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Li A, Zhu Q, Li Y, Yang L, Chen Z, Zhou X, Xia Y. Improvement of nucleotide content of Cordyceps tenuipes by Schisandra chinensis: fermentation process optimization and application prospects. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:259. [PMID: 38739151 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-03988-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Nucleotides are important components and the main indicators for judging Cordyceps quality. In this paper, the mixed fermentation process of Schisandra chinensis and Cordyceps tenuipes was systematically studied, and it was proposed that the fermentation products aqueous extract (S-ZAE) had antioxidant activity and anti-AChE ability. Herein, the results of a single factor showed that S. chinensis, yeast extract, inoculum amount, and pH had significant effects on nucleotide synthesis. The fermentation process optimization results were 3% glucose, 0.25% KH2PO4, 2.1% yeast extract, and S. chinensis 0.49% (m/v), the optimal fermentation conditions were 25℃, inoculum 5.8% (v/v), pH 3.8, 6 d. The yield of total nucleotides in the scale-up culture was 0.64 ± 0.027 mg/mL, which was 10.6 times higher than before optimization. S-ZAE has good antioxidant and anti-AChE activities (IC50 0.50 ± 0.050 mg/mL). This fermentation method has the advantage of industrialization, and its fermentation products have the potential to become good functional foods or natural therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anni Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Yuting Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Zhihao Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Yanqiu Xia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China.
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China.
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Manyes L, Escrivá L, Ruiz M, Juan-García A. Beauvericin and enniatin B effects on a human lymphoblastoid Jurkat T-cell model. Food Chem Toxicol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Liu C, Wang J, Xu S, An S, Tang S, He J, Liu Y, Lee RJ, Wang D. Paecilomyces tenuipes extract prevents depression-like behaviors in chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced rat model via modulation of neurotransmitters. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:2172-2178. [PMID: 28656300 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The medicinal fungus Paecilomyces tenuipes exhibits a variety of pharmacological effects, including antidepressive effects. The chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)‑induced rat model has served an important role in studies involving antidepressants screening. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antidepressant‑like activity of P. tenuipes N45 aqueous extract (PTNE) in a CUMS‑induced rat model of behavioral despair depression. Following 4 weeks of PTNE treatment, behavioral tests were conducted to investigate the antidepressant‑like activities, and the levels of neurotransmitters and hormones in blood and hypothalamus were measured. The results demonstrated that PTNE treatment significantly increased movement in the forced running test, whereas the immobility time was reduced in the hotplate test and the forced swim test in depression‑model rats. PTNE treatment was able to normalize the levels of hormones and neurotransmitters in serum and hypothalamus of CUMS rats. The data demonstrated that PTNE treatment may be a potential pharmaceutical agent in treatment‑resistant depression, and the effects of PTNE may be partly mediated through normalizing the levels of neurotransmitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chungang Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Juan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Shiqi Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Shengshu An
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Siying Tang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Jian He
- Center for Translational Medicine, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P.R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Robert J Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Di Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
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Sun J, Ren D. IER3IP1 deficiency leads to increased β-cell death and decreased β-cell proliferation. Oncotarget 2017; 8:56768-56779. [PMID: 28915629 PMCID: PMC5593600 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the gene for Immediate Early Response 3 Interacting Protein 1 (IER3IP1) cause permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus in human. The mechanisms involved have not been determined and the role of IER3IP1 in β-cell survival has not been characterized. In order to determine if there is a molecular link between IER3IP1 deficiency and β-cell survival and proliferation, we knocked down Ier3ip1 gene expression in mouse MIN6 insulinoma cells. IER3IP1 suppression induced apoptotic cell death which was associated with an increase in Bim and a decrease in Bcl-xL. Knockdown of Bim reduced apoptotic cell death in MIN6 cells induced by IER3IP1 suppression. Overexpression of the anti-apoptotic molecule Bcl-xL prevents cell death induced by IER3IP1 suppression. Moreover, IER3IP1 also regulates activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). IER3IP1 suppression impairs the Inositol Requiring 1 (IRE1) and PKR-like ER kinase (PERK) arms of UPR. The cell proliferation of MIN6 cells was also decreased in IER3IP1 deficient cells. These results suggest that IER3IP1 suppression induces an increase in cell death and a decrease in cell proliferation in MIN6 cells, which may be the mechanism that mutations in IER3IP1 lead to diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Sun
