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Tsuboi E, Asakawa Y, Hirose N, Yanoshita M, Sumi C, Takano M, Onishi A, Nishiyama S, Kubo N, Kita D, Tanimoto K. The role of semaphorin 3A on chondrogenic differentiation. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2024; 60:609-615. [PMID: 38727898 PMCID: PMC11286676 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-024-00909-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Osteoblast-derived semaphorin3A (Sema3A) has been reported to be involved in bone protection, and Sema3A knockout mice have been reported to exhibit chondrodysplasia. From these reports, Sema3A is considered to be involved in chondrogenic differentiation and skeletal formation, but there are many unclear points about its function and mechanism in chondrogenic differentiation. This study investigated the pharmacological effects of Sema3A in chondrogenic differentiation. The amount of Sema3A secreted into the culture supernatant was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expression of chondrogenic differentiation-related factors, such as Type II collagen (COL2A1), Aggrecan (ACAN), hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2), SRY-box transcription factor 9 (Sox9), Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), and Type X collagen (COL10A1) in ATDC5 cells treated with Sema3A (1,10 and 100 ng/mL) was examined using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Further, to assess the deposition of total glycosaminoglycans during chondrogenic differentiation, ATDC5 cells were stained with Alcian Blue. Moreover, the amount of hyaluronan in the culture supernatant was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The addition of Sema3A to cultured ATDC5 cells increased the expression of Sox9, Runx2, COL2A1, ACAN, HAS2, and COL10A1 during chondrogenic differentiation. Moreover, it enhanced total proteoglycan and hyaluronan synthesis. Further, Sema3A was upregulated in the early stages of chondrogenic differentiation, and its secretion decreased later. Sema3A increases extracellular matrix production and promotes chondrogenic differentiation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate the role of Sema3A on chondrogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Tsuboi
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Developmental Biology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Yuki Asakawa
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Developmental Biology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Naoto Hirose
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Developmental Biology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan.
| | - Makoto Yanoshita
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Developmental Biology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Chikako Sumi
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Developmental Biology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Mami Takano
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Developmental Biology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Azusa Onishi
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Developmental Biology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Sayuri Nishiyama
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Developmental Biology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Naoki Kubo
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Developmental Biology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Daiki Kita
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Developmental Biology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Kotaro Tanimoto
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Developmental Biology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
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Hammersen T, Buchert J, Zietzschmann S, Diederichs S, Richter W. Inverse Regulation of Cartilage Neogenesis at Physiologically Relevant Calcium Conditions by Human Articular Chondrocytes and Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Cells 2023; 12:1659. [PMID: 37371129 DOI: 10.3390/cells12121659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Elaborate bioreactor cultivation or expensive growth factor supplementation can enhance extracellular matrix production in engineered neocartilage to provide sufficient mechanical resistance. We here investigated whether raising extracellular calcium levels in chondrogenic cultures to physiologically relevant levels would provide a simple and inexpensive alternative to enhance cartilage neogenesis from human articular chondrocytes (AC) or bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSC). Interestingly, AC and BMSC-derived chondrocytes showed an opposite response to a calcium increase from 1.8 mM to 8 mM by which glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen type II production were elevated during BMSC chondrogenesis but depressed in AC, leading to two-fold higher GAG/DNA values in BMSC-based neocartilage compared to the AC group. According to control treatments with Mg2+ or sucrose, these effects were specific for CaCl2 rather than divalent cations or osmolarity. Importantly, undesired pro-hypertrophic traits were not stimulated by calcium treatment. Specific induction of PTHrP mRNA and protein by 8.0mM calcium only in AC, along with negative effects of recombinant PTHrP1-34 on cartilage matrix production, suggested that the PTHrP pathway contributed to the detrimental effects in AC-based neocartilage. Altogether, raising extracellular calcium levels was discovered as a novel, simple and inexpensive stimulator for BMSC-based cartilage neogenesis without the need for special bioreactors, whereas such conditions should be avoided for AC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Hammersen
