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Salas T, Bordes C, Arquier D, Caillier L, Mandica F, Bolzinger MA. Effect of massage on retinol skin penetration. Int J Pharm 2023:123106. [PMID: 37279867 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Topical administration of active substances may be promoted by optimizing not only the vehicle formulation but also the application protocol. The formulation aspects are widely studied in the literature while a few works are dedicated to the development of application methods. In this context, we studied an application protocol usable as a part of skincare routine by investigating the effect of massage on the skin penetration of retinol. Retinol is a lipophilic molecule widely used as an anti-ageing firming agent in cosmetic formulations. Massage was applied to pig skin explants mounted to Franz diffusion cells after or before the deposit of the retinol-loaded formulation. Thetype of skin massage (roll or rotary type) and its duration were varied.The massage protocol had a significant influence on retinol skin penetration. Due to its highly lipophilic character, retinol accumulated into the stratum corneum but, depending on the massage protocol, a significant retinol concentration was obtained after 4 hours in epidermis and dermis layers. Results showed that the roll-type massage was significantly more efficient than the rotary process that exhibited little effect on retinol cutaneous penetration. Such results could be interesting for the development of massage devices in association with cosmetic formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffanie Salas
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5007, Laboratoire D'Automatique, de Génie des Procédés et de Génie Pharmaceutique (LAGEPP), 43 Bd Du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622, Villeurbanne, France; Groupe SEB, Campus SEB, 112, Chemin Du Moulin Carron, Ecully, France.
| | - Claire Bordes
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5007, Laboratoire D'Automatique, de Génie des Procédés et de Génie Pharmaceutique (LAGEPP), 43 Bd Du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Delphine Arquier
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5007, Laboratoire D'Automatique, de Génie des Procédés et de Génie Pharmaceutique (LAGEPP), 43 Bd Du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Laurent Caillier
- Groupe SEB, Campus SEB, 112, Chemin Du Moulin Carron, Ecully, France
| | - Franck Mandica
- Groupe SEB, Campus SEB, 112, Chemin Du Moulin Carron, Ecully, France
| | - Marie-Alexandrine Bolzinger
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5007, Laboratoire D'Automatique, de Génie des Procédés et de Génie Pharmaceutique (LAGEPP), 43 Bd Du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622, Villeurbanne, France.
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2
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Hundhammer T, Lindner R, Caccia L, Langbehn H, Petermichl W, Dittmar M, Gruber M. Management of decontamination in chemical accidents: a laboratory model. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8411. [PMID: 37225760 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35248-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid and efficient decontamination of the skin is a major task for emergency rescue services in the event of a chemical accident involving humans. While rinsing the skin with water (and soap) has been the standard procedure, some skepticism has developed in recent years regarding the situational suitability of this method. The efficacy of three different decontamination materials/techniques (Easyderm® cleaning cloth, water-soaked all-purpose sponge, rinsing with water) in removing Capsaicin, Bromadiolone, Paraquat and 2,2'-dichlorodiethylether (DCEE) from porcine skin was compared. Different cleaning motions (wiping, twisting, pressing) with the Easyderm® were evaluated for their effectiveness in removing Capsaicin from porcine skin. Finally, the impact of different exposure times of the skin to Capsaicin on the decontamination process were investigated. Contaminant recovery rates (CRRs) were analysed in the skin and in each decontamination material using high-performance-liquid-chromatography (HPLC; used for Capsaicin, Bromadiolone, Paraquat) or gas chromatography (GC; used for DCEE). Wiping the skin with the amphiphilic Easyderm® was most effective for decontamination of Capsaicin and DCEE, while the water rinsing method gave the best results for removing Paraquat and Bromadiolone. Both wiping with the Easyderm® and rotating the Easyderm® were significantly more effective in cleaning Capsaicin-contaminated skin than pressing the Easyderm® on the contamination area alone. Prolonged exposure times of the porcine skin to Capsaicin were associated with a decrease in efficacy of the following decontamination. Emergency rescue services should have materials available that can remove both hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances from skin. Since not all of our results for comparing different decontamination materials were as distinct as we expected, there are likely several other factors determining the efficacy of skin decontamination in some cases. Time is key; therefore, first responders should try to begin the decontamination process as soon as possible after arriving at the scene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Hundhammer
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee11, 93042, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Regina Lindner
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee11, 93042, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Leopold Caccia
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee11, 93042, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Hannes Langbehn
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee11, 93042, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Walter Petermichl
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee11, 93042, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Dittmar
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee11, 93042, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Gruber
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee11, 93042, Regensburg, Germany
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Alvarez-Figueroa MJ, Alarcón DA, González-Aramúndiz JV. Effect of zeta potential of innovative lipid nanocapsules on triamcinolone transdermal delivery. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2022; 12:2740-2750. [PMID: 35284985 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-022-01134-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Two pegylated lipid nanocapsules for triamcinolone transdermal delivery were designed. Both present a size close to 50 nm and a single monomodal distribution in particle size (PI < 0.2), with a zeta potential of - 20 ± 2 and + 18 ± 1, respectively. The triamcinolone encapsulation efficacy varied between 68 and 80%. They proved to be stable under storage conditions (4 °C) for at least 6 months and at a physiological temperature, using different media, for 48 h. Also, they were shown not to affect cell viability at the concentrations used. For ex vivo transdermal experiments, newborn pig skin was used. With respect to the triamcinolone transdermal penetration, the nanocapsules were demonstrated to have an absorption promoting effect, both when the drug nanocapsules were in solution or loaded into the hydrogel, quantifying between 2 and 15 times more absorbed drug than the control. In addition, regarding the triamcinolone retained in the skin, it is observed that lipid nanocapsules act as triamcinolone promoters when the nanosystems were in solution and when they were included in the hydrogel. This vehicle showed a greater triamcinolone reservoir effect in comparison to the nanocapsules, proving to be a good vehicle to formulate triamcinolone transdermal delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Javiera Alvarez-Figueroa
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química Y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Vicuña Mackena 4860, 7820436, Macul, Santiago, CP, Chile.