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Decheng Ren
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Liu C, Zeng X, Li Y, Ma H, Song J, Li Y, Zhou Y, Lee RJ, Wang D. Investigation of hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic and anti-nephritic activities of Paecilomyces tenuipesN45 in diet/streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:2807-2813. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Multi-target-Directed Benzazepines Against Excitotoxicity. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:6697-6722. [PMID: 27744571 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0184-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Excitotoxicty, a key pathogenic event is characteristic of the onset and development of neurodegeneration. The glutamatergic neurotransmission mediated through different glutamate receptor subtypes plays a pivotal role in the onset of excitotoxicity. The role of NMDA receptor (NMDAR), a glutamate receptor subtype, has been well established in the excitotoxicity pathogenesis. NMDAR overactivation triggers excessive calcium influx resulting in excitotoxic neuronal cell death. In the present study, a series of benzazepine derivatives, with the core structure of 3-methyltetrahydro-3H-benzazepin-2-one, were synthesised in our laboratory and their NMDAR antagonist activity was determined against NMDA-induced excitotoxicity using SH-SY5Y cells. In order to assess the multi-target-directed potential of the synthesised compounds, Aβ1-42 aggregation inhibitory activity of the most potent benzazepines was evaluated using thioflavin T (ThT) and Congo red (CR) binding assays as Aβ also imparts toxicity, at least in part, through NMDAR overactivation. Furthermore, neuroprotective, free radical scavenging, anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic activities of the two potential test compounds (7 and 14) were evaluated using primary rat hippocampal neuronal culture against Aβ1-42-induced toxicity. Finally, in vivo neuroprotective potential of 7 and 14 was assessed using intracerebroventricular (ICV) rat model of Aβ1-42-induced toxicity. All of the synthesised benzazepines have shown significant neuroprotection against NMDA-induced excitotoxicity. The most potent compound (14) showed relatively higher affinity for the glycine binding site as compared with the glutamate binding site of NMDAR in the molecular docking studies. 7 and 14 have been shown experimentally to abrogate Aβ1-42 aggregation efficiently. Additionally, 7 and 14 showed significant neuroprotective, free radical scavenging, anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic properties in different in vitro and in vivo experimental models. Finally, 7 and 14 attenuated Aβ1-42-induced tau phosphorylation by abrogating activation of tau kinases, i.e. MAPK and GSK-3β. Thus, the results revealed multi-target-directed potential of some of the synthesised novel benzazepines against excitotoxicity.
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Thiyagarajan V, Sivalingam KS, Viswanadha VP, Weng CF. 16-hydroxy-cleroda-3,13-dien-16,15-olide induced glioma cell autophagy via ROS generation and activation of p38 MAPK and ERK-1/2. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 45:202-211. [PMID: 27318969 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
16-hydroxy-cleroda-3,13-dien-16,15-olide (HCD), a natural product isolated from medicinal plant Polyalthia longifolia exhibits anticancer activity through caspase-independent apoptosis in brain tumors, as previously reported. This study further attempted to investigate the involvement of HCD-induced autophagy in brain tumor cell lines neuroblastoma N18 and glioma C6 through the induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the activation of p38 and ERK-1/2 pathway. The results demonstrated that HCD increased the hyper-generation of ROS and decreased cellular antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione s transferase (GST). Furthermore, HCD increased the expressions of autophagic marker proteins LC3-II and Beclin-1 in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Additionally, HCD was found to significantly induce p-p38 MAPK and p-ERK-1/2 proteins by Western blot, which implies that HCD is a potential therapeutic anticancer agent that exerts its activity through inducing ROS-mediation for the autophagy of brain tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varadharajan Thiyagarajan
- Department of Life Science and the Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan
| | - Kalai Selvi Sivalingam
- Animal Tissue Culture and Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, India
| | - Vijaya Padma Viswanadha
- Animal Tissue Culture and Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, India
| | - Ching-Feng Weng
- Department of Life Science and the Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan.