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Department of Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Justyna Buchert
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Department of Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Severin Zietzschmann
- Orthopaedic Hospital, Department of Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Solvig Diederichs
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Department of Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wiltrud Richter
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Department of Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
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Mushtaq I, Mushtaq I, Akhter Z, Murtaza I, Qamar S, Ayub S, Mirza B, Butt TM, Janjua NK, Shah FU, Zaman F. Engineering electroactive and biocompatible tetra(aniline)-based terpolymers with tunable intrinsic antioxidant properties in vivo. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 108:110456. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Multifaceted Protective Role of Glucosamine against Osteoarthritis: Review of Its Molecular Mechanisms. Sci Pharm 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/scipharm87040034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a joint disease resulting from cartilage degeneration and causing joint pain and stiffness. Glucosamine exerts chondroprotective effects and effectively reduces OA pain and stiffness. This review aims to summarise the mechanism of glucosamine in protecting joint health and preventing OA by conducting a literature search on original articles. Current evidence has revealed that glucosamine exhibits anti-inflammatory effects by reducing the levels of pro-inflammatory factors (such as tumour necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1, and interleukin-6) and enhancing the synthesis of proteoglycans that retard cartilage degradation and improve joint function. Additionally, glucosamine improves cellular redox status, reduces OA-mediated oxidative damages, scavenges free radicals, upregulates antioxidant proteins and enzyme levels, inhibits the production of reactive oxygen species, and induces autophagy to delay OA pathogenesis. In conclusion, glucosamine prevents OA and maintains joint health by reducing inflammation, improving the redox status, and inducing autophagy in joints. Further studies are warranted to determine the synergistic effect of glucosamine with other anti-inflammatory and/or antioxidative agents on joint health in humans.
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Pizzolatti ALA, Gaudig F, Seitz D, Roesler CRM, Salmoria GV. Glucosamine Hydrochloride and N-Acetylglucosamine Influence the Response of Bovine Chondrocytes to TGF-β3 and IGF in Monolayer and Three-Dimensional Tissue Culture. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 15:781-791. [PMID: 30603596 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-018-0150-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glucosamine hydrochloride (GlcN·HCl) has been shown to inhibit cell growth and matrix synthesis, but not with N-acetyl-glucosamine (GlcNAc) supplementation. This effect might be related to an inhibition of critical growth factors (GF), or to a different metabolization of the two glucosamine derivatives. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the synergy between GlcN·HCl, GlcNAc, and GF on proliferation and cartilage matrix synthesis. Method Bovine chondrocytes were cultivated in monolayers for 48 h and in three-dimensional (3D) chitosan scaffolds for 30 days in perfusion bioreactors. Serum-free (SF) medium was supplemented with either growth factors (GF) TGF-β (5 ng mL-1) and IGF-I (10 ng mL-1), GlcN·HCl or GlcNAc at 1mM each or both. Six groups were compared according to medium supplementation: (a) SF control; (b) SF + GlcN·HCl; (c) SF + GlcNAc; (d) SF + GF; (e) SF + GF + GlcN·HCl; and (f) SF + GF + GlcNAc. Cell proliferation, proteoglycan, collagen I (COL1), and collagen II (COL2) synthesis were evaluated. Results The two glucosamines showed opposite effects in monolayer culture: GlcN·HCl significantly reduced proliferation and GlcNAc significantly augmented cellular metabolism. In the 30 days 3D culture, the GlcN·HCl added to GF stimulated cell proliferation more than when compared to GF only, but the proteoglycan synthesis was smaller than GF. However, GlcNAc added to GF improved the cell proliferation and proteoglycan synthesis more than when compared to GF and GF/GlcN·HCl. The synthesis of COL1 and COL2 was observed in all groups containing GF. Conclusion GlcN·HCl and GlcNAc increased cell growth and stimulated COL2 synthesis in long-time 3D culture. However, only GlcNAc added to GF improved proteoglycan synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Luiz A Pizzolatti
