1
|
Inoue K, Masuda Y, Torisu T, Nonaka K, Uchiyama S. Prediction models for the flux decay profile and initial flux of microfiltration for therapeutic proteins. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:1889-1901. [PMID: 38500437 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Microfiltration (MF) is an essential step during biopharmaceutical manufacturing. However, unexpected flux decay can occur. Although the flux decay profile and initial flux are important factors determining MF filterability, predicting them accurately is challenging, as the root cause of unexpected flux decay remains elusive. In this study, the methodology for developing a prediction model of flux decay profiles was established. First, the filtration profiles of different monodisperse polystyrene latex and silica beads of various sizes were evaluated. These results revealed that the size and surface electrostatic properties of the beads affect the flux decay profile. Taking the size and surface electrostatic properties of protein aggregates into account, we constructed a predictive model using model bead filtration profiles. We showed that this methodology was applicable to two different MF filters to predict the flux decay profile of therapeutic proteins. Because our proposed prediction model is based on normalized flux, the initial flux is required to predict the overall filtration profile. Then, we applied the Hagen-Poiseuille equation using sample viscosity values to estimate the initial flux. The developed prediction models can be used for effective MF scale-up assessment during the early stages of process development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kota Inoue
- Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Biologics Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Chiyoda-machi, Japan
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Yumiko Masuda
- Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Biologics Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Chiyoda-machi, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Torisu
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Koichi Nonaka
- Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Biologics Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Chiyoda-machi, Japan
| | - Susumu Uchiyama
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Morales AM, Sreedhara A, Buecheler J, Brosig S, Chou D, Christian T, Das T, de Jong I, Fast J, Jagannathan B, Moussa EM, Nejadnik MR, Prajapati I, Radwick A, Rahman Y, Singh S. End-to-End Approach to Surfactant Selection, Risk Mitigation, and Control Strategies for Protein-Based Therapeutics. AAPS J 2022; 25:6. [PMID: 36471030 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-022-00773-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A survey performed by the AAPS Drug Product Handling community revealed a general, mostly consensus, approach to the strategy for the selection of surfactant type and level for biopharmaceutical products. Discussing and building on the survey results, this article describes the common approach for surfactant selection and control strategy for protein-based therapeutics and focuses on key studies, common issues, mitigations, and rationale. Where relevant, each section is prefaced by survey responses from the 22 anonymized respondents. The article format consists of an overview of surfactant stabilization, followed by a strategy for the selection of surfactant level, and then discussions regarding risk identification, mitigation, and control strategy. Since surfactants that are commonly used in biologic formulations are known to undergo various forms of degradation, an effective control strategy for the chosen surfactant focuses on understanding and controlling the design space of the surfactant material attributes to ensure that the desired material quality is used consistently in DS/DP manufacturing. The material attributes of a surfactant added in the final DP formulation can influence DP performance (e.g., protein stability). Mitigation strategies are described that encompass risks from host cell proteins (HCP), DS/DP manufacturing processes, long-term storage, as well as during in-use conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annette Medina Morales
- Dosage Form Design and Development, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, 1 Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20878, USA.
| | - Alavattam Sreedhara
- Genentech, Pharmaceutical Development, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Jakob Buecheler
- Technical Research and Development, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Brosig
- Technical Research and Development, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Danny Chou
- Compassion BioSolution, LLC, Lomita, California, 90717, USA
| | | | - Tapan Das
- Analytical Development and Attribute Sciences, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Isabella de Jong
- Genentech, Pharmaceutical Development, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Jonas Fast
- Pharmaceutical Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, CH-4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Ehab M Moussa
- Drug Product Development, AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinios, 60064, USA
| | - M Reza Nejadnik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA
| | - Indira Prajapati
- Dosage Form Design and Development, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, 1 Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20878, USA
| | | | - Yusra Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA
| | - Shubhadra Singh
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Biopharmaceutical Product Sciences, Collegeville, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19426, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Instability Challenges and Stabilization Strategies of Pharmaceutical Proteins. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14112533. [PMID: 36432723 PMCID: PMC9699111 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining the structure of protein and peptide drugs has become one of the most important goals of scientists in recent decades. Cold and thermal denaturation conditions, lyophilization and freeze drying, different pH conditions, concentrations, ionic strength, environmental agitation, the interaction between the surface of liquid and air as well as liquid and solid, and even the architectural structure of storage containers are among the factors that affect the stability of these therapeutic biomacromolecules. The use of genetic engineering, side-directed mutagenesis, fusion strategies, solvent engineering, the addition of various preservatives, surfactants, and additives are some of the solutions to overcome these problems. This article will discuss the types of stress that lead to instabilities of different proteins used in pharmaceutics including regulatory proteins, antibodies, and antibody-drug conjugates, and then all the methods for fighting these stresses will be reviewed. New and existing analytical methods that are used to detect the instabilities, mainly changes in their primary and higher order structures, are briefly summarized.