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Shidore M, Machhi J, Shingala K, Murumkar P, Sharma MK, Agrawal N, Tripathi A, Parikh Z, Pillai P, Yadav MR. Benzylpiperidine-Linked Diarylthiazoles as Potential Anti-Alzheimer’s Agents: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation. J Med Chem 2016; 59:5823-46. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Shidore
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390 001, India
| | - Jatin Machhi
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390 001, India
| | - Kaushik Shingala
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390 001, India
| | - Prashant Murumkar
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390 001, India
| | - Mayank Kumar Sharma
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390 001, India
| | - Neetesh Agrawal
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390 001, India
| | - Ashutosh Tripathi
- Zoology
Department, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda Vadodara, 390 001, India
| | - Zalak Parikh
- Zoology
Department, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda Vadodara, 390 001, India
| | - Prakash Pillai
- Zoology
Department, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda Vadodara, 390 001, India
| | - Mange Ram Yadav
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390 001, India
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Fernández-Blanco C, Juan-García A, Juan C, Font G, Ruiz MJ. Alternariol induce toxicity via cell death and mitochondrial damage on Caco-2 cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 88:32-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Machhi J, Sinha A, Patel P, Kanhed AM, Upadhyay P, Tripathi A, Parikh ZS, Chruvattil R, Pillai PP, Gupta S, Patel K, Giridhar R, Yadav MR. Neuroprotective Potential of Novel Multi-Targeted Isoalloxazine Derivatives in Rodent Models of Alzheimer's Disease Through Activation of Canonical Wnt/β-Catenin Signalling Pathway. Neurotox Res 2016; 29:495-513. [PMID: 26797524 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-016-9598-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Previous reports suggest that Alzheimer's disease is protected by cholinesterase inhibitors. We synthesized some isoalloxazine derivatives and evaluated them using in vitro cholinesterase inhibition assay. Two of the compounds (7m and 7q) were figured out as potent cholinesterase inhibitors. They further showed anti-Aβ aggregatory activity in the in vitro assay. The current study deals with the evaluation of neuroprotective potentials of the potent compounds (7m and 7q) using different in vitro and in vivo experiments. The compounds were first assessed for their tendency to cross blood-brain barrier using in vitro permeation assay. They were evaluated using scopolamine-induced amnesic mice model. Additionally, ROS scavenging and anti-apoptotic properties of 7m and 7q were established against Aβ1-42-induced toxicity in rat hippocampal neuronal cells. 7m and 7q were also evaluated using Aβ1-42-induced Alzheimer's rat model. Lastly, their involvement in Wnt/β-catenin pathway was also demonstrated. The results indicated good CNS penetration for 7m and 7q. The neuroprotective effects of 7m and 7q were evidenced by improved cognitive ability in both scopolamine and Aβ1-42-induced Alzheimer's-like condition in rodents. The in vivo results also confirmed their anti-cholinesterase and anti-oxidant potential. Immunoblot results showed that treatment with 7m and 7q decreased Aβ1-42, p-tau, cleaved caspase-3, and cleaved PARP levels in Aβ1-42-induced Alzheimer's rat brain. Additionally, immunoblot results demonstrated that 7m and 7q activated the Wnt/β-catenin pathway as evidenced by increased p-GSK-3, β-catenin, and neuroD1 levels in Aβ1-42-induced Alzheimer's rat brain. These findings have shown that isoalloxazine derivatives (7m and 7q) could be the potential leads for developing effective drugs for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatin Machhi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390001, India
| | - Anshuman Sinha
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390001, India
| | - Pratik Patel
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390001, India
| | - Ashish M Kanhed
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390001, India
| | - Pragnesh Upadhyay
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390001, India
| | - Ashutosh Tripathi
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390002, India
| | - Zalak S Parikh
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390002, India
| | - Ragitha Chruvattil
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390002, India
| | - Prakash P Pillai
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390002, India
| | - Sarita Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390002, India
| | - Kirti Patel
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390001, India
| | - Rajani Giridhar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390001, India
| | - Mange Ram Yadav
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390001, India.