- 1Laboratory of Biomechanical Engineering (LEBm), University Hospital, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, St. Maria Flora Pausewang, Florianópolis, SC 88036-800 Brazil.,2CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, St. ERL-Norte, Brasília, DF 70.040-020 Brazil
| | - Florian Gaudig
- Friedrich Baur Biomed Center, Bayreuth, St. Ludwig-Thoma- 36c, 95447 Bayreuth, Bavaria Germany.,4University of Bayreuth, St. University 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Bavaria Germany
| | - Daniel Seitz
- Friedrich Baur Biomed Center, Bayreuth, St. Ludwig-Thoma- 36c, 95447 Bayreuth, Bavaria Germany.,4University of Bayreuth, St. University 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Bavaria Germany
| | - Carlos R M Roesler
- 1Laboratory of Biomechanical Engineering (LEBm), University Hospital, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, St. Maria Flora Pausewang, Florianópolis, SC 88036-800 Brazil
| | - Gean Vitor Salmoria
- 1Laboratory of Biomechanical Engineering (LEBm), University Hospital, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, St. Maria Flora Pausewang, Florianópolis, SC 88036-800 Brazil
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Fan L, He Y, Han J, Ybuan P, Guo X, Wang W. The osteoarthritis-associated gene PAPSS2 promotes differentiation and matrix formation in ATDC5 chondrogenic cells. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:5190-5200. [PMID: 30546414 PMCID: PMC6256856 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
3'-Phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate synthetase 2 (PAPSS2) has been shown to be important in the development of normal skeletal structure. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of PAPSS2 in the differentiation of chondrocytes as well as their mechanisms. Using RNA interference-mediated via a lentivirus and a retrovirus, PAPSS2 gene silence and overexpression in ATDC5 chondrogenic cells were performed. Chondrocyte differentiation and chondrogenic-related gene markers associated with extracellular matrix formation were noted. The mRNA and protein expression for Wnt4, β-catenin and SOX9 genes were observed. The PAPSS2 transcript expression levels progressively decline in ATDC5-induced chondrocyte-like cells during differentiation. Silencing of PAPSS2 expression had a significantly attenuating effect on cell differentiation and decreased expression of collagen II and X. In contrast, over-expression of PAPSS2 promoted the differentiation of ATDC5 chondrogenic cells. The mRNA expression levels of Wnt4 and SOX9 decreased significantly in PAPSS2 knock down cells vs. control cells. However, this expression was increased in the cells over-expressing PAPSS2. These data indicate that PAPSS2 regulates aggrecan activity as well as cell differentiation. The findings favor a mechanism by which PAPSS2 induces differentiation in ATDC5 cells via direct regulation of early signaling events that promote formation of collagenous matrix components. This control is probably mediated via extracellular matrix formation Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Fan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Yuan He
- Beijing Novartis Pharma Ltd., Beijing 100004, P.R. China
| | - Jing Han
- Department of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Puwei Ybuan
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Clinical Medical College, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712000, P.R. China
| | - Xiong Guo
- Department of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Weizhuo Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
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Kudo T, Nakatani S, Kakizaki M, Arai A, Ishida K, Wada M, Kobata K. Supplemented Chondroitin Sulfate and Hyaluronic Acid Suppress Mineralization of the Chondrogenic Cell Line, ATDC5, via Direct Inhibition of Alkaline Phosphatase. Biol Pharm Bull 2017; 40:2075-2080. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b17-00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiya Kudo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
| | | | | | - Ai Arai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
| | | | - Masahiro Wada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
| | - Kenji Kobata
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
