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Goto R, Yamada S, Otake H, Nakazawa Y, Oka M, Yamamoto N, Sasaki H, Nagai N. Instillation of Ophthalmic Formulation Containing Nilvadipine Nanocrystals Attenuates Lens Opacification in Shumiya Cataract Rats. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13121999. [PMID: 34959281 PMCID: PMC8709220 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13121999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed ophthalmic formulations based on nilvadipine (NIL) nanocrystals (NIL-NP dispersions; mean particle size: 98 nm) by using bead mill treatment and investigated whether the instillation of NIL-NP dispersions delivers NIL to the lens and prevents lens opacification in hereditary cataractous Shumiya cataract rats (SCRs). Serious corneal stimulation was not detected in either human corneal epithelial cells or rats treated with NIL-NP dispersions. The NIL was directly delivered to the lens by the instillation of NIL-NP dispersions, and NIL content in the lenses of rats instilled with NIL-NP dispersions was significantly higher than that in the ophthalmic formulations based on NIL microcrystals (NIL-MP dispersions; mean particle size: 21 µm). Moreover, the supply of NIL prevented increases in Ca2+ content and calpain activity in the lenses of SCRs and delayed the onset of cataracts. In addition, the anti-cataract effect in the lens of rats instilled with NIL-NP dispersions was also significantly higher than that in NIL-MP dispersions. NIL-NPs could be used to prevent lens opacification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoka Goto
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka 577-8502, Osaka, Japan; (R.G.); (S.Y.); (H.O.)
| | - Shigehiro Yamada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka 577-8502, Osaka, Japan; (R.G.); (S.Y.); (H.O.)
| | - Hiroko Otake
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka 577-8502, Osaka, Japan; (R.G.); (S.Y.); (H.O.)
| | - Yosuke Nakazawa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan;
| | - Mikako Oka
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, Yokohama 245-0066, Kanagawa, Japan;
| | - Naoki Yamamoto
- Center for Clinical Trial and Research Support, Fujita Health University, Research Promotion and Support Headquarters, Toyoake 470-1192, Aichi, Japan;
| | - Hiroshi Sasaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahoku 920-0293, Ishikawa, Japan;
| | - Noriaki Nagai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka 577-8502, Osaka, Japan; (R.G.); (S.Y.); (H.O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-6-4307-3638
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Mathew AA, Panonnummal R. 'Magnesium'-the master cation-as a drug-possibilities and evidences. Biometals 2021; 34:955-986. [PMID: 34213669 PMCID: PMC8249833 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-021-00328-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg2+) is the 2nd most abundant intracellular cation, which participates in various enzymatic reactions; there by regulating vital biological functions. Magnesium (Mg2+) can regulate several cations, including sodium, potassium, and calcium; it consequently maintains physiological functions like impulse conduction, blood pressure, heart rhythm, and muscle contraction. But, it doesn't get much attention in account with its functions, making it a "Forgotten cation". Like other cations, maintenance of the normal physiological level of Mg2+ is important. Its deficiency is associated with various diseases, which point out to the importance of Mg2+ as a drug. The roles of Mg2+ such as natural calcium antagonist, glutamate NMDA receptor blocker, vasodilator, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent are responsible for its therapeutic benefits. Various salts of Mg2+ are currently in clinical use, but their application is limited. This review collates all the possible mechanisms behind the behavior of magnesium as a drug at different disease conditions with clinical shreds of evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Ann Mathew
- Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Institute of Medical Science & Research Centre, Amrita VishwaVidyapeetham, Kochi, 682041, India
| | - Rajitha Panonnummal
- Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Institute of Medical Science & Research Centre, Amrita VishwaVidyapeetham, Kochi, 682041, India.