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Juan-García A, Ruiz MJ, Font G, Manyes L. Enniatin A1, enniatin B1 and beauvericin on HepG2: Evaluation of toxic effects. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 84:188-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Bai X, Song Z, Zhou Y, Pan S, Wang F, Guo Z, Jiang M, Wang G, Kong R, Sun B. The apoptosis of peripheral blood lymphocytes promoted by hyperbaric oxygen treatment contributes to attenuate the severity of early stage acute pancreatitis in rats. Apoptosis 2014; 19:58-75. [PMID: 24101212 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-013-0911-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the immunoregulatory effects of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) via promoting the apoptosis of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) to attenuate the severity of early stage acute pancreatitis (AP) in rats. Additionally, the persistence of the HBO treatment effects was evaluated. One hundred and twenty male Wistar rats were randomized into four groups: sham, AP, AP + normobaric oxygen (NBO), and AP + HBO. Each group consisted of 30 rats. Four hours after the induction of AP, the 30 rats in the AP + NBO group were given normobaric oxygen treatment with 100 % oxygen at 1 atm for 90 min. The 30 rats in the AP + HBO group received 100 % oxygen at 2.5 atm for 90 min, with a compression/decompression time of 15 min. The 30 rats in the AP group remained untreated. At 6, 12, and 24 h after the induction of AP, surviving rats from each group were sacrificed, and the blood and tissue samples were collected for the following measurements: the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) and oxygen saturation (SaO2) of the arterial blood, the levels of serum amylase, lipase, interleukin-2 (IL-2), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-10 (IL-10), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the mitochondrial membrane potential (∆Ψm) of the PBLs. The expression levels of procaspase-3, caspase-3, procaspase-9, and caspase-9 were also evaluated in the PBLs. Additionally, the apoptosis of PBLs was assessed, and the pancreatic tissues were subjected to a histopathological analysis by pathological grading and scoring. The histopathology of the lung, liver, kidney, duodenum, and heart was also analyzed at 12 h after the induction of AP. Significant differences were found at 6 and 12 h after AP induction. The HBO treatment significantly elevated the PaO2 and SaO2 levels, and the ROS levels in the PBLs. Additionally, HBO downregulated the levels of amylase and lipase. The HBO treatment also reduced the ∆Ψm levels, upregulated the expression of caspase-3 and caspase-9, and increased the apoptosis rate of the PBLs. Moreover, the HBO treatment decreased the serum concentrations of IL-2, IFN-γ and HGF, and reduced the pathological scores of the pancreatic tissue. The histopathological changes of the lung, liver, kidney, duodenum, and heart were also improved. A significant elevation of IL-10 occurred only at the 12-h time point. However, no obvious differences were found at the 24-h time point. This study demonstrated that the HBO treatment can promote the apoptosis of PBLs via a mitochondrial-dependent pathway and inhibit the inflammatory response. These immunoregulatory effects may play an important therapeutic role in attenuating the severity of early stage AP. The repeated administration of HBO or the use of HBO in combination with other approaches may further improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewei Bai
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
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Delta-lactoferrin induces cell death via the mitochondrial death signaling pathway by upregulating bax expression. Biometals 2014; 27:875-89. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-014-9744-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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14
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Jeong HJ, Yoo DY, Kim DW, Yeo HJ, Cho SB, Hyeon J, Park JH, Park J, Eum WS, Hwang HS, Won MH, Hwang IK, Choi SY. Neuroprotective effect of PEP-1-peroxiredoxin2 on CA1 regions in the hippocampus against ischemic insult. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:2321-30. [PMID: 24631653 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress is a leading cause of various diseases, including ischemia and inflammation. Peroxiredoxin2 (PRX2) is one of six mammalian isoenzymes (PRX1-6) that can reduce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and organic hydroperoxides to water and alcohols. METHODS We produced PEP-1-PRX2 transduction domain (PTD)-fused protein and investigated the effect of PEP-1-PRX2 on oxidative stress-induced neuronal cell death by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, Western blot, immunofluorescence microscopy, and immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS Our data showed that PEP-1-PRX2, which can effectively transduce into various types of cells and brain tissues, could be implicated in suppressing generation of reactive oxygen species, preventing depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane, and inhibiting the apoptosis pathway in H2O2-stimulated HT22, murine hippocampal neuronal cells, likely resulting in protection of HT22 cells against H2O2-induced toxicity. In addition, we found that in a transient forebrain ischemia model, PEP-1-PRX2 inhibited the activation of astrocytes and microglia in the CA1 region of the hippocampus and lipid peroxidation and also prevented neuronal cell death against ischemic damage. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the transduced PEP-1-PRX2 has neuroprotective functions against oxidative stress-induced cell death in vitro and in vivo. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE PEP-1-PRX2 could be a potential therapeutic agent for oxidative stress-induced brain diseases such as ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoon Jae Jeong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon 200-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Young Yoo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Kangnung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 210-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Ji Yeo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon 200-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Bin Cho
