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Arendt ML, Melin M, Tonomura N, Koltookian M, Courtay-Cahen C, Flindall N, Bass J, Boerkamp K, Megquir K, Youell L, Murphy S, McCarthy C, London C, Rutteman GR, Starkey M, Lindblad-Toh K. Genome-Wide Association Study of Golden Retrievers Identifies Germ-Line Risk Factors Predisposing to Mast Cell Tumours. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005647. [PMID: 26588071 PMCID: PMC4654484 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine mast cell tumours (CMCT) are one of the most common skin tumours in dogs with a major impact on canine health. Certain breeds have a higher risk of developing mast cell tumours, suggesting that underlying predisposing germ-line genetic factors play a role in the development of this disease. The genetic risk factors are largely unknown, although somatic mutations in the oncogene C-KIT have been detected in a proportion of CMCT, making CMCT a comparative model for mastocytosis in humans where C-KIT mutations are frequent. We have performed a genome wide association study in golden retrievers from two continents and identified separate regions in the genome associated with risk of CMCT in the two populations. Sequence capture of associated regions and subsequent fine mapping in a larger cohort of dogs identified a SNP associated with development of CMCT in the GNAI2 gene (p = 2.2x10-16), introducing an alternative splice form of this gene resulting in a truncated protein. In addition, disease associated haplotypes harbouring the hyaluronidase genes HYAL1, HYAL2 and HYAL3 on cfa20 and HYAL4, SPAM1 and HYALP1 on cfa14 were identified as separate risk factors in European and US golden retrievers, respectively, suggesting that turnover of hyaluronan plays an important role in the development of CMCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja L. Arendt
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (MLA); (KLT)
| | - Malin Melin
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Noriko Tonomura
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michele Koltookian
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | | | - Joyce Bass
- Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, United Kingdom
| | - Kim Boerkamp
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Katherine Megquir
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lisa Youell
- Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, United Kingdom
| | - Sue Murphy
- Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, United Kingdom
| | - Colleen McCarthy
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Cheryl London
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Gerard R. Rutteman
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Veterinary Specialist Center De Wagenrenk, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Kerstin Lindblad-Toh
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MLA); (KLT)
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Abstract
Spontaneous cancers in client-owned dogs closely recapitulate their human counterparts with respect to clinical presentation, histological features, molecular profiles, and response and resistance to therapy, as well as the evolution of drug-resistant metastases. In several instances the incorporation of dogs with cancer into the preclinical development path of cancer therapeutics has influenced outcome by helping to establish pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamics relationships, dose/regimen, expected clinical toxicities, and ultimately the potential for biologic activity. As our understanding regarding the molecular drivers of canine cancers has improved, unique opportunities have emerged to leverage this spontaneous model to better guide cancer drug development so that therapies likely to fail are eliminated earlier and therapies with true potential are optimized prior to human studies. Both pets and people benefit from this approach, as it provides dogs with access to cutting-edge cancer treatments and helps to insure that people are given treatments more likely to succeed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cheryl A London
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and.,Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210;
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Llames S, García-Pérez E, Meana Á, Larcher F, del Río M. Feeder Layer Cell Actions and Applications. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2015; 21:345-53. [PMID: 25659081 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2014.0547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Cultures of growth-arrested feeder cells have been used for years to promote cell proliferation, particularly with low-density inocula. Basically, feeder cells consist in a layer of cells unable to divide, which provides extracellular secretions to help another cell to proliferate. It differs from a coculture system because only one cell type is capable to proliferate. It is known that feeder cells support the growth of target cells by releasing growth factors to the culture media, but this is not the only way that feeder cells promote the growth of target cells. In this work, we discuss the different mechanisms of action of feeder cells, tackling questions as to why for some cell cultures the presence of feeder cell layers is mandatory, while in some other cases, the growth of target cells can be achieved with just a conditioned medium. Different treatments to avoid feeder cells to proliferate are revised, not only the classical treatments as mitomycin or γ-irradiation but also the not so common treatments as electric pulses or chemical fixation. Regenerative medicine has been gaining importance in recent years as a discipline that moves biomedical technology from the laboratory to the patients. In this context, human stem and pluripotent cells play an important role, but the presence of feeder cells is necessary for these progenitor cells to grow and differentiate. This review addresses recent specific applications, including those associated to the growth of embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells. In addition, we have also dealt with safety issues, including feeder cell sources, as major factors of concern for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Llames
- 1 Tissue Engineering Unit, Centro Comunitario de Sangre y Tejidos del Principado de Asturias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER U714) , Oviedo, Spain
| | - Eva García-Pérez
- 1 Tissue Engineering Unit, Centro Comunitario de Sangre y Tejidos del Principado de Asturias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER U714) , Oviedo, Spain .,2 TERMEG, Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (UC3M) , Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Meana
- 1 Tissue Engineering Unit, Centro Comunitario de Sangre y Tejidos del Principado de Asturias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER U714) , Oviedo, Spain
| | - Fernando Larcher
- 2 TERMEG, Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (UC3M) , Madrid, Spain .,3 Epithelial Biomedicine Division, CIEMAT, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER U714) , Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcela del Río
- 2 TERMEG, Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (UC3M) , Madrid, Spain .,3 Epithelial Biomedicine Division, CIEMAT, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER U714) , Madrid, Spain .,4 Instituto de Investigaciones Fundación Jiménez Díaz , Madrid, Spain
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Siiskonen H, Poukka M, Tyynelä-Korhonen K, Sironen R, Pasonen-Seppänen S. Inverse expression of hyaluronidase 2 and hyaluronan synthases 1-3 is associated with reduced hyaluronan content in malignant cutaneous melanoma. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:181. [PMID: 23560496 PMCID: PMC3626669 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hyaluronan is an extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycan involved in invasion, proliferation and metastasis of various types of carcinomas. In many cancers, aberrant hyaluronan expression implicates disease progression and metastatic potential. Melanoma is an aggressive skin cancer. The role of hyaluronan in melanoma progression including benign nevi and lymph node metastases has not been investigated earlier, nor the details of its synthesis and degradation. Methods The melanocytic and dysplastic nevi, in situ melanomas, superficially and deeply invasive melanomas and their lymph node metastases were analysed immunohistochemically for the amount of hyaluronan, its cell surface receptor CD44, hyaluronan synthases 1–3 and hyaluronidases 1–2. Results Hyaluronan content of tumoral cells in deeply invasive melanomas and metastatic lesions was clearly reduced compared to superficial melanomas or benign lesions. Furthermore, hyaluronan content in the stromal cells of benign nevi was higher than in the premalignant or malignant tumors. The immunopositivity of hyaluronidase 2 was significantly increased in the premalignant and malignant lesions indicating its specific role in the degradation of hyaluronan during tumor progression. Similarly, the expression of hyaluronan synthases 1–2 and CD44 receptor was decreased in the metastases compared to the primary melanomas. Conclusions These findings suggest that the reciprocal relationship between the degrading and synthesizing enzymes account for the alterations in hyaluronan content during the growth of melanoma. These results provide new information about hyaluronan metabolism in benign, premalignant and malignant melanocytic tumors of the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Siiskonen
- Institute of Biomedicine/Anatomy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O.B. 1627, FIN-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
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