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Asai H, Nakatani S, Kato T, Shimizu T, Mano H, Kobata K, Wada M. Glucosamines Attenuate Bone Loss Due to Menopause by Regulating Osteoclast Function in Ovariectomized Mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 39:1035-41. [PMID: 27251507 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b16-00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The effect of glucosamine (GlcN) and N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) on bone metabolism in ovariectomized (OVX) mice was studied. After 12 weeks of feeding with 0.2% GlcN and 0.2% GlcNAc, the femoral bone mineral density in OVX mice was significantly increased compared with that in OVX mice fed the control diet. Histomorphometric analysis of the tibia indicated that the rates of osteogenesis and bone resorption were reduced due to the GlcN diet. The erosion depth of osteoclasts on the tibia in GlcN- and GlcNAc-fed OVX mice was significantly lower than that in the control OVX mice. The number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive osteoclasts induced from bone marrow stem cells isolated from GlcN-fed OVX mice was significantly lower than that from control OVX mice. A loss of uterine weight and higher serum calcium concentration in the GlcN- and GlcNAc-fed OVX mice were observed. The results suggest that the intake of GlcN suppresses bone loss by inhibiting osteoclast differentiation and activity in a nonestrogenic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironobu Asai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
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Iftikhar M, Hurtado P, Bais MV, Wigner N, Stephens DN, Gerstenfeld LC, Trackman PC. Lysyl oxidase-like-2 (LOXL2) is a major isoform in chondrocytes and is critically required for differentiation. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:909-18. [PMID: 21071451 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.155622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The lysyl oxidase family is made up of five members: lysyl oxidase (LOX) and lysyl oxidase-like 1-4 (LOXL1-LOXL4). All members share conserved C-terminal catalytic domains that provide for lysyl oxidase or lysyl oxidase-like enzyme activity; and more divergent propeptide regions. LOX family enzyme activities catalyze the final enzymatic conversion required for the formation of normal biosynthetic collagen and elastin cross-links. The importance of lysyl oxidase enzyme activity to normal bone development has long been appreciated, but regulation and roles for specific LOX isoforms in bone formation in vivo is largely unexplored. Fracture healing recapitulates aspects of endochondral bone development. The present study first investigated the expression of all LOX isoforms in fracture healing. A remarkable coincidence of LOXL2 expression with the chondrogenic phase of fracture healing was found, prompting more detailed analyses of LOXL2 expression in normal growth plates, and LOXL2 expression and function in developing ATDC5 chondrogenic cells. Data show that LOXL2 is expressed by pre-hypertrophic and hypertrophic chondrocytes in vivo, and that LOXL2 expression is regulated in vitro as a function of chondrocyte differentiation. Moreover, LOXL2 knockdown studies in vitro show that LOXL2 expression is required for ATDC5 chondrocyte cell line differentiation through regulation of SNAIL and SOX9, important transcription factors that control chondrocyte differentiation. Taken together, data provide evidence that LOXL2, like LOX, is a multifunctional protein. LOXL2 promotes chondrocyte differentiation by mechanisms that are likely to include roles as both a regulator and an effector of chondrocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mussadiq Iftikhar
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Biology, Henry M Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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Block JA, Oegema TR, Sandy JD, Plaas A. The effects of oral glucosamine on joint health: is a change in research approach needed? Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2010; 18:5-11. [PMID: 19733270 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2009.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Revised: 07/12/2009] [Accepted: 07/23/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oral glucosamine (GlcN) has been widely studied for its potential therapeutic benefits in alleviating the pain and disability of osteoarthritis (OA). Its popularity has grown despite ongoing controversy regarding its effectiveness vs placebo in clinical trials, and lack of information regarding possible mechanisms of action. Here, we review the state of knowledge concerning the biology of GlcN as it relates to OA, and discuss a framework for future research directions. METHODS An editorial "narrative" review of peer-reviewed publications is organized into four topics (1) Chemistry and pharmacokinetics of GlcN salts (2) Biological effects of GlcN salts in vitro (3) Therapeutic effects of GlcN salts in animal models of OA and (4) GlcN salts in the treatment of clinical OA. RESULTS Data reporting potent pleiotropic activities of GlcN in in vitro cell and explant cultures are discussed in the context of the established pharmacokinetic data in humans and animals. The available clinical trial data are discussed to place the patient in the context of controlled research on disease management. CONCLUSIONS Future research to determine therapeutic mechanisms of GlcN salt preparations will require use of standardized and clinically relevant in vitro assay systems and in vivo animal models for testing, as well as development of new outcome measures for inflammation and pain pathways in human OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Block
- Department of Internal Medicine (Rheumatology), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago IL 60612, USA.
