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Esaki S, Nakayama M, Arima S, Sato S. Use of Actigraphy for a Rat Behavioural Sleep Study. Clocks Sleep 2021; 3:409-414. [PMID: 34449568 PMCID: PMC8395400 DOI: 10.3390/clockssleep3030028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies of animal behavioural sleep is mainly divided into two study types, observation by video recording or counts by sensor, both of which require a complex environment and procedure. An actigraph unit is a commercially available product which can provide non-invasive monitoring human rest/activity cycles. The goal of this study was to evaluate whether actigraphy can be applied for analysing behavioural sleep in rats, since no reports have described utilization of the actigraphy unit for monitoring sleep of small animals. The actigraph unit was held on the chest of eight male rats by a loose elastic belt. The rats spent two days in a normal condition, followed by two days of sleep deprivation. Total counts measured by the actigraph could be clearly divided into two phases, sleep phase and awake phase, when the rats were kept in the normal cage. Next, the rats were moved into the sleep-deviation cage, and the total counts were significantly higher during daytime, indicating the successful induction of sleep deprivation. These results showed that the actigraphy unit monitored rest/activity cycles of rats, which will contribute to making sleep behaviour experiments easier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Esaki
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences and Medical School, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; (S.E.); (M.N.); (S.A.)
- Good Sleep Center, Nagoya City University Hospital, Nagoya 467-8602, Japan
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8550, Japan
| | - Meiho Nakayama
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences and Medical School, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; (S.E.); (M.N.); (S.A.)
- Good Sleep Center, Nagoya City University Hospital, Nagoya 467-8602, Japan
- Meiho Sleep & Balance Clinic, Nagoya 450-0002, Japan
| | - Sachie Arima
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences and Medical School, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; (S.E.); (M.N.); (S.A.)
- Good Sleep Center, Nagoya City University Hospital, Nagoya 467-8602, Japan
| | - Shintaro Sato
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences and Medical School, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; (S.E.); (M.N.); (S.A.)
- Good Sleep Center, Nagoya City University Hospital, Nagoya 467-8602, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-52-853-8256
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Ethanol Induces Sedation and Hypnosis via Inhibiting Histamine Release in Mice. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:1764-1772. [PMID: 31093904 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02813-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol is one of the most highly abused psychoactive compounds worldwide and induces sedation and hypnosis. The histaminergic system is involved in the regulation of sleep/wake function and is a crucial player in promoting wakefulness. To explore the role and mechanism of the histaminergic system in ethanol-induced sedation and hypnosis, we recorded locomotor activity (LMA) and electroencephalography (EEG)/electromyography (EMG) in mice using an infrared ray passive sensor recording system and an EEG/EMG recording system, respectively, after administration of ethanol. In vivo microdialysis coupled with high performance liquid chromatography and fluorometry technology were used to detect histamine release in the mouse frontal cortex (FrCx). The results revealed that ethanol significantly suppressed LMA of histamine receptor 1 (H1R)-knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice in the range of 1.5-2.5 g/kg, but suppression was remarkably stronger in WT mice than in H1R-KO mice. At 2.0 and 2.5 g/kg, ethanol remarkably increased non-rapid eye movement sleep and decreased wakefulness, respectively. Neurochemistry experimental data indicated that ethanol inhibited histamine release in the FrCx in a dose-dependent manner. These findings suggest that ethanol induces sedation and hypnosis via inhibiting histamine release in mice.