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon 200-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiye Hyeon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon 200-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hwan Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon 200-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinseu Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon 200-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Sik Eum
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon 200-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Sook Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon 200-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - In Koo Hwang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
| | - Soo Young Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon 200-702, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Sun ZK, Ma XR, Jia YJ, Liu YR, Zhang JW, Zhang BA. Effects of resveratrol on apoptosis in a rat model of vascular dementia. Exp Ther Med 2014; 7:843-848. [PMID: 24660032 PMCID: PMC3961111 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol is a natural polyphenol widely present in plants, particularly in the skin of red grapes and in wine. It possesses a wide range of biological effects and exhibits neuroprotective effects in numerous diseases. However, data evaluating the effects of resveratrol in vascular dementia (VaD) are lacking. In the present study, the permanent, bilateral common carotid artery occlusion rat model was used to study the effects of resveratrol on VaD. The Morris water maze was used to test the spatial learning and memory performance of the rats. The expression levels of Bax, Bcl-2, cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) in the hippocampus were measured. The results showed that resveratrol inhibited memory impairment in the VaD rat model, and attenuated the increases in the expression levels of Bax, cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved PARP and the reductions in the expression levels of Bcl-2 that were induced by VaD. These results provide a novel insight into the neuroprotective effects of resveratrol and its possible therapeutic role in VaD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Kun Sun
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, P.R. China
| | - Xing-Rong Ma
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Jie Jia
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Ru Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, P.R. China
| | - Jie-Wen Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, P.R. China
| | - Bo-Ai Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, P.R. China
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16
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Juan-García A, Manyes L, Ruiz MJ, Font G. Applications of flow cytometry to toxicological mycotoxin effects in cultured mammalian cells: a review. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 56:40-59. [PMID: 23422035 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review gives an overview of flow cytometry applications to toxicological studies of several physiological target sites of mycotoxins on different mammalian cell lines. Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of fungi that may be present in food, feed, air and water. The increasing presence of mycotoxins in crops, their wide distribution in the food chain, and their potential for toxicity demonstrate the need for further knowledge. Flow cytometry has become a valuable tool in mycotoxin studies in recent years for the rapid analysis of single cells in a mixture. In toxicology, the power of these methods lies in the possibility of determining a wide range of cell parameters, providing valuable information to elucidate cell growth and viability, metabolic activity, mitochondrial membrane potential and membrane integrity mechanisms. There are studies using flow cytometry technique on Alternaria, Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium mycotoxins including information about cell type, assay conditions and functional parameters. Most of the studies collected in the literature are on deoxynivalenol and zearalenone mycotoxins. Cell cycle analysis and apoptosis are the processes more widely investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Juan-García
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andres Estelles s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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17