Collapse
|
4
|
Acuña C, Mier Y Terán A, Kokornaczyk MO, Baumgartner S, Castelán M. Deep learning applied to analyze patterns from evaporated droplets of Viscum album extracts. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15332. [PMID: 36097279 PMCID: PMC9468023 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19217-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper introduces a deep learning based methodology for analyzing the self-assembled, fractal-like structures formed in evaporated droplets. To this end, an extensive image database of such structures of the plant extract Viscum album Quercus\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$10^{-3}$$\end{document}10-3 was used, prepared by three different mixing procedures (turbulent, laminar, and diffusion based). The proposed pattern analysis approach is based on two stages: (1) automatic selection of patches that exhibit rich texture along the database; and (2) clustering of patches in accordance with prevalent texture by means of a Dense Convolutional Neural Network. The fractality of the patterns in each cluster is verified through Local Connected Fractal Dimension histograms. Experiments with Gray-Level Co-Occurrence matrices are performed to determine the benefit of the proposed approach in comparison with well established image analysis techniques. For the investigated plant extract, significant differences were found between the production modalities; whereas the patterns obtained by laminar flow showed the highest fractal structure, the patterns obtained by the application of turbulent mixture exhibited the lowest fractality. Our approach is the first to analyze, at the pure image level, the clustering properties of regions of interest within a database of evaporated droplets. This allows a greater description and differentiation of the patterns formed through different mixing procedures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Acuña
- Robotics and Advanced Manufacturing, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, 25900, Ramos Arizpe, Mexico
| | - Alfonso Mier Y Terán
- Robotics and Advanced Manufacturing, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, 25900, Ramos Arizpe, Mexico
| | | | - Stephan Baumgartner
- Society for Cancer Research, 4144, Arlesheim, Switzerland.,Institute of Integrative Medicine, University of Witten-Herdecke, 58313, Herdecke, Germany.,Institute of Integrative and Complementary Medicine, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mario Castelán
- Robotics and Advanced Manufacturing, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, 25900, Ramos Arizpe, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
A Review on Mixing-Induced Protein Particle Formation: The Puzzle of Bottom-Mounted Mixers. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:2363-2374. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
6
|
Wang W, Roberts CJ. Protein aggregation – Mechanisms, detection, and control. Int J Pharm 2018; 550:251-268. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
7
|
Lyophilization: Process Design, Robustness, and Risk Management. CHALLENGES IN PROTEIN PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-90603-4_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
8
|
Scherr TF, Markwalter CF, Bauer WS, Gasperino D, Wright DW, Haselton FR. Application of mass transfer theory to biomarker capture by surface functionalized magnetic beads in microcentrifuge tubes. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 246:275-288. [PMID: 28595937 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In many diagnostic assays, specific biomarker extraction and purification from a patient sample is performed in microcentrifuge tubes using surface-functionalized magnetic beads. Although assay binding times are known to be highly dependent on sample viscosity, sample volume, capture reagent, and fluid mixing, the theoretical mass transport framework that has been developed and validated in engineering has yet to be applied in this context. In this work, we adapt this existing framework for simultaneous mass transfer and surface reaction and apply it to the binding of biomarkers in clinical samples to surface-functionalized magnetic beads. We discuss the fundamental fluid dynamics of vortex mixing within microcentrifuge tubes as well as describe how particles and biomolecules interact with the fluid. The model is solved over a wide range of parameters, and we present scenarios when a simplified analytical expression would be most accurate. Next, we review of some relevant techniques for model parameter estimation. Finally, we apply the mass transfer theory to practical use-case scenarios of immediate use to clinicians and assay developers. Throughout, we highlight where further characterization is necessary to bridge the gap between theory and practical application.