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Tsutsui R, Shinomiya K, Sendo T, Kitamura Y, Kamei C. Effects of the 5-HT(1A) Receptor Agonist Tandospirone on ACTH-Induced Sleep Disturbance in Rats. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 38:884-8. [PMID: 26027828 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b14-00887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the effect of the serotonin (5-HT)1A receptor agonist tandospirone versus that of the benzodiazepine hypnotic flunitrazepam in a rat model of long-term adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-induced sleep disturbance. Rats implanted with electrodes for recording electroencephalogram and electromyogram were injected with ACTH once daily at a dose of 100 µg/rat. Administration of ACTH for 10 d caused a significant increase in sleep latency, decrease in non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep time, and increase in wake time. Tandospirone caused a significant decrease in sleep latency and increase in non-REM sleep time in rats treated with ACTH. The effect of tandospirone on sleep patterns was antagonized by the 5-HT1A receptor antagonist WAY-100635. In contrast, flunitrazepam had no significant effect on sleep parameters in ACTH-treated rats. These results clearly indicate that long-term administration of ACTH causes sleep disturbance, and stimulating the 5-HT1A receptor by tandospirone may be efficacious for improving sleep in cases in which benzodiazepine hypnotics are ineffective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuki Tsutsui
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University
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Fasting activated histaminergic neurons and enhanced arousal effect of caffeine in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2015; 133:164-73. [PMID: 25895691 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Caffeine, a popular psychoactive compound, promotes wakefulness via blocking adenosine A2A receptors in the shell of the nucleus accumbens, which projects to the arousal histaminergic tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN). The TMN controls several behaviors such as wakefulness and feeding. Fasting has been reported to activate the TMN histaminergic neurons to increase arousal. Therefore, we propose that caffeine may promote greater arousal under fasting rather than normal feeding conditions. In the current study, locomotor activity recording, electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram recording and c-Fos expression were used in wild type (WT) and histamine H1 receptor (H1R) knockout (KO) mice to investigate the arousal effects of caffeine under fasting conditions. Caffeine (15mg/kg) enhanced locomotor activity in fasted mice for 5h, but only did so for 3h in normally fed animals. Pretreatment with the H1R antagonist pyrilamine abolished caffeine-induced stimulation on locomotor activity in fasted mice. EEG recordings confirmed that caffeine-induced wakefulness for 3h in fed WT mice, and for 5h in fasted ones. A stimulatory effect of caffeine was not observed in fasted H1R KO mice. Furthermore, c-Fos expression was increased in the TMN under fasting conditions. These results indicate that caffeine had greater wakefulness-promoting effects in fasted mice through the mediation of H1R.
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Doxepin and diphenhydramine increased non-rapid eye movement sleep through blockade of histamine H1 receptors. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2015; 129:56-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Thakkar MM. Histamine in the regulation of wakefulness. Sleep Med Rev 2010; 15:65-74. [PMID: 20851648 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2010.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Revised: 06/13/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The histaminergic system is exclusively localized within the posterior hypothalamus with projection to almost all the major regions of the central nervous system. Strong and consistent evidence exist to suggest that histamine, acting via H₁ and/or H₃ receptor has a pivotal role in the regulation of sleep-wakefulness. Administration of histamine or H₁ receptor agonists induces wakefulness, whereas administration of H₁ receptor antagonists promotes sleep. The H₃ receptor functions as an auto-receptor and regulates the synthesis and release of histamine. Activation of H₃ receptor reduces histamine release and promotes sleep. Conversely, blockade of H₃ receptor promotes wakefulness. Histamine release in the hypothalamus and other target regions is highest during wakefulness. The histaminergic neurons display maximal activity during the state of high vigilance, and cease their activity during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. The cerebrospinal levels of histamine are reduced in diseased states where hypersomnolence is a major symptom. The histamine deficient L-histidine decarboxylase knockout (HDC KO) mice display sleep fragmentation and increased REM sleep during the light period along with profound wakefulness deficit at dark onset, and in novel environment. Similar results have been obtained when histamine neurons are lesioned. These studies strongly implicate the histaminergic neurons of the TMN to play a critical role in the maintenance of high vigilance state during wakefulness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh M Thakkar
- Neurology, University of Missouri, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Research, Room A023, 800 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65210, USA.
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Ishida T, Obara Y, Kamei C. Effects of Some Antipsychotics and a Benzodiazepine Hypnotic on the Sleep-Wake Pattern in an Animal Model of Schizophrenia. J Pharmacol Sci 2009; 111:44-52. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.09142fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Ishida T, Suga A, Akagi M, Kamei C. Effects of Anti-dementia Drugs on Morphine-Induced Somnolence. Biol Pharm Bull 2009; 32:1862-5. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.32.1862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Ishida
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Asami Suga
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Masaaki Akagi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University
| | - Chiaki Kamei
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
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