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Yang F, Chen WD, Deng R, Zhang H, Tang J, Wu KW, Li DD, Feng GK, Lan WJ, Li HJ, Zhu XF. Hirsutanol A, a novel sesquiterpene compound from fungus Chondrostereum sp., induces apoptosis and inhibits tumor growth through mitochondrial-independent ROS production: hirsutanol A inhibits tumor growth through ROS production. J Transl Med 2013; 11:32. [PMID: 23394457 PMCID: PMC3637523 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-11-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hirsutanol A is a novel sesquiterpene compound purified from fungus Chondrostereum sp. in Sarcophyton tortuosum. Our previous studies had demonstrated that hirsutanol A exhibited potent cytotoxic effect on many kinds of cancer cell lines. In the current study, the antitumor activity of hirsutanol A and its molecular mechanisms were investigated. METHODS Hirsutanol A induced growth inhibition and apoptotic cell death of human colon cancer SW620 cells and human breast cancer MDA-MB-231cells were determined using MTT assay and flow cytometry assay, respectively. The effect of hirsutanol A on intrinsic ROS level and change in mitochondrial membrane potential (△ψm) of different cell lines were also measured by flow cytometry assay. The function of JNK was compromised by JNK siRNA or JNK inhibitor SP600125. The expression of cytochrome c, p-JNK, p-c-Jun after treatment with hirsutanol A were detected by Western blot analysis. Finally, the in vivo anti-tumor effect of hirsutanol A was examined in human cancer cell SW620 xenograft model. RESULTS The results showed that hirsutanol A significantly induced apoptosis, mitochondrial-independent increase of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) level, change of mitochondrial membrane potential, release of cytochrome c in human cancer cells. Preventing increase of ROS level using the potent antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) markedly decreased hirsutanol A-induced apoptosis. In addition, JNK signaling pathway was activated by hirsutanol A through elevating ROS level. Blockade of JNK signaling pathway by JNK specific inhibitor SP600125 enhanced apoptosis and hirsutanol A-induced ROS accumulation. Also, hirsutanol A exhibited antitumor activity in human cancer cell SW620 xenograft model. CONCLUSION These data suggested that hirsutanol A inhibited tumor growth through triggering ROS production and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou 510060, China
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18
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Juan-García A, Manyes L, Ruiz MJ, Font G. Involvement of enniatins-induced cytotoxicity in human HepG2 cells. Toxicol Lett 2013; 218:166-73. [PMID: 23370383 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Enniatins (ENNs) are mycotoxins found in Fusarium fungi and they appear in nature as mixtures of cyclic depsipeptides. The ability to form ionophores in the cell membrane is related to their cytotoxicity. Changes in ion distribution between inner and outer phases of the mitochondria affect to their metabolism, proton gradient, and chemiosmotic coupling, so a mitochondrial toxicity analysis of enniatins is highly recommended because they host the homeostasis required for cellular survival. Two ENNs, ENN A and ENN B on hepatocarcinoma cells (HepG2) at 1.5 and 3 μM and three exposure times (24, 48 and 72 h) were studied. Flow cytometry was used to examine their effects on cell proliferation, to characterize at which phase of the cell cycle progression the cells were blocked and to study the role of the mitochondrial in ENNs-induced apoptosis. In conclusion, apoptosis induction on HepG2 cells allowed to compare cytotoxic effects caused by both ENNs, A and B. It is reported the possible mechanism observed in MMP changes, cell cycle analysis and apoptosis/necrosis, identifying ENN B more toxic than ENN A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Juan-García
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of València, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain.
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19
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Zhi-Kun S, Hong-Qi Y, Zhi-Quan W, Jing P, Zhen H, Sheng-Di C. Erythropoietin prevents PC12 cells from beta-amyloid-induced apoptosis via PI3K⁄Akt pathway. Transl Neurodegener 2012; 1:7. [PMID: 23211059 PMCID: PMC3514084 DOI: 10.1186/2047-9158-1-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several studies indicated that Erythropoietin (Epo) may provide remarkable neuroprotection in some neurological diseases. It also showed the significant decrease of Epo immunoreactivity in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus in aged rats, suggesting the role of Epo in the pathogenesis of age-related neurodegenerative diseases such as AD. Methods The protective effect of Epo was studied in differentiated PC12 cells treated with Abeta. The viability of the cells, the apoptosis of the cells and the level of Bax, Bcl-2, cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved PARP expression were detected by MTT, Hoechst 33258 staining and Western blotting respectively. Results 20 μM Abeta (25-35) could induce a decreased viability and a increased apoptosis in PC12 cell in a time-dependent manner. However, 20 μM Abeta (35-25) had no effect on cell viability and apoptosis. Western blot analysis also showed that Abeta(25-35) treatment could decrease the expression of Bcl-2 (P < 0.05) and increase the expression of Bax (P < 0.05), Cleaved casapase-3 (P < 0.05), and Cleaved PARP (P < 0.05). The pretreatment of Epo could effectively reverse all the above changes induced by Abeta(25-35) (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the protective effect of Epo could be blocked by PI3K inhibitor LY294002 (P < 0.05). Conclusions Epo prevented cell injuries in PC12 cells exposed to the Abeta(25-35) and this effect may depend on the PI3K⁄Akt pathway. Our study provided an important evidence for the potential application of Epo in the therapy of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Zhi-Kun
- Department of Neurology & Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China.
