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Verstraeten SL, Lorent JH, Mingeot-Leclercq MP. Lipid Membranes as Key Targets for the Pharmacological Actions of Ginsenosides. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:576887. [PMID: 33041822 PMCID: PMC7518029 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.576887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we will focus on the activity of ginsenosides on membranes and their related effects, from physicochemical, biophysical, and pharmacological viewpoints. Ginsenosides are a class of saponins with a large structural diversity and a wide range of pharmacological effects. These effects can at least partly be related to their activity on membranes which results from their amphiphilic character. Some ginsenosides are able to interact with membrane lipids and associate into nanostructures, making them possible adjuvants for vaccines. They are able to modulate membrane biophysical properties such as membrane fluidity, permeability or the formation of lateral domains with some degree of specificity towards certain cell types such as bacteria, fungi, or cancer cells. In addition, they have shown antioxidant properties which protect membranes from lipid oxidation. They further displayed some activity on membrane proteins either through direct or indirect interaction. We investigate the structure activity relationship of ginsenosides on membranes and discuss the implications and potential use as anticancer, antibacterial, and antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine L Verstraeten
- Cellular & Molecular Pharmacology Unit (FACM), Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joseph H Lorent
- Cellular & Molecular Pharmacology Unit (FACM), Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium.,Membrane Biochemistry & Biophysics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marie-Paule Mingeot-Leclercq
- Cellular & Molecular Pharmacology Unit (FACM), Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium
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Bai HW, Eom S, Yeom HD, Nguyen KVA, Lee J, Sohn SO, Lee JH. Molecular basis involved in the blocking effect of antidepressant metergoline on C-type inactivation of Kv1.4 channel. Neuropharmacology 2018; 146:65-73. [PMID: 30465811 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Voltage-gated potassium channels (VGKCs) are transmembrane ion channels specific for potassium. Currently there are nine kinds of VGKCs. Kv1.4 is one of shaker-related potassium channels. It is a representative alpha subunit of potassium channels that can inactivate A type-currents, leading to N pattern inactivation. Inactivation of Kv channels plays an important role in shaping electrical signaling properties of neuronal and muscular cells. The shape of N pattern inactivation can be modified by removing the N-terminal (NT) domain which results in non-inactivated currents and C pattern inactivation. In a previous work, we have reported the regulatory effect of metergoline on Kv1.4 and Nav1.2 channel activity. In the present study, we constructed a mutant of deleted 61 residues from NT of Kv1.4 channels (Kv1.4 Δ2-61) and found that it induced an outward peak and steady-state currents We also studied the modulation effect of metergoline on the activity of this Kv1.4 Δ2-61 mutant channel without having the N-terminal quick inactivation domain. Our results revealed that treatment with metergoline inhibited NT deleted Kv1.4 mutant channel activity in a concentration-dependent manner which was reversible. Interestingly, metergoline treatment induced little effects on the outward peak current in the deleted Kv1.4 mutant channel. However, metergoline treatment conspicuously inhibited steady state currents of Kv1.4 Δ2-61 channels with acceleration current mode. The acceleration of steady-state current of deleted Kv1.4 mutant channel occurred in a concentration-dependent manner. This means that metergoline can accelerate C pattern inactivation of Kv1.4 Δ2-61 channel by acting as an open state dependent channel blocker. We also performed site-directed mutations in V561A and K532Y, also known as C-type inactivation sites. V561A, K532Y, and V561A + K532Y substitution mutants significantly attenuated the acceleration effect of metergoline on C pattern inactivation of hKv1.4 channel currents. In docking modeling study, predicted binding residues for metergoline were analyzed for six amino acids. Among them, the K532 residue known as the C-type inactivation site was analyzed to be a major site of action. Then various mutants were constructed. K532 substitution mutant significantly abolished the effect of metergoline on Kv1.4 currents among various mutants whereas other changes had slight inhibitory effects. Furthermore, we found that metergoline had specificity for Kv1.4, but not for Kv1.5 currents. In addition, the A type current in rat neuronal cell was inhibited and accelerated of inactivation. This result further shows that metergoline might interact with Lys532 residue and then accelerate C pattern inactivation of Kv1.4 channels with channel type specificity. Taken together, these results demonstrate the molecular basis involved in the effect of metergoline, an ergot alkaloid, on human Kv1.4 channel, providing a novel interaction ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung-Woo Bai
- Research Division for Biotechnology, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sanung Eom
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Duck Yeom
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Khoa V A Nguyen
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeeun Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Oh Sohn
- R&D Center, Biokogen Inc., Iksan, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Ho Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
