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Ruchert JM, Brady MM, McMahan S, Lacey KJ, Latta LC, Sekelsky J, Stoffregen EP. Blm helicase facilitates rapid replication of repetitive DNA sequences in early Drosophila development. Genetics 2022; 220:iyab169. [PMID: 34849849 PMCID: PMC8733427 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyab169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The absence of functional BLM DNA helicase, a member of the RecQ family of helicases, is responsible for the rare human disorder Bloom Syndrome, which results in developmental abnormalities, DNA repair defects, genomic instability, and a predisposition to cancer. In Drosophila melanogaster, the orthologous Blm protein is essential during early development when the embryo is under the control of maternal gene products. We show that lack of functional maternal Blm during the syncytial cell cycles of Drosophila embryonic development results in severe nuclear defects and lethality. Amongst the small fraction of embryos from Blm mutant mothers that survive to adulthood, a prominent sex-bias favors the class that inherits less repetitive DNA content, which serves as an endogenous source of replication stress. This selection against repetitive DNA content reflects a role for Blm in facilitating replication through repetitive sequences during the rapid S-phases of syncytial cell cycles. During these syncytial cycles, Blm is not required for complex DNA double-strand break repair; however, the progeny sex-bias resulting from the absence of maternal Blm is exacerbated by repetitive DNA sequences and by the slowing of replication fork progression, suggesting that the essential role for Blm during this stage is to manage replication fork stress brought about by impediments to fork progression. Additionally, our data suggest that Blm is only required to manage this replication stress during embryonic development, and likely only during the early, rapid syncytial cell cycles, and not at later developmental stages. These results provide novel insights into Blm function throughout development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolee M Ruchert
- Physical, Life, Movement & Sport Sciences, Lewis-Clark State College, Lewiston, ID 83501, USA
| | - Morgan M Brady
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Susan McMahan
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Karly J Lacey
- Physical, Life, Movement & Sport Sciences, Lewis-Clark State College, Lewiston, ID 83501, USA
| | - Leigh C Latta
- Physical, Life, Movement & Sport Sciences, Lewis-Clark State College, Lewiston, ID 83501, USA
| | - Jeff Sekelsky
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Eric P Stoffregen
- Physical, Life, Movement & Sport Sciences, Lewis-Clark State College, Lewiston, ID 83501, USA
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- SPIRE Postdoctoral Fellowship Program, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Balajee AS. Human RecQL4 as a Novel Molecular Target for Cancer Therapy. Cytogenet Genome Res 2021; 161:305-327. [PMID: 34474412 DOI: 10.1159/000516568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human RecQ helicases play diverse roles in the maintenance of genomic stability. Inactivating mutations in 3 of the 5 human RecQ helicases are responsible for the pathogenesis of Werner syndrome (WS), Bloom syndrome (BS), Rothmund-Thomson syndrome (RTS), RAPADILINO, and Baller-Gerold syndrome (BGS). WS, BS, and RTS patients are at increased risk for developing many age-associated diseases including cancer. Mutations in RecQL1 and RecQL5 have not yet been associated with any human diseases so far. In terms of disease outcome, RecQL4 deserves special attention because mutations in RecQL4 result in 3 autosomal recessive syndromes (RTS type II, RAPADILINO, and BGS). RecQL4, like other human RecQ helicases, has been demonstrated to play a crucial role in the maintenance of genomic stability through participation in diverse DNA metabolic activities. Increased incidence of osteosarcoma in RecQL4-mutated RTS patients and elevated expression of RecQL4 in sporadic cancers including osteosarcoma suggest that loss or gain of RecQL4 expression is linked with cancer susceptibility. In this review, current and future perspectives are discussed on the potential use of RecQL4 as a novel cancer therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adayabalam S Balajee
- Cytogenetic Biodosimetry Laboratory, Radiation Emergency Assistance Center/Training Site, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
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Röhrig S, Dorn A, Enderle J, Schindele A, Herrmann NJ, Knoll A, Puchta H. The RecQ-like helicase HRQ1 is involved in DNA crosslink repair in Arabidopsis in a common pathway with the Fanconi anemia-associated nuclease FAN1 and the postreplicative repair ATPase RAD5A. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 218:1478-1490. [PMID: 29577315 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
RecQ helicases are important caretakers of genome stability and occur in varying copy numbers in different eukaryotes. Subsets of RecQ paralogs are involved in DNA crosslink (CL) repair. The orthologs of AtRECQ2, AtRECQ3 and AtHRQ1, HsWRN, DmRECQ5 and ScHRQ1 participate in CL repair in their respective organisms, and we aimed to define the function of these helicases for plants. We obtained Arabidopsis mutants of the three RecQ helicases and determined their sensitivity against CL agents in single- and double-mutant analyses. Only Athrq1, but not Atrecq2 and Atrecq3, mutants proved to be sensitive to intra- and interstrand crosslinking agents. AtHRQ1 is specifically involved in the repair of replicative damage induced by CL agents. It shares pathways with the Fanconi anemia-related endonuclease FAN1 but not with the endonuclease MUS81. Most surprisingly, AtHRQ1 is epistatic to the ATPase RAD5A for intra- as well as interstrand CL repair. We conclude that, as in fungi, AtHRQ1 has a conserved function in DNA excision repair. Additionally, HRQ1 not only shares pathways with the Fanconi anemia repair factors, but in contrast to fungi also seems to act in a common pathway with postreplicative DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Röhrig
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, BW, 76131, Germany
| | - Annika Dorn
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, BW, 76131, Germany
| | - Janina Enderle
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, BW, 76131, Germany
| | - Angelina Schindele
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, BW, 76131, Germany
| | - Natalie J Herrmann
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, BW, 76131, Germany
| | - Alexander Knoll
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, BW, 76131, Germany
| | - Holger Puchta
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, BW, 76131, Germany