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20
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Kim J, Lee S, Shim J, Kim HW, Kim J, Jang YJ, Yang H, Park J, Choi SH, Yoon JH, Lee KW, Lee HJ. Caffeinated coffee, decaffeinated coffee, and the phenolic phytochemical chlorogenic acid up-regulate NQO1 expression and prevent H₂O₂-induced apoptosis in primary cortical neurons. Neurochem Int 2012; 60:466-74. [PMID: 22353630 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 01/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are strongly associated with oxidative stress, which is induced by reactive oxygen species including hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). Epidemiological studies have suggested that coffee may be neuroprotective, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this effect have not been clarified. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of caffeinated coffee, decaffeinated coffee, and the phenolic phytochemical chlorogenic acid (5-O-caffeoylquinic acid), which is present in both caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee, against oxidative neuronal death. H₂O₂-induced apoptotic nuclear condensation in neuronal cells was strongly inhibited by pretreatment with caffeinated coffee, decaffeinated coffee, or chlorogenic acid. Pretreatment with caffeinated coffee, decaffeinated coffee, or chlorogenic acid inhibited the H₂O₂-induced down-regulation of anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-X(L) while blocking H₂O₂-induced pro-apoptotic cleavage of caspase-3 and pro-poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. We also found that caffeinated coffee, decaffeinated coffee, and chlorogenic acid induced the expression of NADPH:quinine oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) in neuronal cells, suggesting that these substances protect neurons from H₂O₂-induced apoptosis by up-regulation of this antioxidant enzyme. The neuroprotective efficacy of caffeinated coffee was similar to that of decaffeinated coffee, indicating that active compounds present in both caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee, such as chlorogenic acid, may drive the effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Kim
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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21
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Synthesis of nicotinamide derivatives having a hydroxy-substituted benzene ring and the influence of their structures on the apoptosis-inducing activity against leukemia cells. Drug Dev Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.20426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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22
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Keeren K, Friedrich M, Gebuhr I, Philipp S, Sabat R, Sterry W, Brandt C, Meisel C, Grütz G, Volk HD, Sawitzki B. Expression of Tolerance Associated Gene-1, a Mitochondrial Protein Inhibiting T Cell Activation, Can Be Used to Predict Response to Immune Modulating Therapies. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:4077-87. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0804351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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23
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Bouaziz C, Martel C, Sharaf el dein O, Abid-Essefi S, Brenner C, Lemaire C, Bacha H. Fusarial Toxin–Induced Toxicity in Cultured Cells and in Isolated Mitochondria Involves PTPC-Dependent Activation of the Mitochondrial Pathway of Apoptosis. Toxicol Sci 2009; 110:363-75. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfp117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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24
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Schollenberger M, Drochner W, Müller HM. Fusarium toxins of the scirpentriol subgroup: a review. Mycopathologia 2007; 164:101-18. [PMID: 17610049 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-007-9036-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2007] [Accepted: 06/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Scirpentriol and its seven acetylated derivatives comprise a family of type-A trichothecene toxins produced by several species of Fusarium fungi. Out of this group 4,15-diacetoxyscirpenol has attracted most attention. It elicits toxic responses in several species and was detected in a variety of substrates. Out of the three possible monoacetylated derivatives 15-monoacetoxyscirpenol and the parent alcohol scirpentriol received some attention, whereas the remaining members of the family were mentioned in few reports. The present review deals with the structure, biosynthesis, analysis and toxicity of scirpentriol toxins. Formation by Fusarium species as well as culture conditions used for toxigenicity studies are reviewed; data about the natural occurrence of scirpentriol toxins in different cereal types, cereal associated products as well as in non-grain matrices including potato and soya bean are reported. Basing on literature reports about the toxicity of scirpentriol toxins an attempt is made to summarise the state of knowledge for risk evaluation for human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margit Schollenberger
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Hohenheim University, Emil-Wolff-Str. 10, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany.