Collapse
|
9
|
Charge variant analysis of proposed biosimilar to Trastuzumab. Biologicals 2017; 46:46-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
|
10
|
Brückl L, Hahn R, Sergi M, Scheler S. A systematic evaluation of mechanisms, material effects, and protein-dependent differences on friction-related protein particle formation in formulation and filling steps. Int J Pharm 2016; 511:931-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
11
|
Sediq AS, van Duijvenvoorde RB, Jiskoot W, Nejadnik MR. No Touching! Abrasion of Adsorbed Protein Is the Root Cause of Subvisible Particle Formation During Stirring. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:519-529. [PMID: 26869415 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This study addressed the effect of contact sliding during stirring of a monoclonal antibody solution on protein aggregation, in particular, in the nanometer and micrometer size range. An overhead stirring set-up was designed in which the presence and magnitude of the contact between the stir bar and the container could be manipulated. A solution of 0.1 mg/mL of a monoclonal antibody (IgG) in phosphate buffered saline was stirred at 300 rpm at room temperature. At different time points, samples were taken and analyzed by nanoparticle tracking analysis, flow imaging microscopy, and size-exclusion chromatography. In contrast to non-contact-stirred and unstirred samples, the contact-stirred sample contained several-fold more particles and showed a significant loss of monomer. No increase in oligomer content was detected. The number of particles formed was proportional to the contact area and the magnitude of the normal pressure between the stir bar and the glass container. Extrinsic 9-(2,2-dicyanovinyl) julolidine fluorescence indicated a conformational change for contact-stirred protein samples. Presence of polysorbate 20 inhibited the formation of micron-sized aggregates. We suggest a model in which abrasion of the potentially destabilized, adsorbed protein leads to aggregation and renewal of the surface for adsorption of a fresh protein layer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad S Sediq
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, 2300 RA, The Netherlands
| | - R B van Duijvenvoorde
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, 2300 RA, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Jiskoot
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, 2300 RA, The Netherlands.
| | - M Reza Nejadnik
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, 2300 RA, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Physicochemical and biological characterization of a biosimilar trastuzumab. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:427235. [PMID: 26075238 PMCID: PMC4449878 DOI: 10.1155/2015/427235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization, the incidence of malignant neoplasms and endocrine, blood, and immune disorders will increase in the upcoming decades along with the demand of affordable treatments. In response to this need, the development of biosimilar drugs is increasing worldwide. The approval of biosimilars relies on the compliance with international guidelines, starting with the demonstration of similarity in their physicochemical and functional properties against the reference product. Subsequent clinical studies are performed to demonstrate similar pharmacological behavior and to diminish the uncertainty related to their safety and efficacy. Herein we present a comparability exercise between a biosimilar trastuzumab and its reference product, by using a hierarchical strategy with an orthogonal approach, to assess the physicochemical and biological attributes with potential impact on its pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and immunogenicity. Our results showed that the high degree of similarity in the physicochemical attributes of the biosimilar trastuzumab with respect to the reference product resulted in comparable biological activity, demonstrating that a controlled process is able to provide consistently the expected product. These results also constitute the basis for the design of subsequent delimited pharmacological studies, as they diminish the uncertainty of exhibiting different profiles.
Collapse
|
13
|
Totoki S, Yamamoto G, Tsumoto K, Uchiyama S, Fukui K. Quantitative laser diffraction method for the assessment of protein subvisible particles. J Pharm Sci 2014; 104:618-26. [PMID: 25449441 PMCID: PMC4359019 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Laser diffraction (LD) has been recognized as a method for estimating particle size distribution. Here, a recently developed quantitative LD (qLD) system, which is an LD method with extensive deconvolution analysis, was employed for the quantitative assessment of protein particles sizes, especially aimed at the quantification of 0.2-10 μm diameter subvisible particles (SVPs). The qLD accurately estimated concentration distributions for silica beads with diameters ranging from 0.2 to 10 μm that have refractive indices similar to that of protein particles. The linearity of concentration for micrometer-diameter silica beads was confirmed in the presence of a fixed concentration of submicrometer diameter beads. Similarly, submicrometer-diameter silica beads could be quantified in the presence of micrometer-diameter beads. Subsequently, stir- and heat-stressed intravenous immunoglobulins were evaluated by using the qLD, in which the refractive index of protein particles that was determined experimentally was used in the deconvolution analysis. The results showed that the concentration distributions of protein particles in SVP size range differ for the two stresses. The number concentration of the protein particles estimated using the qLD agreed well with that obtained using flow microscopy. This work demonstrates that qLD can be used for quantitative estimation of protein aggregates in SVP size range.
