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Mo J, Angelichio M, Gow L, Leathers V, Jackwood MW. Quantitative real-time PCR assays for the concurrent diagnosis of infectious laryngotracheitis virus, Newcastle disease virus and avian metapneumovirus in poultry. J Vet Sci 2022; 23:e21. [PMID: 35187879 PMCID: PMC8977536 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.21153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease (ND), infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) and avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) can be similar making it critical to quickly differentiate them. Herein, we adapted pre-existing molecular-based diagnostic assays for NDV and ILTV, and developed new assays for aMPV A and B, for use under synchronized thermocycling conditions. All assays performed equivalently with linearity over a 5 log10 dynamic range, a reproducible (R2 > 0.99) limit of detection of ≥ 10 target copies, and amplification efficiencies between 86.8%–98.2%. Using biological specimens for NDV and ILTV showed 100% specificity. Identical amplification conditions will simplify procedures for detection in diagnostic laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongseo Mo
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | | | - Lisa Gow
- IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., Westbrook, ME 04092, USA
| | | | - Mark W. Jackwood
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Mo J, Angelichio M, Gow L, Leathers V, Jackwood MW. Validation of specific quantitative real-time RT-PCR assay panel for Infectious Bronchitis using synthetic DNA standards and clinical specimens. J Virol Methods 2019; 276:113773. [PMID: 31712094 PMCID: PMC7113781 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.113773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Real-time quantitative PCR assays were developed for six different IBV types. Rapid detection of IBV type is important for control. Analytical sensitivity was evaluated using synthetic DNA standards. Specificity was determined using clinical and biological specimens. Linearity over a 5 log10 dynamic range and a limit of detection of ≤10 target copies was realized.
Infectious bronchitis (IB) is a highly contagious upper respiratory tract disease of chickens caused by infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), which has various serotypes that do not cross-protect. Vaccine control strategies for this virus are only effective when designed around the currently circulating serotypes. It is essential to not only rapidly detect IBV but also to identify the type of virus causing disease. Six TaqMan™-based quantitative real-time RT-PCR assays (Universal, Ark, Mass, DE/GA98, GA07, GA08) were developed and examined the sensitivity and specificity for each assay. Assays were developed targeting the hypervariable region in the S1 gene subunit. The analytical sensitivity of TaqMan™-based quantitative real-time RT-PCR assays (qRT-PCR) assays was evaluated using synthetic DNA standards that were identical with the target sequence and specificity was further validated using clinical and biological specimens. All developed assays performed equivalently when using synthetic DNA templates as standard material, as it achieved linearity over a 5 log10 dynamic range with a reproducible limit of detection of ≤10 target copies per reaction, with high calculated amplification efficiencies ranging between 90%–115%. Further validation of specificity using clinical and biological specimens was also successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongseo Mo
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens GA, United States
| | | | - Lisa Gow
- IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., One IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, ME, United States
| | - Valerie Leathers
- IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., One IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, ME, United States
| | - Mark W Jackwood
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens GA, United States.
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Horie A, Ishida K, Watanabe Y, Shibata K, Hashimoto Y. Membrane transport mechanisms of choline in human intestinal epithelial LS180 cells. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2014; 35:532-42. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.1917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Horie
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani; Toyama 930-0194 Japan
| | - Kazuya Ishida
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani; Toyama 930-0194 Japan
| | - Yuri Watanabe
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani; Toyama 930-0194 Japan
| | - Kaito Shibata
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani; Toyama 930-0194 Japan
| | - Yukiya Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani; Toyama 930-0194 Japan
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Horie A, Sakata J, Nishimura M, Ishida K, Taguchi M, Hashimoto Y. Mechanisms for membrane transport of metformin in human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2011; 32:253-60. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Horie
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Toyama; 2630 Sugitani Toyama 930-0194 Japan
| | - Jumpei Sakata
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Toyama; 2630 Sugitani Toyama 930-0194 Japan
| | - Maki Nishimura
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Toyama; 2630 Sugitani Toyama 930-0194 Japan
| | - Kazuya Ishida
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Toyama; 2630 Sugitani Toyama 930-0194 Japan
| | - Masato Taguchi
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Toyama; 2630 Sugitani Toyama 930-0194 Japan
| | - Yukiya Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Toyama; 2630 Sugitani Toyama 930-0194 Japan