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Takeuchi H, Higuchi K, Yoshikane Y, Takagi R, Tokuhiro S, Takenaka K, Oboshi W, Kimura A, Islam JM, Kaneko A, Sato S, Ishizuka S. Drinking Refined Deep-Sea Water Improves the Gut Ecosystem with Beneficial Effects on Intestinal Health in Humans: A Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092646. [PMID: 32878045 PMCID: PMC7551512 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
World health trends are focusing on a balanced food and beverage intake for healthy life. Refined deep-sea water (RDSW), obtained from deep-sea water collected offshore in Muroto (Japan), is mineral-rich drinking water. We previously reported that drinking RDSW improves human gut health. Here, we analyzed the effect of drinking RDSW on the gut ecosystem to understand this effect. This was a randomized double-blind controlled trial. Ninety-eight healthy adults were divided into two groups: RDSW or mineral water (control). The participants consumed 1 L of either water type daily for 12 weeks. A self-administered questionnaire and stool and urine samples were collected through the intervention. The following were determined: fecal biomarkers of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), five putrefactive products, and nine short-chain-fatty-acids (SCFAs) as the primary outcomes; and three urinary isoflavones and the questionnaire as secondary outcomes. In post-intervention in the RDSW group, we found increased concentrations of five SCFAs and decreased concentrations of phenol and sIgA (p < 0.05). The multiple logistic analysis demonstrated that RDSW significantly affected two biomarkers (acetic and 3-methylbutanoic acids) of the five SCFAs mentioned above (p < 0.05). Similarly, the concentrations of urinary isoflavones tended to increase in post-intervention in the RDSW group. Constipation was significantly alleviated in the RDSW group (94%) compared with the control group (60%). Drinking RDSW improves the intestinal environment, increasing fecal SCFAs and urinary isoflavones, which leads to broad beneficial effects in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Takeuchi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Health and Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare Graduate School, 4-3 Kouzunomori, Narita-City 286-8686, Chiba, Japan; (W.O.); (A.K.); (J.M.I.); (A.K.); (S.S.)
- Department of Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku-City 783-8505, Kochi, Japan; (R.T.); (S.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-476-20-7762
| | - Keiro Higuchi
- Center for Regional Collaboration, Kochi University, 2-17-47 Asakurahonmachi, Kochi-City 780-8073, Kochi, Japan; (K.H.); (S.I.)
| | - Yu Yoshikane
- Department of Human Living Sciences, Notre Dame Seishin University, 2-16-9 Ifuku-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama-City 700-8516, Okayama, Japan;
| | - Ryo Takagi
- Department of Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku-City 783-8505, Kochi, Japan; (R.T.); (S.T.)
| | - Shinji Tokuhiro
- Department of Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku-City 783-8505, Kochi, Japan; (R.T.); (S.T.)
| | - Koichi Takenaka
- DyDo-T Beverage Co. Ltd., 1310-1 Hanechou-ko, Muroto-City 781-6741, Kochi, Japan;
| | - Wataru Oboshi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Health and Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare Graduate School, 4-3 Kouzunomori, Narita-City 286-8686, Chiba, Japan; (W.O.); (A.K.); (J.M.I.); (A.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Asako Kimura
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Health and Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare Graduate School, 4-3 Kouzunomori, Narita-City 286-8686, Chiba, Japan; (W.O.); (A.K.); (J.M.I.); (A.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Jahirul Md. Islam
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Health and Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare Graduate School, 4-3 Kouzunomori, Narita-City 286-8686, Chiba, Japan; (W.O.); (A.K.); (J.M.I.); (A.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Ayami Kaneko
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Health and Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare Graduate School, 4-3 Kouzunomori, Narita-City 286-8686, Chiba, Japan; (W.O.); (A.K.); (J.M.I.); (A.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Shouichi Sato
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Health and Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare Graduate School, 4-3 Kouzunomori, Narita-City 286-8686, Chiba, Japan; (W.O.); (A.K.); (J.M.I.); (A.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Satoshi Ishizuka
- Center for Regional Collaboration, Kochi University, 2-17-47 Asakurahonmachi, Kochi-City 780-8073, Kochi, Japan; (K.H.); (S.I.)
