the zinc-coordinated residues at their correct positions. Replacement of Ala348 with Arg resulted in a dramatic reduction in LAP activity. A complete loss of the activity was also observed in A348E, A348V, and the Gly350 variants. Measurement of intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence revealed alteration of the microenvironment of aromatic amino acid residues, while circular dichroism spectra were nearly identical for wild-type and all mutant enzymes. Protein modeling and site-directed mutagenesis suggest that residues Ala348 and Gly350 are essential for BkLAP in maintaining a stable active-site environment for the catalytic reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Chun Chi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan
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Zambotti-Villela L, Yamasaki SC, Villarroel JS, Alponti RF, Silveira PF. Aspartyl, arginyl and alanyl aminopeptidase activities in the hippocampus and hypothalamus of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Brain Res 2007; 1170:112-8. [PMID: 17692297 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2007] [Revised: 07/10/2007] [Accepted: 07/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Acid (aspartyl), basic (arginyl) and neutral (alanyl) aminopeptidases degrade angiotensins, vasopressin, oxytocin, bradykinin and enkephalins. These peptides regulate memory, energy homeostasis, water-salt balance and blood pressure, functions that are mainly exerted in the hippocampus and hypothalamus, and that can be affected by diabetes mellitus. To evaluate the relationship between the diabetes mellitus and processing and inactivation roles of these representative aminopeptidases, we measured their activities in both brain structures of control and streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Hypothalamic soluble aspartyl and arginyl aminopeptidases presented significant decreased activity levels in diabetic rats, which were mitigated by insulin therapy. In addition to membrane-bound puromycin sensitive and insensitive alanyl aminopeptidases, its soluble puromycin sensitive form did not differ between diabetic and control rats in both brain structures. Glucose and/or insulin did not seem to alter in vitro the hypothalamic activities of soluble aspartyl and arginyl aminopeptidases. The implied hypothalamic control of regulatory peptide activity by aspartyl and arginyl aminopeptidases supports the hypothesis that the hydrolytic ability of these enzyme types could be a common link for the disruptions of water-salt balance, blood pressure and energy homeostasis in diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Zambotti-Villela
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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15
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Li Q, Fang H, Xu W. Novel 3-galloylamido-N′-substituted-2,6-piperidinedione-N-acetamide peptidomimetics as metalloproteinase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:2935-8. [PMID: 17433673 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.12.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2006] [Revised: 12/12/2006] [Accepted: 12/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Both of aminopeptidase N (APN) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) are essential metallopeptidases in the development of tumor invasion and angiogenesis. Novel potent peptidomimetic inhibitors, containing 3-galloylamido-N'-substituted-2,6-piperidinedione-N-acetamide, have been designed and synthesized according to the conformational constraint strategy. The preliminary biological test showed that most of the compounds displayed high inhibitory activity against MMP-2 and low activity against APN except compounds 6 (IC(50)=3.1microM) and 4l (IC(50)=5.2microM) which exhibit similar potency to Bestatin (IC(50)=2.4microM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianbin Li
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, 250012 Ji'nan, Shandong, PR China
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Villanueva J, Shaffer DR, Philip J, Chaparro CA, Erdjument-Bromage H, Olshen AB, Fleisher M, Lilja H, Brogi E, Boyd J, Sanchez-Carbayo M, Holland EC, Cordon-Cardo C, Scher HI, Tempst P. Differential exoprotease activities confer tumor-specific serum peptidome patterns. J Clin Invest 2006; 116:271-84. [PMID: 16395409 PMCID: PMC1323259 DOI: 10.1172/jci26022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 563] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2005] [Accepted: 10/11/2005] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have established distinctive serum polypeptide patterns through mass spectrometry (MS) that reportedly correlate with clinically relevant outcomes. Wider acceptance of these signatures as valid biomarkers for disease may follow sequence characterization of the components and elucidation of the mechanisms by which they are generated. Using a highly optimized peptide extraction and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) MS-based