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Cook NL, Kleinig TJ, van den Heuvel C, Vink R. Reference genes for normalising gene expression data in collagenase-induced rat intracerebral haemorrhage. BMC Mol Biol 2010; 11:7. [PMID: 20089183 PMCID: PMC2823748 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-11-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2009] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mechanisms of brain injury following intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) are incompletely understood. Gene expression studies using quantitative real-time RT-PCR following ICH have increased our understanding of these mechanisms, however the inconsistent results observed may be related to inappropriate reference gene selection. Reference genes should be stably expressed across different experimental conditions, however, transcript levels of common reference genes have been shown to vary considerably. Reference gene panels have therefore been proposed to overcome this potential confounder. Results The present study evaluated the stability of seven candidate reference genes in the striatum and overlying cortex of collagenase-induced ICH in rodents at survival times of 5 and 24 hours. Transcript levels of the candidate reference genes were quantified and ranked in order of stability using geNorm. When our gene of interest, transient receptor potential melastatin 2 (TRPM2), was normalised against each reference gene individually, TRPM2 mRNA levels were highly variable. When normalised to the four most stable reference genes selected for accurate normalisation of data, we found no significant difference between ICH and vehicle rats. Conclusion The panel of reference genes identified in the present study will enable more accurate normalisation of gene expression data in the acute phase of experimental ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi L Cook
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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Fukumori S, Masago M, Ishida K, Kayano Y, Taguchi M, Hashimoto Y. Temperature-dependent specific transport of levofloxacin in human intestinal epithelial LS180 cells. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2009; 30:448-56. [PMID: 19725017 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
It was reported previously that specific levofloxacin uptake in Caco-2 cells was inhibited by nicotine, enalapril, L-carnitine and fexofenadine. The aim of the present study was to characterize the cellular uptake of levofloxacin using another human intestinal cell line, LS180. Levofloxacin uptake in LS180 cells was temperature-dependent and optimal at neutral pH, but was Na(+)-independent. The rank order of inhibitory effects of the four compounds on [(14)C] levofloxacin uptake in LS180 cells was nicotine>enalapril>L-carnitine>fexofenadine, which is consistent with that in Caco-2 cells. The mRNA levels of OATP1A2, 1B1, 1B3 and 2B1 in LS180 cells were markedly different from those in Caco-2 cells, and OATP substrates/inhibitors had no systematic effect on the levofloxacin uptake. The mRNA levels of OCTN1 and 2 in LS180 cells were similar to those in Caco-2 cells. However, the inhibitory effect of nicotine on L-[(3)H]carnitine uptake was much less potent than that of unlabeled L-carnitine. These results indicate that the specific uptake system for levofloxacin in LS180 cells is identical/similar to that in Caco-2 cells, but that OATPs and OCTNs contribute little to levofloxacin uptake in the human intestinal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Fukumori
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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Ishida K, Takaai M, Yotsutani A, Taguchi M, Hashimoto Y. Membrane transport mechanisms of mizoribine in the rat intestine and human epithelial LS180 cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2009; 32:741-5. [PMID: 19336917 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.32.741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to characterize membrane transport mechanisms of mizoribine in the intestinal epithelial cells. We evaluated the contribution of Na(+)-dependent and -independent membrane transporters to mizoribine absorption in the rat intestine using an in situ closed loop method. In addition, we evaluated the effects of structurally related compounds, extracellular Na(+) concentrations, and an inhibitor of Na(+)-independent equilibrative nucleoside transporter, nitrobenzylmercaptopurine ribonucleoside (NBMPR), on the uptake of mizoribine in human intestinal epithelial LS180 cells. In the presence and also absence of Na(+) in rat intestinal loops, more than 60% of the administered dose (50 microg at the concentration of 100 microg/ml=386 microM) of mizoribine was absorbed in 40 min. In the LS180 cells, ribavirin and inosine reduced the uptake of 400 microM mizoribine with the increasing concentrations (from 5 to 50 mM) of the inhibitors. The cellular uptake of mizoribine in the absence of extracellular Na(+) decreased to 72.7% of the uptake in the presence of extracellular Na(+), whereas 100 microM NBMPR decreased the uptake of mizoribine markedly to 34.7% of that without NBMPR. These findings suggest that Na(+)-independent nucleoside transporters are largely responsible for absorption of mizoribine in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Ishida
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Japan
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Yamasaki D, Nakamura T, Okamura N, Kokudai M, Inui N, Takeuchi K, Watanabe H, Hirai M, Okumura K, Sakaeda T. Effects of acid and lactone forms of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors on the induction of MDR1 expression and function in LS180 cells. Eur J Pharm Sci 2009; 37:126-32. [PMID: 19429419 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2009.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Revised: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 01/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the ability of inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR), also known as statins, to regulate the gene expression and function of multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1/P-glycoprotein) and differences between their acid and lactone forms were examined in human intestinal epithelial LS180 cells. Some statins had the potential to induce the expression of mRNAs for MDR1 and/or CYP3A in either form. The change in the mRNA expression of MDR1 was accompanied by a change in the CsA-dependent intracellular accumulation of rhodamine 123. Simvastatin lactone, but not the acid form, exhibited a strong inductive effect on the mRNA expression of MDR1 and CYP3A in a dose-dependent manner. Sulforaphane significantly suppressed the expression of MDR1 and CYP3A mRNAs induced by atorvastatin lactone, lovastatin acid, and lovastatin lactone, comparable to the control level, and moderately inhibited that by cerivastatin acid, fluvastatin acid and simvastatin lactone. In the case of pitavastatin acid, sulforaphane had no significant effect on the expression of MDR1 mRNA.These results suggested that some statins could induce MDR1 and CYP3A gene expression and these inductive effects differed between the lactone and active hydroxy acid forms, and that PXR-mediated regulation was rarely associated with the mRNA inducibility by pitavastatin acid, unlike that by other statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Yamasaki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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Stals A, Werbrouck H, Baert L, Botteldoorn N, Herman L, Uyttendaele M, Van Coillie E. Laboratory efforts to eliminate contamination problems in the real-time RT-PCR detection of noroviruses. J Microbiol Methods 2009; 77:72-6. [PMID: 19318053 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2009.