| | - Diego A Alarcón
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química Y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Vicuña Mackena 4860, 7820436, Macul, Santiago, CP, Chile
| | - José Vicente González-Aramúndiz
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química Y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Vicuña Mackena 4860, 7820436, Macul, Santiago, CP, Chile. .,Centro de Investigación en Nanotecnología Y Materiales Avanzados "CIEN-UC", Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Hosokawa K, Taima H, Kikuchi M, Tsuda H, Numano K, Takagi Y. Rubbing the skin when removing makeup cosmetics is a major factor that worsens skin conditions in atopic dermatitis patients. J Cosmet Dermatol 2020; 20:1915-1922. [PMID: 33040474 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.13777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) know that harsh rubbing of their skin might worsen their skin symptoms. They consider that the force they use to rub their skin when removing their makeup cosmetics should not be hard and their cleansing habits could worsen their skin symptoms. However, we presume that the force they use to rub their skin may still be strong and might worsen their skin symptoms. AIMS We characterized the effects of rubbing the skin of AD patients during cleansing of makeup cosmetics. PATIENTS/METHODS A cleansing oil which has a higher cleansing ability compared the cleansers used daily by the subjects but required less rubbing force was used. We performed a 4-week clinical trial of this cleansing oil on 35 female subjects who had mild AD skin symptoms on their faces. Each subject used the cleansing oil instead of their usual makeup remover without changing their other facial skin care habits. Prior to the study, and at the end of weeks 1 and 4, the skin conditions of each subject were evaluated. RESULTS Four weeks of usage of this cleansing oil significantly decreased skin dryness, scaling, irritation, erythema, and itchiness. Higher improvements were observed for subjects who had previously used cleansers with less cleansing ability. Accompanying those improvements, a significant increase in moisture-retention ability and a significant decrease in transepidermal water loss were observed. CONCLUSION These results suggest that many AD patients cleanse their face with hard rubbing of their skin because of the low cleansing ability of their skin cleansers and may worsen their AD skin symptoms without realizing it.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mamiko Kikuchi
- Skin Care Products Research, Kao Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Tsuda
- Skin Care Products Research, Kao Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yutaka Takagi
- Skin Care Products Research, Kao Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
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Abe A, Suzuki H, Saito M, Todo H, Sugibayashi K. Effect of Rubbing on the Distribution of Topically Applied Drugs into the Hair Follicles. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2020; 68:832-836. [PMID: 32879223 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c20-00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Rubbing actions are often conducted to apply topical formulations onto the skin. Although rubbing was found to increase the skin permeation of drugs, few reports have revealed whether rubbing enhanced either drug permeation through the stratum corneum (SC) or hair follicles (HFs) pathways, or through both. In the present study, we investigated the effects of rubbing on caffeine (CAF) distribution in the SC and HFs. The effect of rubbing direction on the skin penetration of CAF was also investigated. The skin concentration of CAF and its cumulative permeation amount were increased clearly by rubbing. More than six times higher CAF concentrations in the viable epidermis and dermis were observed 5 min after rubbing application compared with no rubbing. On the other hand, slightly increased CAF concentrations were observed in the SC, suggesting that CAF was delivered through the HF pathway by rubbing. Rubbing against the natural hair direction provided the highest skin permeation as well as skin concentrations. Changes in the morphology of the HF opening area might be related to the enhancement effect. These results may provide useful information to understand the effect of rubbing on the skin permeation of applied drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinari Abe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University.,Research & Development Headquarters Self-Medication, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | | | - Miyuki Saito
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
| | - Hiroaki Todo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
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Vulnerability of the skin barrier to mechanical rubbing. Int J Pharm 2020; 587:119708. [PMID: 32739393 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Skin barrier function is the battlefront for preventing permeation of harmful substances and infectious diseases. However, it can be destroyed by mechanical forces, as shown in many studies. Excess rubbing may increase the permeability of the skin to aqueous material. Although the skin barrier plays an important physiological role in humans, the vulnerability of skin to mechanical rubbing is poorly understood. Therefore, we investigated the effects of rubbing on the skin in vitro; skin damage was quantified by laser-induced fluorescence. Microscopic observation showed that keratinocytes in the stratum corneum sustained traumatic damage, which reduced the barrier function in that region. The permeability of the skin to an aqueous solution increased with rubbing frequency and load, and rubbing markedly reduced the barrier function of the stratum corneum. To understand the mechanisms underlying the skin damage, we developed a simple mathematical model assuming that the skin is a viscoelastic material. We hypothesized that the increased skin permeability was caused by the damage sustained by keratinocytes in the stratum corneum, and that the permeability was proportional to the time-averaged strain. Our theoretical results showed quantitative agreement with the experimental results and illustrated that rubbing and strain relaxation play key roles in rubbing-induced permeation.