approach, we now show that a limited subset of serum peptides (a signature) provides accurate class discrimination between patients with 3 types of solid tumors and controls without cancer. Targeted sequence identification of 61 signature peptides revealed that they fall into several tight clusters and that most are generated by exopeptidase activities that confer cancer type-specific differences superimposed on the proteolytic events of the ex vivo coagulation and complement degradation pathways. This small but robust set of marker peptides then enabled highly accurate class prediction for an external validation set of prostate cancer samples. In sum, this study provides a direct link between peptide marker profiles of disease and differential protease activity, and the patterns we describe may have clinical utility as surrogate markers for detection and classification of cancer. Our findings also have important implications for future peptide biomarker discovery efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Villanueva
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
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Dijkman HBPM, Assmann KJM, Steenbergen EJ, Wetzels JFM. Expression and effect of inhibition of aminopeptidase-A during nephrogenesis. J Histochem Cytochem 2005; 54:253-62. [PMID: 16286663 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.5a6815.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aminopeptidase-A (APA) is a metalloprotease that cleaves N-terminal aspartyl and glutamyl residues from peptides. Its best-known substrate is angiotensin II (Ang II), the most active compound of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). The RAS is involved in renal development. Most components of the RAS system are expressed in the developing kidney. Thus far, APA has not been studied in detail. In the present study we have evaluated the expression of APA at the protein, mRNA, and enzyme activity (EA) level in the kidney during nephrogenesis. Furthermore, we have studied the effect of inhibiting APA EA by injection of anti-APA antibodies into 1-day-old mice. APA expression was observed from the comma stage onwards, predominantly in the developing podocytes and brush borders of proximal tubular cells. Notably, APA was absent in the medulla or the renal arterioles. Inhibition of APA EA caused temporary podocyte foot-process effacement, suggesting a minimum role for APA during nephrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry B P M Dijkman
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Adsorption-elution purification of chimeric Bacillus stearothermophilus leucine aminopeptidase II with raw-starch-binding activity. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-004-3853-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Díaz-Perales A, Quesada V, Sánchez LM, Ugalde AP, Suárez MF, Fueyo A, López-Otín C. Identification of Human Aminopeptidase O, a Novel Metalloprotease with Structural Similarity to Aminopeptidase B and Leukotriene A4 Hydrolase. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:14310-7. [PMID: 15687497 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m413222200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We have cloned and characterized a human brain cDNA encoding a new metalloprotease that has been called aminopeptidase O (AP-O). AP-O exhibits a series of structural features characteristic of aminopeptidases, including a conserved catalytic domain with a zinc-binding site (HEXXHX18E) that allows its classification in the M1 family of metallopeptidases or gluzincins. The structural complexity of AP-O is further increased by the presence of an additional C-terminal domain 170 residues long, which is predicted to have an ARM repeat fold originally identified in the Drosophila segment polarity gene product Armadillo. This ARM repeat domain is also present in aminopeptidase B, aminopeptidase B-like, and leukotriene A4 hydrolase and defines a novel subfamily of aminopeptidases that we have called ARM aminopeptidases. Northern blot analysis revealed that AP-O is mainly expressed in the pancreas, placenta, liver, testis, and heart. Human AP-O was produced in Escherichia coli, and the purified recombinant protein hydrolyzed synthetic substrates used for assaying aminopeptidase activity. This activity was abolished by general inhibitors of metalloproteases and specific inhibitors of aminopeptidases. Recombinant AP-O also cleaved angiotensin III to generate angiotensin IV, a bioactive peptide of the renin-angiotensin pathway with multiple actions on diverse tissues, including brain, testis, and heart. On the basis of these results we suggest that AP-O could play a role in the proteolytic processing of bioactive peptides in those tissues where it is expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araceli Díaz-Perales
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular and Biología Funcional, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
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