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Nakatani S, Mano H, Sampei C, Shimizu J, Wada M. Chondroprotective effect of the bioactive peptide prolyl-hydroxyproline in mouse articular cartilage in vitro and in vivo. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2009; 17:1620-7. [PMID: 19615963 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2009.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2008] [Revised: 06/19/2009] [Accepted: 07/02/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the direct effect of prolyl-hydroxyproline (Pro-Hyp) on chondrocytes under in vivo and in vitro conditions in an attempt to identify Pro-Hyp as the bioactive peptide in collagen hydrolysate (CH). METHODS The in vivo effects of CH and Pro-Hyp intake on articular cartilage were studied by microscopic examination of sections of dissected articular cartilage from treated C57BL/6J mice. In this study, mice that were fed diets containing excess phosphorus were used as an in vivo model. This mouse line showed loss of chondrocytes and reduced thickness of articular cartilage, with abnormality of the subchondral bone. The in vitro effects of CH, Pro-Hyp, amino acids and other peptides on proliferation, differentiation, glycosaminoglycan content and mineralization of chondrocytes were determined by MTT activity and staining with alkaline phosphatase, alcian blue and alizarin red. Expression of chondrogenesis-specific genes in ATDC5 cells was determined by semiquantitative Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS In vivo, CH and Pro-Hyp inhibited the loss of chondrocytes and thinning of the articular cartilage layer caused by phosphorus-induced degradation. In the in vitro study, CH and Pro-Hyp did not affect chondrocyte proliferation but inhibited their differentiation into mineralized chondrocytes. A combination of amino acids such as proline, hydroxyproline and prolyl-hydroxyprolyl-glycine did not affect chondrocyte proliferation or differentiation. Moreover, CH and Pro-Hyp caused two and threefold increases, respectively, in the staining area of glycosaminoglycan in the extracellular matrix of ATDC5 cells. RT-PCR indicated that Pro-Hyp increased the aggrecan mRNA level approximately twofold and decreased the Runx1 and osteocalcin mRNA levels by two-thirds and one-tenth, respectively. CONCLUSION Pro-Hyp is the first bioactive edible peptide derived from CH to be shown to affect chondrocyte differentiation under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nakatani
- Department of Food Functional Science, Graduate School of Pharmacology, Josai University, Keyakidai 1-1, Sakado, Saitama 3500295, Japan
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Arai S, Yasuoka A, Abe K. Functional food science and food for specified health use policy in Japan: state of the art. Curr Opin Lipidol 2008; 19:69-73. [PMID: 18196990 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0b013e3282f3f505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The science and policy of functional foods are a matter of global concern and this review provides up-to-date information about the Japanese 'food for specified health use' policy based on functional food science. RECENT FINDINGS A great many studies on nonnutritive but physiologically functional food components have provided more precise evidence regarding the structure-function relationships that underlie the approval of food for specified health use products. SUMMARY Functional foods, defined as those that have the potential to reduce the risk of lifestyle-related diseases and associated abnormal modalities, have garnered global interest since the 1980s when the systematic research had humble beginnings as a national project in Japan. In 1991, the project led to the launch of the national food for specified health use policy; 703 food for specified health use products with 11 categories of health claims have been approved up to the present (31 August 2007). The development of this policy has been supported basically by nutritional epidemiology, food chemistry and biochemistry, physiology and clinical medicine, and even the genomics on food and nutrition. This review also highlights the current academia-industry collaboration in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichi Arai
- Department of Nutritional Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan.
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