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Fujii MY, Yamamoto Y, Koide T, Hamaguchi M, Onuki Y, Suzuki N, Suzuki T, Fukami T. Imaging Analysis Enables Differentiation of the Distribution of Pharmaceutical Ingredients in Tacrolimus Ointments. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 73:1183-1192. [PMID: 31271295 DOI: 10.1177/0003702819863441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrated the difference in the distribution state of pharmaceutical ingredients between tacrolimus (TCR) original ointment and six kinds of generic medicines. Two-dimensional imaging and depth analysis using attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR FT-IR) spectroscopy and confocal Raman microscopy were used, in addition to the evaluation of pharmaceutical properties, including spreading properties, rheological properties, and amount of solvent. The solvents, such as propylene carbonate and triacetin, in TCR ointments formed liquid droplets and dispersed in hydrocarbon oils. Waxes, white beeswax and beeswax, formed other domains. Confocal Raman microscopy could detect liquid droplet size without coalescence of that on germanium or glass surfaces. The combination of ATR FT-IR and confocal Raman imaging would be a powerful tool to reveal the size and shape of liquid droplets of pharmaceutical ingredients in semisolid formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yoshihisa Yamamoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo Heisei University, Nakano, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Koide
- Division of Drugs, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Masashi Hamaguchi
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Onuki
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Naoto Suzuki
- School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Funabashi, Japan
| | | | - Toshiro Fukami
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose, Japan
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Li BS, Cary JH, Maibach HI. Should we instruct patients to rub topical agents into skin? The evidence. J DERMATOL TREAT 2018; 30:328-332. [PMID: 30247942 DOI: 10.1080/09546634.2018.1527997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Background: At least 15 factors influence the ability of compounds to penetrate the skin. Massage (rubbing) may be another factor that has gone relatively unrecognized. Method: PubMed, Google Scholar, and EMBASE databases were accessed online in March 2018 in search of studies measuring absorption through skin with and without rubbing or massage. Results: While some studies noted no difference in dermal absorption with regards to rubbing, others have demonstrated the opposite. In general, massage technique does indeed sometimes enhance dermal absorption. In addition to increase skin temperature and blood flow, rubbing likely modifies stratum corneum (SC) structure to enhance diffusion rates and increase retained penetrant amount within the skin. Conclusions: Understanding the mechanism of massage and its role in percutaneous penetration may help elucidate skin barrier function, dermal absorption, skin decontamination, and dermatotoxicology. To achieve such goals, an in vitro model that models in vivo behaviors must first be established. Subsequently, experiments with different penetrants, vehicles, massage time, and other variables may be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Becky S Li
- a Howard University College of Medicine , Washington , DC , USA.,b Department of Dermatology, San Francisco School of Medicine , University of California San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - John Havens Cary
- b Department of Dermatology, San Francisco School of Medicine , University of California San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA.,c Louisiana State University School of Medicine , New Orleans , LA , USA
| | - Howard I Maibach
- b Department of Dermatology, San Francisco School of Medicine , University of California San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA
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Horita K, Horita D, Tomita H, Yasoshima M, Yagami A, Matsunaga K. Effects of different base agents on prediction of skin irritation by sodium lauryl sulfate using patch testing and repeated application test. Toxicology 2017; 382:10-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Methods to simulate rubbing of topical formulation for in vitro skin permeation studies. Int J Pharm 2017; 519:22-33. [PMID: 28062367 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Rubbing a topical formulation on skin is generally assumed to enhance drug penetration. The aim of this study was to demonstrate different techniques such as using glass rod, rheometer, and gloved finger for rubbing a 2% salicylic acid gel on skin and investigate their effect on in vitro permeation of salicylic acid through dermatomed porcine ear skin. The studies included evaluation of the gel's rheological properties, gel distribution on skin surface, in vitro permeability, drug distribution in skin, skin extraction recovery, and mass balance. Rubbing with a gloved finger resulted in a uniform gel layer with a thickness of 49.61±15.33μm on the skin surface. No significant difference between the different test groups was observed in terms of the cumulative amount of drug that permeated in 24h (p>0.05). Drug levels in stratum corneum, epidermis, and dermis were also analyzed. Rubbing with gloved finger delivered significantly higher amount of drug into the skin layers as compared to other test groups (p<0.05). Amount of drug extracted from skin was reliably correlated to the actual drug levels in skin (R2=0.99). Considering drug amounts in different compartments, mass balance ranged from 75.86±2.90% to 80.44±2.99%.