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Nagai N, Umachi K, Otake H, Oka M, Hiramatsu N, Sasaki H, Yamamoto N. Ophthalmic In Situ Gelling System Containing Lanosterol Nanoparticles Delays Collapse of Lens Structure in Shumiya Cataract Rats. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12070629. [PMID: 32635523 PMCID: PMC7408553 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12070629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We attempted to prepare ophthalmic in situ gel formulations containing lanosterol (Lan) nanoparticles (LA-NPs/ISG) and investigated the characteristics, delivery pathway into the lens, and anti-cataract effects of LA-NPs/ISG using SCR-N (rats with slight lens structure collapse) and SCR-C (rats with a combination of remarkable lens structure collapse and opacification). LA-NPs/ISG was prepared by bead milling of the dispersions containing 0.5% Lan powder, 5% 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, 0.5% methylcellulose, 0.005% benzalkonium chloride, and 0.5% mannitol. The particle size distribution of Lan was 60–250 nm. The LA-NPs/ISG was gelled at 37 °C, and the LA-NPs/ISG was taken into the cornea by energy-dependent endocytosis and then released to the intraocular side. In addition, the Lan contents in the lenses of both SCR-N and SCR-C were increased by the repetitive instillation of LA-NPs/ISG (twice per day). The space and structure collapse in the lens of SCR-N with aging was attenuated by the instillation of LA-NPs/ISG. Moreover, the repetitive instillation of LA-NPs/ISG attenuated the changes in cataract-related factors (the enhancement of nitric oxide levels, calpain activity, lipid peroxidation levels, Ca2+ contents, and the decrease of Ca2+-ATPase activity) in the lenses of SCR-C, and the repetitive instillation of LA-NPs/ISG delayed the onset of opacification in the SCR-C. It is possible that the LA-NPs/ISG is useful in maintaining lens homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Nagai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan; (K.U.); (H.O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-6-4307-3638
| | - Kazuki Umachi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan; (K.U.); (H.O.)
| | - Hiroko Otake
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan; (K.U.); (H.O.)
| | - Mikako Oka
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, Yokohama, Kanagawa 245-0066, Japan;
| | - Noriko Hiramatsu
- Laboratory of Molecularbiology and Histochemistry, Fujita Health University Institute of Joint Research, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake, Toyoake 470-1192, Aichi, Japan;
| | - Hiroshi Sasaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan; (H.S.); (N.Y.)
| | - Naoki Yamamoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan; (H.S.); (N.Y.)
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Li XJ, Xie L, Pan FS, Wang Y, Liu H, Tang YR, Hutnik CM. A feasibility study of using biodegradable magnesium alloy in glaucoma drainage device. Int J Ophthalmol 2018; 11:135-142. [PMID: 29376002 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2018.01.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Technological advances in glaucoma have challenged the traditional treatment paradigm. Historically incisional surgery has been used in cases of advanced disease and/or uncontrolled intraocular pressures resistant to medical or laser interventions. More recently, perhaps due to advancements in imaging, surgery has been suggested to be beneficial earlier in the treatment paradigm. Despite these trends, surgical manipulation of the tissues and unpredictability of wound healing continue to result in surgical failure. Magnesium is an essential element for human body and plays a critically important role in maintaining the functional and structural integrity of several tissues, including the eye. Due to several of its advantageous properties such as non-toxicity, biodegradability, and high biological compatibility, magnesium alloy has attracted great attention as a novel biomaterial. Biodegradable cardiovascular stents made of magnesium alloy have already been introduced into clinical practice. The purpose of this review is to determine if bioabsorbable magnesium alloys can be utilized as a promising candidate for the development of a new generation of glaucoma surgical assistive devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Ji Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Western Ontario, Ivey Eye Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital, 268 Grosvenor Street, London, ON N6A 4V2, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Lin Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Fu-Sheng Pan
- Collage of Material Science & Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Magnesium Alloys, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Collage of Material Science & Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Magnesium Alloys, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Western Ontario, Ivey Eye Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital, 268 Grosvenor Street, London, ON N6A 4V2, Canada
| | - Yu-Rong Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital Zhongshan Branch, Chongqing 400013, China
| | - Cindy Ml Hutnik
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Western Ontario, Ivey Eye Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital, 268 Grosvenor Street, London, ON N6A 4V2, Canada
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Mineral-balanced deep sea water enhances the inhibitory effects of chitosan oligosaccharide on atopic dermatitis-like inflammatory response. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-017-0091-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Potential Health Benefits of Deep Sea Water: A Review. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:6520475. [PMID: 28105060 PMCID: PMC5221345 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6520475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Deep sea water (DSW) commonly refers to a body of seawater that is pumped up from a depth of over 200 m. It is usually associated with the following characteristics: low temperature, high purity, and being rich with nutrients, namely, beneficial elements, which include magnesium, calcium, potassium, chromium, selenium, zinc, and vanadium. Less photosynthesis of plant planktons, consumption of nutrients, and organic decomposition have caused lots of nutrients to remain there. Due to this, DSW has potential to become a good source for health. Research has proven that DSW can help overcome health problems especially related to lifestyle-associated diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity, cancer, and skin problems. This paper reviews the potential health benefits of DSW by referring to the findings from previous researches.