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2008] [Revised: 12/20/2008] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the current study, laboratory efforts to prevent the presence of positive NTCs (no template controls) during the optimization of a quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase PCR assay for detection of Noroviruses (NoVs) are described. Two DNA types (single-stranded (ss)DNA fragments and plasmid DNA) were used to generate a real-time PCR standard and a high frequency of positive NTCs was noticed in the case of ssDNA fragments. To investigate our suspicion of well-to-well migration of DNA during real-time PCR runs as possible cause of the positive NTCs, an "evaporation-experiment" was set up in which the evaporation of water and the possible co-evaporation of DNA were measured as a function of the DNA type (ssDNA-fragments, plasmid DNA and genomic DNA), the reaction plate seal type (adhesive film or 8-cap strips) and the use of 7 microl of mineral oil as cover layer. Results of this experiment indicated that evaporation of water occurred during real-time PCR runs regardless of the DNA type, the seal type and whether or not 7 microl of mineral oil was used as cover layer. Data from this experiment also suggested co-evaporation of DNA, with an apparent negative correlation between the size of the DNA type and the extent of this co-evaporation. The use of 7 microl of mineral oil as cover layer seemed to prevent to some extent co-evaporation of DNA. The use of plasmids as standard combined with 7 microl of mineral oil as cover layer in the real-time PCR setup resulted in a complete absence of positive NTCs while only minor effects were noticed on the performance of the real-time PCR. In general, our results showed that the high sensitivity of an optimized real-time PCR assay should be considered as--besides a great advantage--a potential risk factor for obtaining false-positive results when using this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambroos Stals
- Flemish Government, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Unit Technology and Food, Melle, Belgium.
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Cook NL, Vink R, Donkin JJ, van den Heuvel C. Validation of reference genes for normalization of real-time quantitative RT-PCR data in traumatic brain injury. J Neurosci Res 2009; 87:34-41. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Ishida K, Taguchi M, Akao T, Hashimoto Y. Involvement of the CYP1A Subfamily in Stereoselective Metabolism of Carvedilol in .BETA.-Naphthoflavone-Treated Caco-2 Cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2009; 32:513-6. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.32.513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Ishida
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
| | - Masato Taguchi
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
| | - Teruaki Akao
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
| | - Yukiya Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
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Takaai M, Morishita H, Ishida K, Taguchi M, Hashimoto Y. Contribution of Na+-independent nucleoside transport to ribavirin uptake in the rat intestine and human epithelial LS180 cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 601:61-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2008] [Revised: 09/05/2008] [Accepted: 10/29/2008] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Ishida K, Honda M, Shimizu T, Taguchi M, Hashimoto Y. Stereoselective Metabolism of Carvedilol by the .BETA.-Naphthoflavone-Inducible Enzyme in Human Intestinal Epithelial Caco-2 Cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2007; 30:1930-3. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.30.1930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Ishida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
| | - Mutsuko Honda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
| | - Takako Shimizu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
| | - Masato Taguchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
| | - Yukiya Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
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Koyama T, Nakamura T, Komoto C, Sakaeda T, Taniguchi M, Okamura N, Tamura T, Aoyama N, Kamigaki T, Kuroda Y, Kasuga M, Kadoyama K, Okumura K. MDR1 T-129C polymorphism can be predictive of differentiation, and thereby prognosis of colorectal adenocarcinomas in Japanese. Biol Pharm Bull 2006; 29:1449-53. [PMID: 16819187 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.29.1449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The expression level of MDR1 mRNA was evaluated in colorectal adenocarcinomas and adjacent noncancerous colorectal tissues obtained from 21 Japanese patients. It was lower in the former than in the latter (p=0.012), suggesting its down-regulation as a consequence of malignant transformation of colorectal tissues, possibly with the suppression of differentiation. Relatively lower expression was suggested in moderately-differentiated colorectal adenocarcinomas than well-differentiated ones, but there was no statistical difference (p=0.111). MDR1 mRNA up-regulation was found in a colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line, HCT-15, after treatment with two typical differentiating agents, sodium butyrate and all-trans retinoic acid, suggesting its involvement in the cellular events, resulting in differentiation without malignant transformation. MDR1 T-129C, but not G2677A,T and C3435T, was associated with the lower expression of MDR1 mRNA both in colorectal adenocarcinomas (p=0.040) and adjacent noncancerous colorectal tissues (p=0.023), possibly being an useful invasive marker predicting poorly-differentiated colorectal adenocarcinomas and thereby the poor prognosis of the patients, especially when no extra biopsy samples will be obtained. Further investigations with relatively large number of patients should be undertaken to confirm these preliminary results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Koyama
- Division of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Department of General Therapeutics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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