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25
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Kalra S, Paul MK, Balaram H, Mukhopadhyay AK. Application of HPLC to study the kinetics of a branched bi-enzyme system consisting of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase and xanthine oxidase—an important biochemical system to evaluate the efficiency of the anticancer drug 6-mercaptopurine in ALL cell line. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 850:7-14. [PMID: 17081813 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2006] [Revised: 10/04/2006] [Accepted: 10/05/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The thiopurine antimetabolite 6-mercaptopurine (6MP) is an important chemotherapeutic drug in the conventional treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). 6MP is mainly catabolized by both hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) and xanthine oxidase (XOD) to form thioinosinic monophosphate (TIMP) (therapeutically active metabolite) and 6-thiouric acid (6TUA) (inactive metabolite), respectively. The activity of both the enzymes varies among ALL patients governing the active and the inactive metabolite profile within the immature lymphocytes. Therefore, an attempt was made to study the kinetic nature of the branched bi-enzyme system acting on 6MP and to quantitate TIMP and 6TUA formed when the two enzymes are present in equal and variable ratios. The quantification of the branched kinetics using spectrophotometric method presents problem due to the closely apposed lambda(max) of the substrates and products. Hence, employing an HPLC method, the quantification of the products was done with the progress of time. The limit of quantification (LOQ) of substrate was found to be 10nM and for products as 50 nM. The limit of detection (LOD) was found to be 1 nM for the substrate and the products. The method exhibited linearity in the range of 0.01-100 microM for 6MP and 0.05-100 microM for both 6TUA and TIMP. The amount of TIMP formed was higher than that of 6TUA in the bi-enzyme system when both the enzymes were present in equivalent enzymatic ratio. It was further found that enzymatic ratios play an important role in determining the amounts of TIMP and 6TUA. This method was further validated using actively growing T-ALL cell line (Jurkat) to study the branched kinetics, wherein it was observed that treatment of 50 microM 6MP led to the generation of 12 microM TIMP and 0.8 microM 6TUA in 6 h at 37 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukirti Kalra
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, Phase X, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India.
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26
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Chen X, Deng C, Tang S, Zhang M. Mitochondria-dependent apoptosis induced by nanoscale hydroxyapatite in human gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2007; 30:128-32. [PMID: 17202672 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.30.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nanoscale hydroxyapatite (nano-HAP) has been reported to exhibit anti-cancer effect on several human cancers, but the molecular mechanism of which remains unclear. The aim of this study was to explore the mechanisms by investigating the effects of nano-HAP on human gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells. Our results showed that nano-HAP significantly reduced cell viability, and induced apoptosis in SGC-7901 cells characterized by hypodiploid DNA contents, morphological changes and DNA fragmentation. The increase in apoptosis was accompanied with the increased expression of Bax, a pro-apoptotic protein, and decreased expression of Bcl-2, an anti-apoptotic protein, the decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential and the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria into cytosol. Furthermore, the activation of caspases-3, and -9, but not activation of caspases-8 was induced by nano-HAP. Z-VAD-fmk, a universal caspase inhibitor, dose-dependently inhibited nano-HAP-induced apoptosis. This study demonstrates that nano-HAP inhibits the proliferation of SGC-7901 cells by inducing apoptosis, and the apoptotic pathway of nano-HAP-induced apoptosis is mediated through the mitochondrial-dependent and caspase-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, China
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27
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Wang XH, Jia DZ, Liang YJ, Yan SL, Ding Y, Chen LM, Shi Z, Zeng MS, Liu GF, Fu LW. Lgf-YL-9 induces apoptosis in human epidermoid carcinoma KB cells and multidrug resistant KBv200 cells via reactive oxygen species-independent mitochondrial pathway. Cancer Lett 2006; 249:256-70. [PMID: 17055640 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2006.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2006] [Revised: 09/02/2006] [Accepted: 09/06/2006] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Pyrazolon derivatives were reported to have cytotoxicity to some tumour cells. In the present study, we investigated the effect of Lgf-YL-9 on cytotoxicity and cell apoptosis in human epidermoid carcinoma drug-sensitive parental KB cells and multidrug resistant (MDR) KBv200 cells. Lgf-YL-9 exhibited potent cytotoxicity not only to KB cells but also to KBv200 cells, and the IC(50) were 3.81 and 3.45 microg/mL in KB cells and KBv200 cells, respectively. Importantly, Lgf-YL-9 effectively inhibited tumour growth of KB cell xenografts in nude mice. Lgf-YL-9-induced cell apoptosis was confirmed by chromatin condensation, DNA fragmentation, Annexin-V and propidium iodide (PI) double-staining assay and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage. Furthermore, Lgf-YL-9-mediated apoptosis in KB cells and KBv200 cells was accompanied by the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsi(m)), the release of cytochrome c, and the activation of caspases-3, -7, and -9, but not by intercalating to DNA. Although Lgf-YL-9-induced apoptosis was associated with the decrease of DeltaPsi(m), reactive oxygen species (ROS) reduction was interestingly observed in both cell lines. The data suggest that Lgf-YL-9 has similar cytotoxicity to drug-sensitive parental KB cells and MDR KBv200 cells. Lgf-YL-9-induced apoptosis is involved in a new ROS-independent mitochondrial dysfunction pathway, but not in intercalating to DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, PR China
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