Collapse
|
14
|
Härtl E, Winter G, Besheer A. Influence of Hydroxypropyl‐Beta‐Cyclodextrin on the Stability of Dilute and Highly Concentrated Immunoglobulin G Formulations. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:4121-31. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
15
|
Iwura T, Fukuda J, Yamazaki K, Kanamaru S, Arisaka F. Intermolecular interactions and conformation of antibody dimers present in IgG1 biopharmaceuticals. J Biochem 2013; 155:63-71. [PMID: 24155259 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvt095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermolecular interactions and conformation in dimer species of Palivizumab, a monoclonal antibody (IgG1), were investigated to elucidate the physical and chemical properties of the dimerized antibody. Palivizumab solution contains ∼1% dimer and 99% monomer. The dimer species was isolated by size-exclusion chromatography and analysed by a number of methods including analytical ultracentrifugation-sedimantetion velocity (AUC-SV). AUC-SV in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate indicated that approximately half of the dimer fraction was non-covalently associated, whereas the other half was dimerized by covalent bond. Disulphide bond and dityrosine formation were likely to be involved in the covalent dimerization. Limited proteolysis of the isolated dimer by Lys-C and mass spectrometry for the resultant products indicated that the dimer species were formed by Fab-Fc or Fab-Fab interactions, whereas Fc-Fc interactions were not found. It is thus likely that the dimerization occurs mainly via the Fab region. With regard to the conformation of the dimer species, the secondary and tertiary structures were shown to be almost identical to those of the monomer. Furthermore, the thermal stability turned out also to be very similar between the dimer and monomer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Iwura
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 B-9 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501; and Bio Process Research and Development Laboratories, Production Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd.; 100-1 Hagiwara-machi, Takasaki, Gunma 370-0013, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Dengl S, Wehmer M, Hesse F, Lipsmeier F, Popp O, Lang K. Aggregation and Chemical Modification of Monoclonal Antibodies under Upstream Processing Conditions. Pharm Res 2013; 30:1380-99. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-0977-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
|
17
|
Cordes AA, Carpenter JF, Randolph TW. Accelerated stability studies of abatacept formulations: comparison of freeze-thawing- and agitation-induced stresses. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:2307-15. [PMID: 22488299 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 03/11/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Accelerated degradation studies are frequently used to screen for formulation conditions that confer adequate shelf life for therapeutic proteins. To speed development cycles, degradation is often accelerated by application of conditions that expose proteins to elevated temperatures, dynamic air-water interfaces created by agitation, or stresses induced by freeze-thaw cycling. The purpose of this case study was to compare freeze-thaw- and agitation-induced aggregations with aggregation previously studied at elevated temperatures (Fast J, Cordes AA, Carpenter JF, Randolph TW. 2009. Biochemistry 48:11724-11736) using the therapeutic fusion protein abatacept as a model. The stability of abatacept against aggregation induced by the freeze-thaw and agitation degradation methods was assessed by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) and microflow imaging (MFI) analysis. pH conditions that were previously found to increase conformational stability of abatacept and reduce aggregation during incubation at elevated temperature (Fast J, Cordes AA, Carpenter JF, Randolph TW. 2009. Biochemistry 48:11724-11736) also reduced aggregation induced by freeze-thaw cycling and by agitation in this study. Especially in the case of the freeze-thaw cycling, wherein the formation of aggregates was not readily detectable by SEC, MFI proved to be a useful method to characterize the stability of the formulations against aggregation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda A Cordes