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Phuong C, Maibach HI. Effect of massage on percutaneous penetration and skin decontamination: man and animal. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2015; 35:153-6. [PMID: 26177099 DOI: 10.3109/15569527.2015.1065501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT At least 15 factors of percutaneous penetration exist that should be considered when investigating dermal absorption profiles of chemicals. Rubbing is one variable that has been understudied, but may play an important role in understanding overall exposure rates, chemical toxicity, dermal absorption and skin's barrier abilities. OBJECTIVE This reviews current data related to the role of massage in enhancing percutaneous penetration and skin decontamination as well as highlights the need for further investigation of its role. RESULTS An in vivo study in rhesus monkeys and guinea pigs measuring amount of drug excreted after being topically applied showed no effect with massage. However, studies measuring permeation rates directly through human and animal skin ex vivo showed rubbing increased flux, reduced skin impedance and increased drug retention in skin. Rubbing also increased effectiveness of reactive skin decontamination lotion (RSDL). CONCLUSION Massage sometimes influences chemical penetration rates and should be studied thoroughly to clarify the mechanisms and factors involved in the possible enhancing effect. This will also reveal more insight regarding the skin's ability to act as a barrier to exogenous substances and its role in risk assessment. How ex vivo results translate to in vivo behaviors still requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Phuong
- a Department of Dermatology , University of California-San Francisco (UCSF) , San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Howard I Maibach
- a Department of Dermatology , University of California-San Francisco (UCSF) , San Francisco , CA , USA
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Yamamoto Y, Fukami T, Koide T, Suzuki T, Hiyama Y, Tomono K. Pharmaceutical evaluation of steroidal ointments by ATR-IR chemical imaging: distribution of active and inactive pharmaceutical ingredients. Int J Pharm 2012; 426:54-60. [PMID: 22286017 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
We recently used micro attenuated total reflection infrared (ATR-IR) spectroscopy to conduct imaging analysis of ointments and evaluate the distributions of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and excipients. An alclometasone dipropionate (ALC) ointment was used as a model product. Almeta, a brand-name product, had a domain with absorbance at 1656 cm(-1) attributable to the carbonyl group of ALC, the API. Absorbances at 1040 and 3300 cm(-1) were also noted in this domain, indicating the presence of the solubilizer, propylene glycol. Data also suggested the presence of benzyl alcohol in this domain. More detailed analysis showed the distribution of surfactants and other excipients in the base. Similar results were obtained for Vitra, a generic version of Almeta. Imaging analysis with micro ATR-IR confirmed that both ointments are liquid droplet dispersions with ALC dissolved in propylene glycol and dispersed in a base. However, minor differences in the ingredient distributions of the two ointments were detected and reflect differences in excipient concentrations and type, or manufacturing differences. In summary, we used micro ATR-IR for imaging analysis of an original ointment, Almeta, and its generic form Vitra, and established a method for visually evaluating the distributions of the API and excipients in these ointments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Toshiro Fukami
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Funabashi-shi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan.
| | - Tatsuo Koide
- Division of Drugs, National Institute of Health Sciences, Japan
| | - Toyofumi Suzuki
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Funabashi-shi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan
| | - Yukio Hiyama
- Division of Drugs, National Institute of Health Sciences, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tomono
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Funabashi-shi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan
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Ishii H, Fujino K, Todo H, Sugibayashi K. Evaluation of the Skin Blanching of Topically Applied Steroids Using a Chroma Meter in Animals. Exp Anim 2012; 61:147-56. [DOI: 10.1538/expanim.61.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ishii
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
| | - Konomi Fujino
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
| | - Hiroaki Todo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
| | - Kenji Sugibayashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
- Life Science Research Center, Josai University
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