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EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH CATARACT IN CAPTIVE MACARONI (EUDYPTES CHRYSOLOPHUS) AND ROCKHOPPER PENGUINS (EUDYPTES CHRYSOCOME). J Zoo Wildl Med 2016; 47:806-819. [PMID: 27691963 DOI: 10.1638/2015-0252.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Complete ophthalmic examinations were performed on 160 Macaroni penguins ( Eudyptes chrysolophus ) and 90 Rockhopper penguins ( Eudyptes chrysocome ) at eight North American zoological institutions. Cataract prevalence in the Macaroni population was 46.5% (n = 74) of penguins and 42.3% (135/319) of eyes. Cataract prevalence in the Rockhopper population was 45.5% (n = 40) of penguins and 40.6% (73/180) of eyes. The mean age of Macaroni penguins without ocular disease was 7.4 ± 5.8 yr, while that of Rockhoppers was 9.8 ± 6.4 yr. Risk factors for cataract were examined through husbandry surveys completed by each institution and by evaluation of light intensity and ultraviolet (UV) light measurements acquired in each penguin exhibit. Risk factors associated with cataract in Macaroni penguins included age, dietary smelt, hand-feeding, and fluorescent exhibit lighting. Risk factors associated with cataract in Rockhopper penguins included age, dietary capelin, increasing population density, and increasing length of minimum photoperiod. Factors associated with decreased odds of cataract in Macaroni penguins included saltwater pool, monitoring of water quality for salinity, pH, and alkalinity; use of water additives; presence of pool filtration and sterilization systems; use of metal halide lightbulbs; increasing light intensity; and UV spectrum lighting. Factors associated with decreased odds of cataract in Rockhoppers included dietary herring and krill, increasing exhibit land area, pool temperature monitoring, increasing maximum photoperiod, and increasing minimum UV light.
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Deep-sea water containing selenium provides intestinal protection against duodenal ulcers through the upregulation of Bcl-2 and thioredoxin reductase 1. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96006. [PMID: 24984066 PMCID: PMC4077573 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Deep-sea water (DSW), which is rich in micronutrients and minerals and with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory qualities, may be developed as marine drugs to provide intestinal protection against duodenal ulcers. We determined several characteristics in the modified DSW. We explored duodenal pressure, oxygenation, microvascular blood flow, and changes in pH and oxidative redox potential (ORP) values within the stomach and duodenum in response to tap water (TW, hardness: 2.48 ppm), DSW600 (hardness: 600 ppm), and DSW1200 (hardness: 1200 ppm) in Wistar rats and analyzed oxidative stress and apoptosis gene expressions by cDNA and RNA microarrays in the duodenal epithelium. We compared the effects of drinking DSW, MgCl2, and selenium water on duodenal ulcers using pathologic scoring, immunohistochemical analysis, and Western blotting. Our results showed DSW has a higher pH value, lower ORP value, higher scavenging H2O2 and HOCl activity, higher Mg2+ concentrations, and micronutrients selenium compared with TW samples. Water infusion significantly increased intestinal pressure, O2 levels, and microvascular blood flow in DSW and TW groups. Microarray showed DSW600, DSW1200, selenium water upregulated antioxidant and anti-apoptotic genes and downregulated pro-apoptotic gene expression compared with the TW group. Drinking DSW600, DSW1200, and selenium water but not Mg2+ water significantly enhanced Bcl-2 and thioredoxin reductase 1 expression. Bax/Bcl-2/caspase 3/poly-(ADP-ribose)-polymerase signaling was activated during the pathogenesis of duodenal ulceration. DSW drinking reduced ulcer area as well as apoptotic signaling in acetic acid-induced duodenal ulcers. DSW, which contains selenium, provides intestinal protection against duodenal ulcers through the upregulation of Bcl-2 and thioredoxin reductase 1.