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hawe A, Wiggenhorn M, van de Weert M, Garbe JHO, Mahler HC, Jiskoot W. Forced degradation of therapeutic proteins. J Pharm Sci 2011; 101:895-913. [PMID: 22083792 DOI: 10.1002/jps.22812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Revised: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The scope of this paper is to review approaches used for forced degradation (synonym, stress testing) of therapeutic proteins. Forced degradation studies play a central role in the development of therapeutic proteins, for example, for candidate selection, molecule characterization, formulation development, assay development, and comparability studies. Typical stress methods are addressed within this review, such as exposure to elevated temperatures, freeze-thawing, mechanical stress, oxidation, light, as well as various materials and devices used in the clinics during final administration. Stability testing is briefly described as far as relevant to the discussion of forced degradation studies. Whereas stability-testing requirements are defined in regulatory guidelines, standard procedures for forced degradation of therapeutic proteins are largely unavailable, except for photostability. Possible selection criteria to identify appropriate stress conditions and recommendations for setting up forced degradation studies for the different phases of development of therapeutic proteins are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Hawe
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Fucose content of monoclonal antibodies can be controlled by culture medium osmolality for high antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Cytotechnology 2011; 64:249-65. [PMID: 21870215 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-011-9377-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) is dependent on the fucose content of oligosaccharides bound to monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). As MAbs with a low fucose content exhibit high ADCC activity, it is important to control the defucosylation levels (deFuc%) of MAbs and to analyze the factors that affect deFuc%. In this study, we observed that the deFuc% was inversely related to culture medium osmolality for MAbs produced in the rat hybridoma cell line YB2/0, with r (2) values as high as 0.92. Moreover, deFuc% exhibited the same correlation irrespective of the type of compound used for regulating osmolality (NaCl, KCl, fucose, fructose, creatine, or mannitol) at a culture scale ranging from 1 to 400 L. We succeeded in controlling MAb deFuc% by maintaining a constant medium osmolality in both perfusion and fed-batch cultures. In agreement with these observations, reverse transcription PCR analyses revealed decreased transcription of genes involved in glycolysis, GDP-fucose supply, and fucose transfer under hypoosmotic conditions.
Collapse
|
20
|
Yoshino T, Ishikawa T, Ishihara T, Takeuchi Y, Yoshikawa H, Yoshida H, Yoshida H, Wakamatsu K. Evaluation of the Aggregation States of Monoclonal Antibodies by Diverse and Complementary Methods. Biol Pharm Bull 2011; 34:1273-8. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.34.1273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Yoshino
- Bio Process Research and Development Laboratories, Production Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Graduate School of Engineering, Gunma University
| | - Tomoyoshi Ishikawa
- Bio Process Research and Development Laboratories, Production Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd
| | - Takashi Ishihara
- Bio Process Research and Development Laboratories, Production Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd
| | - Yoshimi Takeuchi
- Bio Process Research and Development Laboratories, Production Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd
| | | | | | - Hitoshi Yoshida
- Innovative Drug Research Laboratories, Research Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd
| | - Kaori Wakamatsu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Graduate School of Engineering, Gunma University
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ishikawa T, Ito T, Endo R, Nakagawa K, Sawa E, Wakamatsu K. Influence of pH on heat-induced aggregation and degradation of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. Biol Pharm Bull 2010; 33:1413-7. [PMID: 20686240 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.33.1413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies are widely used for the treatment of various diseases, and because therapeutic monoclonal antibodies are stored in an aqueous solution or in a lyophilized state, the preparation of a stabilizing formulation that prevents their deterioration (degradation and aggregation) is crucial. Given the structural similarities of the immunoglobulin G (IgG) framework regions and a diversity of only four subclasses, we aimed to find common conditions that stabilize many different antibodies. In this study, we analyzed the effect of pH (the most critical factor in establishing a stable formulation) on human monoclonal antibodies from subclasses IgG1, IgG2, and IgG4, all of which have been utilized in antibody therapeutics. We found that human IgGs are stable with minimal heat-induced degradation and aggregation at pH 5.0-5.5 irrespective of their subclass. We also found that IgG1 is more susceptible to fragmentation, whereas IgG4 is more susceptible to aggregation. This basic information emphasizing the influence of pH on IgG stability should facilitate the optimization of formulation conditions tailored to individual antibodies for specific uses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyoshi Ishikawa
- Bio Process Research and Development Laboratories, Production Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., Takasaki, Gunma 370-0013, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|