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Zhang J, Mohamad FH, Wong JH, Mohamad H, Ismail AH, Mohamed Yusoff AA, Osman H, Wong KT, Idris Z, Abdullah JM. The Effects of 4-Hydroxybenzoic Acid Identified from Bamboo ( Dendrocalamus asper) Shoots on Kv1.4 Channel. Malays J Med Sci 2018; 25:101-113. [PMID: 29599640 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2018.25.1.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bamboo shoot has been used as a treatment for epilepsy in traditional Chinese medicine for generations to treat neuronal disorders such as convulsive, dizziness and headaches. 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-hba) is a non-flavonoid phenol found abundantly in Dendrocalamus asper shoots (bamboo), fruits (strawberries and apples) and flowers. Kv1.4 is a rapidly inactivating Shaker-related member of the voltage-gated potassium channels with two inactivation mechanisms; the fast N-type and slow C-type. It plays vital roles in repolarisation, hyperpolarisation and signaling the restoration of resting membrane potential through the regulation of the movement of K+ across the cellular membrane. Methods Chemical compounds from Dendrocalamus asper bamboo shoots were purified and identified as major palmitic acids mixed with other minor fatty acids, palmitic acid, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, lauric acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and cholest-4-ene-3-one. The response of synthetic 4-hydroxybenzoic acid was tested on Kv1.4 potassium channel which was injected into viable oocytes that was extracted from Xenopus laevis. The current were detected by the two-microelectrode voltage clamp, holding potential starting from -80 mV with 20 mV step-up until +80 mV. Readings of treatments with 0.1% DMSO, 4-hba concentrations and K channel blockers were taken at +60 mV. The ratio of tail/peak amplitude is the index of the activity of the Kv1.4 channels with n ≥ 6 (number of oocytes tested). The decreases of the ratios of five different concentrations (1 μM, 10 μM, 100 μM, 1 mM and 2.5 mM) were compared with 0.1% DMSO as the control. Results All concentration showed statistically significant results with P < 0.05 except for 100 μM. The normalised current of the 4-hba concentrations were compared with potassium channel blockers (TEA and 4-AP) and all groups showed statistically significant results. This study also showed that time taken for each concentration to affect Kv1.4 does not play any significant roles. Conclusion 4-hydroxybenzoic acid was found to be able to enhance the inactivation of Kv1.4 by lowering the membrane potential so that the abnormal neuronal firing can be inhibited. With IC50 slightly higher than 10 μM, increasing concentrations (100 μM, 1 mM and 2.5 mM) had shown to exhibit toxicity effects. The best concentration from this study is 10 μM with Hill slope of 0.1799.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingli Zhang
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Fatin H Mohamad
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Jia Hui Wong
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Habsah Mohamad
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Hadi Ismail
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Aziz Mohamed Yusoff
- Center for Neuroscience Services and Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.,Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Hasnah Osman
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Kok Tong Wong
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Zamzuri Idris
- Center for Neuroscience Services and Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.,Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.,Department of Neurosciences, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Jafri Malin Abdullah
- Center for Neuroscience Services and Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.,Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.,Department of Neurosciences, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Neochamaejasmin A inhibits K V 1.4 channel activity via direct binding to the pore. Brain Res 2018; 1683:17-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Li D, Wang J, Hou J, Fu J, Chang D, Bensoussan A, Liu J. Ginsenoside Rg1 protects starving H9c2 cells by dissociation of Bcl-2-Beclin1 complex. Altern Ther Health Med 2016; 16:146. [PMID: 27228978 PMCID: PMC4881172 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1112-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Autophagy can result in cellular adaptation, as well as cell survival or cell death. We investigated how ginsenoside Rg1(G-Rg1) regulates the relationship between autophagy and apoptosis induced by continuous starvation. Methods H9c2 cells under continuous starvation were treated with or without ginsenoside Rg1, and autophagy and apoptosis related proteins were assessed over a continuous time course by Western blot. Dynamic fluorescence intensity of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-LC3 was used to assess autophagosome formation by live cell imaging. Cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) -Beclin1(BECN1) and yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) -Bcl-2 were co-transfected into cells to observe ginsenoside Rg1 regulation of BECN1/Bcl-2 interaction using Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET). Immunoprecipitation was also used to assess BECN1/Bcl-2 interaction over a continuous time course. Results In H9c2 cells, starvation induced both apoptosis and autophagy. Cell apoptosis was significantly attenuated in ginsenoside Rg1-treated conditions, while autophagy was promoted. Ginsenoside Rg1 weakened the interaction between Beclin1 and Bcl-2, inhibiting apoptosis while promoting autophagy. Our results suggest that autophagy is beneficial to starved cardiac cells over a period of time. Furthermore, we describe the effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on the relationship between autophagy and apoptosis during starvation. Conclusions Our findings provide valuable evidence for employing ginsenoside Rg1 as a specific promoter of autophagy and inhibitor of apoptosis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12906-016-1112-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Park JI, Bae HR, Kim CG, Stonik VA, Kwak JY. Relationships between chemical structures and functions of triterpene glycosides isolated from sea cucumbers. Front Chem 2014; 2:77. [PMID: 25250309 PMCID: PMC4159031 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2014.