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Agarwal R, Iezhitsa L, Agarwal P. Pathogenetic role of magnesium deficiency in ophthalmic diseases. Biometals 2013; 27:5-18. [PMID: 24233809 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-013-9684-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium is one of the most important regulatory cation involved in several biological processes. It is important for maintaining the structural and functional integrity of several vital ocular tissues such as cornea, lens and retina. The magnesium content of lens, especially in its peripheral part, is higher than that in aqueous and vitreous humor. Magnesium has also been shown to play critically important role in retinal functions. Magnesium plays significant role as a cofactor for more than 350 enzymes in the body and regulates neuroexcitability and several ion channels. Membrane associated ATPase functions that are crucial in regulating the intracellular ionic environment, are magnesium-dependent. Moreover, the enzymes involved in ATP production and hydrolysis are also magnesium-dependent. Magnesium deficiency by interfering with ATPase functions causes increased intracellular calcium and sodium and decreases intracellular potassium concentration. Such ionic imbalances in turn alter the other cellular enzymatic reactions and form the basis of the association of magnesium deficiency with ophthalmic diseases such as cataract. In presence of magnesium deficiency, an imbalance between mediators of vasoconstriction and vasorelaxation may underlie the vasospasm, which is one of the pathogenic factors in primary open angle glaucoma. Furthermore, magnesium deficiency is also a contributing factor in increased oxidative stress and inducible NOS stimulation that can further contribute in the initiation and progression of ocular pathologies such as cataract, glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy. In this paper we review the association of disturbances of magnesium homeostasis with several ophthalmic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renu Agarwal
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, 47000, Sungai Buloh, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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Effects of magnesium taurate on the onset and progression of galactose-induced experimental cataract: in vivo and in vitro evaluation. Exp Eye Res 2013; 110:35-43. [PMID: 23428743 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cataract, a leading cause of blindness, is characterized by lenticular opacities resulting from denaturation of lens proteins due to activation of calcium-dependent enzyme, calpain. Magnesium (Mg(2+)) plays an important role not only in maintaining a low lenticular calcium (Ca(2+)) and sodium concentration but also in preserving the lens redox status. Taurine has also been shown to reduce lenticular oxidative stress. Present study evaluated the anticataract effects of magnesium taurate in vivo and in vitro. Among the five groups of 9 Sprague Dawley rats each, two groups received 30% galactose diet with topical (GDMT) or oral treatment (GDMO) with magnesium taurate. Two groups received 30% galactose diet with topical (GDT) or oral vehicle (GDO). Remaining 1 group received normal diet (ND). Weekly slit lamp examination was done during 21 days experimental period and then all rats were sacrificed; Ca/Mg ratio and antioxidant parameters including reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were measured in the isolated lenses using ELISA. In the in vitro study, 2 groups of 10 normal rat lenses were incubated in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) with galactose while 1 similar group was incubated in DMEM without galactose. In one of the groups, galactose containing medium was supplemented with magnesium taurate. After 48 h of incubation, lenses were photographed and Ca(2+)/Mg(2+) ratio and antioxidant parameters were measured as for in vivo study. The in vivo study, at the end of experimental period, demonstrated delay in the development of cataract with a mean opacity index of 0.53 ± 0.04 and 0.51 ± 0.03 in GDMO (p < 0.05 versus GDO) and GDMT (p < 0.01 versus GDT) respectively. Histopathological grading showed a lower mean value in treated groups, however, the differences from corresponding controls were not significant. Lenticular Ca(2+)/Mg(2+) ratio with a mean value of 1.20 ± 0.26 and 1.05 ± 0.26 in GDMO and GDMT was significantly lower than corresponding controls (p < 0.05) and in GDMT no significant difference was observed from ND. Lenticular GSH and catalase activities were significantly lower and SOD activity was significantly higher in all galactose fed groups. However, in GDMT, GSH and catalase were significantly higher than corresponding control with mean values of 0.96 ± 0.30 μmol/gm lens weight and 56.98 ± 9.86 μmol/g lens protein respectively (p < 0.05 for GSH and p < 0.01 for catalase). SOD activity with mean values of 13.05 ± 6.35 and 13.27 ± 7.61 units/mg lens protein in GDMO and GDMT respectively was significantly lower compared to corresponding controls (p < 0.05) signifying lesser upregulation of SOD due to lesser oxidative stress in treated groups. In the in vitro study, lenses incubated in magnesium taurate containing medium showed less opacity and a lower mean Ca(2+)/Mg(2+) ratio of 1.64 ± 0.03, which was not significantly different from lenses incubated in DMEM without galactose. Lens GSH and catalase activities were restored to normal in lenses incubated in magnesium taurate containing medium. Both in vivo and in vitro studies demonstrated that treatment with magnesium taurate delays the onset and progression of cataract in galactose fed rats by restoring the lens Ca(2+)/Mg(2+) ratio and lens redox status.
