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A Complementary Herbal Product for Controlling Giardiasis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10050477. [PMID: 33919165 PMCID: PMC8143091 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10050477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Giardiasis is an intestinal protozoal disease caused by Giardia lamblia. The disease became a global health issue due to development of resistance to commonly used drugs. Since many plant-derived products have been used to treat many parasitic infestations, we aimed to assess the therapeutic utility of Artemisia annua (A. annua) for giardiasis. We showed that NO production was significantly reduced whereas serum levels of IL-6, IFN-γ, and TNF-α were elevated in infected hamsters compared to uninfected ones. Additionally, infection resulted in increased numbers of intraepithelial lymphocytes and reduced villi heights, goblet cell numbers, and muscularis externa thickness. We also showed that inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and caspase-3 were elevated in the intestine of infected animals. However, treatment with A. annua significantly reduced the intestinal trophozoite counts and IEL numbers, serum IL-6, IFN-γ, and TNF-α, while increasing NO and restoring villi heights, GC numbers, and ME thickness. Moreover, A. annua treatment resulted in lower levels of caspase-3, which indicates a protective effect from apoptotic cell death. Interestingly, A. annua therapeutic effects are comparable to metronidazole. In conclusion, our results show that A. annua extract is effective in alleviating infection-induced intestinal inflammation and pathological effects, which implies its potential therapeutic utility in controlling giardiasis.
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Mamatova AS, Korona-Glowniak I, Skalicka-Woźniak K, Józefczyk A, Wojtanowski KK, Baj T, Sakipova ZB, Malm A. Phytochemical composition of wormwood (Artemisia gmelinii) extracts in respect of their antimicrobial activity. Altern Ther Health Med 2019; 19:288. [PMID: 31660943 PMCID: PMC6819330 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2719-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracts from medicinal plants with phytochemicals with known antimicrobial properties can be an effective adjunct in the complex treatment of infectious diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of wormwood extracts collected in Kazakhstan (Artemisia gmelinii Weber ex Stechm.), along with their phytochemical analysis. METHODS The ethanolic and chloroform extracts were subjected to HPLC combined with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry method. For quantitative assessment of antimicrobial activity, minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the tested extracts was determined by micro-dilution broth method for the panel of the reference microorganisms. Minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) or minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC) were also determined. RESULTS LC/MS analysis showed the presence of 13 compounds in the tested extracts, including flavonoids: apigenin, luteolin, rutin, two O-methylated flavonols (isorhamnetin, rhamnazine), coumarin compounds (umbelliferone, scopoletin and scopolin (scopoletin 7-glucoside), 3-hydroxycoumarin and 4-hydroxycoumarin), chlorogenic acid and two dicaffeoylquinic acid isomers. Quantitative HPLC analysis showed that umbelliferone was dominant in the chloroform extract while chlorogenic acid was identified as a main compound in the ethanolic extract. The antibacterial and antifungal activity of chloroform and ethanolic extracts was comparable. The most sensitive were the Gram-positive bacteria represented by staphylococci, Micrococcus luteus and Bacillus spp. (MIC = 1.25-5 mg/ml) and yeasts represented by Candida spp. (MIC = 2.5-5 mg/ml), irrespective of the assayed extract. CONCLUSIONS Extracts of wormwood Artemisia gmelinii have shown a wide spectrum of antibacterial and antifungal activity. Luteolin, rutin, isorhamnetin and scopolin were identified in A. gmelinii species for the first time. The determining of the most potential compounds of Artemisia gmelinii can be used to develop effective antibacterial and antifungal agents.