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Many marine triterpene glycosides have in vitro and in vivo activities with very low toxicity, suggesting that they are suitable agents for the prevention and treatment of different diseases, particularly cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms of action of natural marine compounds in cancer, immune, and other various cells are not fully known. This review focuses on the structural characteristics of marine triterpene glycosides and how these affect their biological activities and molecular mechanisms. In particular, the membranotropic and membranolytic activities of frondoside A and cucumariosides from sea cucumbers and their ability to induce cytotoxicity and apoptosis have been discussed, with a focus on structure-activity relationships. In addition, the structural characteristics and antitumor effects of stichoposide C and stichoposide D have been reviewed along with underlying their molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-In Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-A UniversityBusan, South Korea
| | - Hae-Rahn Bae
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Dong-A UniversityBusan, South Korea
| | - Chang Gun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-A UniversityBusan, South Korea
- Immune-Network Pioneer Research Center, Dong-A UniversityBusan, South Korea
| | - Valentin A. Stonik
- The Laboratory of Chemistry of Marine Natural Products, G. B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of ScienceVladivostok, Russia
| | - Jong-Young Kwak
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-A UniversityBusan, South Korea
- Immune-Network Pioneer Research Center, Dong-A UniversityBusan, South Korea
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Zheng SD, Wu HJ, Wu DL. Roles and mechanisms of ginseng in protecting heart. Chin J Integr Med 2013; 18:548-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s11655-012-1148-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Kim BJ. The role of ginseng total saponin in transient receptor potential melastatin type 7 channels. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2012.680495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Leung YM. Involvement of C-type inactivation gating in the actions of voltage-gated K+ channel inhibitors. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 133:151-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Leung YM, Wong KL, Lin CH, Chao CC, Chou CH, Chang LY, Chen SW, Cheng TH, Kuo YH. Dependence of 6beta-acetoxy-7alpha-hydroxyroyleanone block of Kv1.2 channels on C-type inactivation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:147-56. [PMID: 19865797 PMCID: PMC11115866 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0178-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Revised: 09/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Voltage-gated K(+) (Kv) channels exhibit slow or C-type inactivation during continuous depolarization. A selective pharmacological agent targeting C-type inactivation is hitherto lacking. Here, we report that 6beta-acetoxy-7alpha-hydroxyroyleanone (AHR), a diterpenoid compound isolated from Taiwania cryptomerioides, can selectively modify C-type inactivation of Kv1.2 channels. Extracellular, but not intracellular, AHR (50 muM) dramatically accelerated the slow decay of Kv currents and left-shifted the steady-state inactivation curve. AHR blocked Kv currents with an IC(50) of 17.7 muM. AHR did not affect the kinetics and voltage-dependence of Kv1.2 channel activation. Channel block by AHR was independent of intracellular K(+) concentration. In addition, effect of AHR was much attenuated in a Kv1.2 V370G mutant defective in C-type inactivation. Therefore, block of Kv1.2 channels by AHR did not appear to involve direct occlusion of the outer pore but depended on C-type inactivation. AHR could thus be a probe targeting Kv channel C-type inactivation gate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuk-Man Leung
- Graduate Institute of Neural and Cognitive Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402 Taiwan
| | - Kar-Lok Wong
- Department of Anesthesia, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, 40402 Taiwan
| | - Chia-Huei Lin
- Graduate Institute of Neural and Cognitive Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402 Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chia Chao
- Graduate Institute of Neural and Cognitive Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402 Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsiao Chou
- Graduate Institute of Neural and Cognitive Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402 Taiwan
| | - Li-Yun Chang
- Graduate Institute of Molecular Systems Biomedicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402 Taiwan
| | - Siao-Wei Chen
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402 Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Hurng Cheng
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402 Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Hsiung Kuo
- Tsuzuki Institute for Traditional Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402 Taiwan
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