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Agarwal R, Iezhitsa I, Agarwal P, Spasov A. Magnesium deficiency: does it have a role to play in cataractogenesis? Exp Eye Res 2012; 101:82-9. [PMID: 22668657 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 05/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium is one of the most important regulatory cation involved in several biological processes. It is important for maintaining the structural and functional integrity of vital ocular tissues such as lens. Presence of high magnesium content especially in the peripheral part of lens as compared to aqueous and vitreous humor has been observed. Magnesium plays significant role as a cofactor for more than 350 enzymes in the body especially those utilizing ATP. Membrane associated ATPase functions that are crucial in regulating the intracellular ionic environment, are magnesium-dependent. Moreover, the enzymes involved in ATP production and hydrolysis are also magnesium-dependent. Magnesium deficiency by interfering with ATPase functions causes increased intracellular calcium and sodium and decreases intracellular potassium concentration. Furthermore, magnesium deficiency is associated with increased oxidative stress secondary to increased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and increased production of nitric oxide. Thus the alterations in lenticular redox status and ionic imbalances form the basis of the association of magnesium deficiency with cataract. In this paper we review the mechanisms involved in magnesium homeostasis and the role of magnesium deficiency in the pathogenesis of cataract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renu Agarwal
- Universiti Teknologi MARA, Faculty of Medicine, Level 20, Tower 1, Science & Technology Complex, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
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13
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Hsu CL, Chang YY, Chiu CH, Yang KT, Wang Y, Fu SG, Chen YC. Cardiovascular protection of deep-seawater drinking water in high-fat/cholesterol fed hamsters. Food Chem 2011; 127:1146-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.01.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Nagai N, Ito Y. Delay of cataract development in the Shumiya cataract rat by water containing enhanced concentrations of magnesium and calcium. Curr Eye Res 2007; 32:439-45. [PMID: 17514529 DOI: 10.1080/02713680701329339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate a delaying effect of deep-sea drinking water (DDW) containing enhanced magnesium ion (Mg(2 +)) and calcium ion (Ca(2 +)) concentrations on cataract development in Shumiya cataract rats (SCRs). The lenses of SCRs administered DDW-200 (Mg(2 +), 200 mg/L, Ca(2 +); 71 mg/L) were less opaque than those in SCRs administered purified water (PW). In SCRs administered DDW-200, a decrease in Mg(2 +) content and an increase in Ca(2 +) content in the lenses was prevented in comparison with SCRs administered PW. Nitric oxide (NO) levels in the lenses of SCRs administered DDW-200 were lower than those in SCRs administered PW. In conclusion, the administration of DDW-200 to SCRs has a potent delaying effect on cataract development, possibly due to preventing an increase in NO levels in the lens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Nagai
- School of Pharmacy, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
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15
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Nagai N, Fukuhata T, Ito Y. Effect of magnesium deficiency on intracellular ATP levels in human lens epithelial cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2007; 30:6-10. [PMID: 17202650 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.30.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cataractous lenses have an altered distribution of the intracellular ionic environment, and the lens ionic imbalance with increased levels of calcium (Ca2+) and sodium (Na+), coupled with decreased levels of magnesium (Mg2+) and potassium (K+), is related to cataract development in human senile cataracts. We previously found that the decrease of ATP in lenses caused lens ionic imbalance, and probably decrease in ATPase function. In this study, we investigated the effect of Mg2+ deficiency on cataract progression using human lens epithelial (HLE) cells. Expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA in HLE cells were significantly greater in Mg2+-deficient medium (Mg2+ 0.021 mM) than in normal Mg2+ medium (Mg2+ 0.77 mM). The NO release from the HLE cells cultured with Mg2+-deficient medium also increased. On the other hand, the ATP levels in HLE cells 24 h after incubation with Mg2+-deficient medium were lower than that with normal Mg2+ medium. The Ca2+- and Na+/K+-ATPase activities in HLE cells until 24 h incubation with normal Mg2+ or Mg2+-deficient medium did not change. Both diethyldithiocarbamate 10 microM and aminoguanidine 250 microM attenuated the increase of NO release, and caused an increase in ATP levels in HLE cells 24 h after incubation with Mg2+-deficient medium. These results suggest that Mg2+ deficiency enhances NO production via iNOS in the lens. It is possible that the excessive production of NO cause the decrease of ATP levels. These results show that Mg2+ deficiency in the lens may cause an acceleration of the progression of lens opacification.
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16
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SON HY, KIM H, H KWON Y. Taurine Prevents Oxidative Damage of High Glucose-Induced Cataractogenesis in Isolated Rat Lenses. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2007; 53:324-30. [DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.53.324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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