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Xu Q, Zhang L, Yu S, Xia G, Zhu J, Zang H. Chemical composition and biological activities of an essential oil from the aerial parts of Artemisia Gmelinii weber ex Stechm. Nat Prod Res 2019; 35:346-349. [PMID: 31177847 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1627349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The aerial parts of Artemisia gmelinii Weber ex Stechm were collected from the northeast of China. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and analysed by GC-MS. A set of 66 compounds were identified representing 99.1% of the oil composition. The major compounds in the oil were cyclobutaneethanol, endo-borneol, germacrene D, eucalyptol, selin-6-en-4α-ol, bisabolone oxide A, caryophyllene and terpinen-4-ol. Moreover, the essential oil was evaluated for its antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anticholinesterase activities in vitro. Additionally, the antioxidant potential of the oil was evaluated using DPPH and ABTS assays. The oil showed good antidiabetic activity with an IC50 of 63.2 µg/mL, which was similar to that of the positive control acarbose, and weak anticholinesterase activities. These findings demonstrated that the essential oil of Artemisia gmelinii may be a good natural antidiabetic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xu
- College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China.,School of Pharmacy and Medicine, Green Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Tonghua Normal University, Tonghua, China
| | - Luyun Zhang
- School of Pharmacy and Medicine, Green Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Tonghua Normal University, Tonghua, China.,Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Shuai Yu
- School of Pharmacy and Medicine, Green Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Tonghua Normal University, Tonghua, China
| | - Guangqing Xia
- School of Pharmacy and Medicine, Green Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Tonghua Normal University, Tonghua, China
| | - Junyi Zhu
- School of Pharmacy and Medicine, Green Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Tonghua Normal University, Tonghua, China
| | - Hao Zang
- College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China.,School of Pharmacy and Medicine, Green Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Tonghua Normal University, Tonghua, China
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Ma Q, Cui Y, Xu S, Zhao Y, Yuan H, Piao G. Synergistic Inhibitory Effects of Acacetin and 11 Other Flavonoids Isolated from Artemisia sacrorum on Lipid Accumulation in 3T3-L1 Cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:12931-12940. [PMID: 30381943 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Artemisia sacrorum Ledeb., a Compositae forage plant in China, has been found to have an inhibitory effect on lipid accumulation. We selected 12 flavonoids, which we had isolated from A. sacrorum and had the potential to inhibit lipid accumulation in the literature or in our preliminary experiments, and grouped them into 11 compound combinations; we investigated their synergistic inhibitory effects on lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells. In screening experiments, Oil-Red O staining, triglyceride levels, and lipid accumulation levels all indicated that combined acacetin and apigenin displayed a significant synergistic inhibitory effect and the best repeatability. Subsequent research showed that this combination could synergistically promote the phosphorylations of AMPK and ACC. Furthermore, to a different extent, that combination had significant synergistic inhibitory effects on various genes or proteins related to adipogenesis and lipogenesis. Thus, that combination could significantly reduce triglyceride levels and lipid accumulation compared with acacetin or apigenin acting alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Ma
- College of Pharmacy , Yanbian University , Yanji , Jilin 133002 , China
| | - Yunlong Cui
- College of Pharmacy , Yanbian University , Yanji , Jilin 133002 , China
| | - Siyuan Xu
- College of Pharmacy , Yanbian University , Yanji , Jilin 133002 , China
| | - Yiyao Zhao
- College of Pharmacy , Yanbian University , Yanji , Jilin 133002 , China
| | - Haidan Yuan
- College of Pharmacy , Yanbian University , Yanji , Jilin 133002 , China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules , Ministry of Education, Yanbian University , Yanji , Jilin 133002 , China
| | - Guangchun Piao
- College of Pharmacy , Yanbian University , Yanji , Jilin 133002 , China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules , Ministry of Education, Yanbian University , Yanji , Jilin 133002 , China
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Bae J, Min YS, Nam Y, Lee HS, Sohn UD. Humulus japonicusExtracts Protect Against Lipopolysaccharide/d-Galactosamine-Induced Acute Liver Injury in Rats. J Med Food 2018; 21:1009-1015. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2018.4178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jinhyung Bae
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Sil Min
- Department of Medical Plant Science, Jung Won University, Goesan-Gun, Korea
| | - Yoonjin Nam
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Seok Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Uy Dong Sohn
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