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Sekelsky J. DNA Repair in Drosophila: Mutagens, Models, and Missing Genes. Genetics 2017; 205:471-490. [PMID: 28154196 PMCID: PMC5289830 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.116.186759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The numerous processes that damage DNA are counterbalanced by a complex network of repair pathways that, collectively, can mend diverse types of damage. Insights into these pathways have come from studies in many different organisms, including Drosophila melanogaster Indeed, the first ideas about chromosome and gene repair grew out of Drosophila research on the properties of mutations produced by ionizing radiation and mustard gas. Numerous methods have been developed to take advantage of Drosophila genetic tools to elucidate repair processes in whole animals, organs, tissues, and cells. These studies have led to the discovery of key DNA repair pathways, including synthesis-dependent strand annealing, and DNA polymerase theta-mediated end joining. Drosophila appear to utilize other major repair pathways as well, such as base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, mismatch repair, and interstrand crosslink repair. In a surprising number of cases, however, DNA repair genes whose products play important roles in these pathways in other organisms are missing from the Drosophila genome, raising interesting questions for continued investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Sekelsky
- Department of Biology and Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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Drosophila RecQ5 is involved in proper progression of early spermatogenesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 452:1071-7. [PMID: 25245292 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
RecQ5, a member of the conserved RecQ DNA helicase family, is required for the maintenance of genome stability. The human RECQL5 gene is expressed ubiquitously in almost all tissues, with strong expression in the testes (Shimamoto et al., 2000). However, it remains to be elucidated in which cells RecQ5 is expressed and how RecQ5 functions in the testes. In this present study we analyzed the expression of RecQ5 in Drosophila testes. The RecQ5 protein was specifically expressed in germline cells in larval, pupal, and adult testes. Drosophila RecQ5 was localized in nuclei of male germline stem cells, spermatogoniablasts, spermatogonia, and early spermatocytes. As growth of the early spermatocyte proceeded, the amount of RecQ5 increased in the nuclei. However, before maturation of the spermatocyte, the level of RecQ5 declined. Thus, RecQ5 expression was regulated. Furthermore, we compared recq5 mutant testes with the wild-type ones. The most conspicuous alterations were swelling of the apical region of and an increase in the number of spermatocytes in the recq5 testis, suggesting a relative accumulation of spermatocytes in the recq5 mutant testes. Therefore, Drosophila RecQ5 may contribute to the proper progression from germline stem cells to spermatocytes for maintenance of genome stability.
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Hosono Y, Abe T, Ishiai M, Islam MN, Arakawa H, Wang W, Takeda S, Ishii Y, Takata M, Seki M, Enomoto T. Tumor suppressor RecQL5 controls recombination induced by DNA crosslinking agents. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:1002-12. [PMID: 24418621 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RecQ family DNA helicases function in the maintenance of genome stability. Mice deficient in RecQL5, one of five RecQ helicases, show a cancer predisposition phenotype, suggesting that RecQL5 plays a tumor suppressor role. RecQL5 interacts with Rad51, a key factor in homologous recombination (HR), and displaces Rad51 from Rad51-single stranded DNA (ssDNA) filaments in vitro. However, the precise roles of RecQL5 in the cell remain elusive. Here, we present evidence suggesting that RecQL5 is involved in DNA interstrand crosslink (ICL) repair. Chicken DT40 RECQL5 gene knockout (KO) cells showed sensitivity to ICL-inducing agents such as cisplatin (CDDP) and mitomycin C (MMC) and a higher number of chromosome aberrations in the presence of MMC than wild-type cells. The phenotypes of RECQL5 KO cells resembled those of Fanconi anemia gene KO cells. Genetic analysis using corresponding gene knockout cells showed that RecQL5 is involved in the FANCD1 (BRCA2)-dependent ICL repair pathway in which Rad51-ssDNA filament formation is promoted by BRCA2. The disappearance but not appearance of Rad51-foci was delayed in RECQL5 KO cells after MMC treatment. Deletion of Rad54, which processes the Rad51-ssDNA filament in HR, in RECQL5 KO cells increased sensitivity to CDDP and further delayed the disappearance of Rad51-foci, suggesting that RecQL5 and Rad54 have different effects on the Rad51-ssDNA filament. Furthermore, the frequency and variation of CDDP-induced gene conversion at the immunoglobulin locus were increased in RECQL5 KO cells. These results suggest that RecQL5 plays a role in regulating the incidence and quality of ICL-induced recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Hosono
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-3, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Takuya Abe
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute for Molecular Oncology Foundation, IFOM-IEO Campus, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Masamichi Ishiai
- Laboratory of DNA Damage Signaling, Department of Late Effect Studies, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - M Nurul Islam
- Laboratory of Genetics, NIA, National Institutes of Health, NIH Biomedical Research Center, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Hiroshi Arakawa
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute for Molecular Oncology Foundation, IFOM-IEO Campus, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Weidong Wang
- Laboratory of Genetics, NIA, National Institutes of Health, NIH Biomedical Research Center, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Shunichi Takeda
- Department of Radiation Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yutaka Ishii
- Shujitsu University, School of Pharmacy, Nishigawara, Naka-ku, Okayama 703-8516, Japan
| | - Minoru Takata
- Laboratory of DNA Damage Signaling, Department of Late Effect Studies, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Masayuki Seki
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-3, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan; Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 4-1, Komatsushima 4-chome, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8558, Japan.
| | - Takemi Enomoto
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan.
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