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Yuan H, Lu X, Ma Q, Li D, Xu G, Piao G. Flavonoids from Artemisia sacrorum Ledeb. and their cytotoxic activities against human cancer cell lines. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:1873-1878. [PMID: 27602097 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids have been demonstrated to have cytotoxic activities toward numerous human cancer cells, whereas they have little or no effect on normal cells. The numerous flavonoids in traditional Chinese herbs may be promising candidates for the development of novel anti-cancer drugs. Our previous study demonstrated that CH2Cl2 and 95% ethanol eluate (EE) fractions have the strongest cytotoxic activities against human cancer cell lines of the 9 fractions separated from Artemisia sacrorum Ledeb., which is widely used to prevent and treat diverse diseases in Northeast China. In the present study, 8 flavonoids were isolated from the 95% EE fraction of Artemisia sacrorum Ledeb. The chemical structures of the compounds were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses. The following 5 flavonoids were isolated for the first time from this plant: Jaceosidin, kaempferol, quercetin, luteolin and quercitrin. A total of 2 flavonoids from the CH2Cl2 fraction and 8 flavonoids from the 95% EE fraction were examined to evaluate their cytotoxic activities against human SK-HEP-1 hepatoma cancer cells and human HeLa cervical cancer cells, respectively. The results revealed that 2 flavonoids had marked cytotoxic activities against HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidan Yuan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133000, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133000, P.R. China
| | - Xuyang Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Jilin Central Hospital, Jilin, Jilin 132000, P.R. China
| | - Qianqian Ma
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133000, P.R. China
| | - Di Li
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133000, P.R. China
| | - Guanghua Xu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133000, P.R. China
| | - Guangchun Piao
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133000, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133000, P.R. China
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Yi J, Xia W, Wu J, Yuan L, Wu J, Tu D, Fang J, Tan Z. Betulinic acid prevents alcohol-induced liver damage by improving the antioxidant system in mice. J Vet Sci 2013; 15:141-8. [PMID: 24378582 PMCID: PMC3973757 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2014.15.1.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Betulinic acid (BA), a pentacyclic lupane-type triterpene, has a wide range of bioactivities. The main objective of this work was to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of BA and the potential mechanism underlying the ability of this compound to prevent liver damage induced by alcohol in vivo. Mice were given oral doses of BA (0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/kg) daily for 14 days, and induced liver injury by feeding 50% alcohol orally at the dosage of 10 ml/kg after 1 h last administration of BA. BA pretreatment significantly reduced the serum levels of alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, total cholesterol, and triacylglycerides in a dose-dependent manner in the mice administered alcohol. Hepatic levels of glutathione, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase were remarkably increased, while malondialdehyde contents and microvesicular steatosis in the liver were decreased by BA in a dose-dependent manner after alcohol-induced liver injury. These findings suggest that the mechanism underlying the hepatoprotective effects of BA might be due to increased antioxidant capacity, mainly through improvement of the tissue redox system, maintenance of the antioxidant system, and decreased lipid peroxidation in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jine Yi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128,
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Piao GC, Li YX, Yuan HD, Jin GZ. Cytotoxic fraction fromArtemisia sacrorumLedeb. against three human cancer cell lines and separation and identification of its compounds. Nat Prod Res 2012; 26:1483-91. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2011.565473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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An active part of Artemisia sacrorum Ledeb. attenuates hepatic lipid accumulation through activating AMP-activated protein kinase in human HepG2 cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2010; 74:322-8. [PMID: 20139613 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.90651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Artemisia sacrorum Ledeb. (Compositae) (ASL) is a traditional Chinese medicine used to treat different hepatic diseases. However, a hypolipidemic effect of ASL on fatty liver disease has not been reported. Therefore, we investigated whether 95% ethanol eluate (EE), an active part of ASL, would attenuate hepatic lipid accumulation in human HepG2 cells by activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Significant decreases in triglyceride levels and increases in AMPK and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) phosphorylation were observed when the cells were treated with 95% EE. EE down-regulated the lipogenesis gene expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP1c) and its target genes, such as fatty acid synthase (FAS) and stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1), in a time- and dose-dependent manner. In contrast, the lipolytic gene expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-alpha) and CD36 increased in a time- and dose-dependent manner. These effects were abolished by pretreatment with compound C, an AMPK inhibitor. However, there were no differences in the gene expression of SREBP2, low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), hydroxymethyl glutaryl CoA reductase (HMG-CoA), or glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2). At the same time, 95% EE significantly increased the gene expression of acyl CoA oxidase (ACOX) in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Thus, AMPK mediated 95% EE induced suppression of SREBP1c and activation of PPAR-alpha respectively. These finding indicate that 95% EE attenuates hepatic lipid accumulation through AMPK activation and may be active in the prevention of serious diseases such as fatty liver, obesity, and type-2 diabetic mellitus.
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