1
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Takagi M, Yamada M, Utoh R, Seki M. A multiscale, vertical-flow perfusion system with integrated porous microchambers for upgrading multicellular spheroid culture. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:2257-2267. [PMID: 37038847 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00168g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Spheroid formation assisted by microengineered chambers is a versatile approach for morphology-controlled three-dimensional (3D) cell cultivation with physiological relevance to human tissues. However, the limitation in diffusion-based oxygen/nutrient transport has been a critical issue for the densely packed cells in spheroids, preventing maximization of cellular functions and thus limiting their biomedical applications. Here, we have developed a multiscale microfluidic system for the perfusion culture of spheroids, in which porous microchambers, connected with microfluidic channels, were engineered. A newly developed process of centrifugation-assisted replica molding and salt-leaching enabled the formation of single micrometer-sized pores on the chamber surface and in the substrate. The porous configuration generates a vertical flow to directly supply the medium to the spheroids, while avoiding the formation of stagnant flow regions. We created seamlessly integrated, all PDMS/silicone-based microfluidic devices with an array of microchambers. Spheroids of human liver cells (HepG2 cells) were formed and cultured under vertical-flow perfusion, and the proliferation ability and liver cell-specific functions were compared with those of cells cultured in non-porous chambers with a horizontal flow. The presented system realizes both size-controlled formation of spheroids and direct medium supply, making it suitable as a precision cell culture platform for drug development, disease modelling, and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Takagi
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
| | - Masumi Yamada
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
| | - Rie Utoh
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
| | - Minoru Seki
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
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2
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El Harane S, Zidi B, El Harane N, Krause KH, Matthes T, Preynat-Seauve O. Cancer Spheroids and Organoids as Novel Tools for Research and Therapy: State of the Art and Challenges to Guide Precision Medicine. Cells 2023; 12:cells12071001. [PMID: 37048073 PMCID: PMC10093533 DOI: 10.3390/cells12071001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Spheroids and organoids are important novel players in medical and life science research. They are gradually replacing two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures. Indeed, three-dimensional (3D) cultures are closer to the in vivo reality and open promising perspectives for academic research, drug screening, and personalized medicine. A large variety of cells and tissues, including tumor cells, can be the starting material for the generation of 3D cultures, including primary tissues, stem cells, or cell lines. A panoply of methods has been developed to generate 3D structures, including spontaneous or forced cell aggregation, air-liquid interface conditions, low cell attachment supports, magnetic levitation, and scaffold-based technologies. The choice of the most appropriate method depends on (i) the origin of the tissue, (ii) the presence or absence of a disease, and (iii) the intended application. This review summarizes methods and approaches for the generation of cancer spheroids and organoids, including their advantages and limitations. We also highlight some of the challenges and unresolved issues in the field of cancer spheroids and organoids, and discuss possible therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanae El Harane
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bochra Zidi
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nadia El Harane
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Karl-Heinz Krause
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Matthes
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Preynat-Seauve
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Experimental Cell Therapy, Department of Diagnostics, Geneva University Hospitals, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
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3
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Tevlek A, Kecili S, Ozcelik OS, Kulah H, Tekin HC. Spheroid Engineering in Microfluidic Devices. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:3630-3649. [PMID: 36743071 PMCID: PMC9893254 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) cell culture techniques are commonly employed to investigate biophysical and biochemical cellular responses. However, these culture methods, having monolayer cells, lack cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions, mimicking the cell microenvironment and multicellular organization. Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture methods enable equal transportation of nutrients, gas, and growth factors among cells and their microenvironment. Therefore, 3D cultures show similar cell proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation properties to in vivo. A spheroid is defined as self-assembled 3D cell aggregates, and it closely mimics a cell microenvironment in vitro thanks to cell-cell/matrix interactions, which enables its use in several important applications in medical and clinical research. To fabricate a spheroid, conventional methods such as liquid overlay, hanging drop, and so forth are available. However, these labor-intensive methods result in low-throughput fabrication and uncontrollable spheroid sizes. On the other hand, microfluidic methods enable inexpensive and rapid fabrication of spheroids with high precision. Furthermore, fabricated spheroids can also be cultured in microfluidic devices for controllable cell perfusion, simulation of fluid shear effects, and mimicking of the microenvironment-like in vivo conditions. This review focuses on recent microfluidic spheroid fabrication techniques and also organ-on-a-chip applications of spheroids, which are used in different disease modeling and drug development studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atakan Tevlek
- METU
MEMS Research and Application Center, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Seren Kecili
- The
Department of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute
of Technology, Urla, Izmir 35430, Turkey
| | - Ozge S. Ozcelik
- The
Department of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute
of Technology, Urla, Izmir 35430, Turkey
| | - Haluk Kulah
- METU
MEMS Research and Application Center, Ankara 06800, Turkey
- The
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - H. Cumhur Tekin
- METU
MEMS Research and Application Center, Ankara 06800, Turkey
- The
Department of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute
of Technology, Urla, Izmir 35430, Turkey
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4
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Bate TSR, Shanahan W, Casillo JP, Grant R, Forbes SJ, Callanan A. Rat liver ECM incorporated into electrospun polycaprolactone scaffolds as a platform for hepatocyte culture. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2022; 110:2612-2623. [PMID: 35734943 PMCID: PMC9796056 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Liver disease is expanding across the globe; however, health-care systems still lack approved pharmaceutical treatment strategies to mitigate potential liver failures. Organ transplantation is the only treatment for liver failure and with increasing cases of liver disease, transplant programs increasingly cannot provide timely transplant availability for all patients. The development of pharmaceutical mitigation strategies is clearly necessary and methods to improve drug development processes are considered vital for this purpose. Herein, we present a methodology for incorporating whole organ decellularised rat liver ECM (rLECM) into polycaprolactone (PCL) electrospun scaffolds with the aim of producing biologically relevant liver tissue models. rLECM PCL scaffolds have been produced with 5 w/w% and 10 w/w% rLECM:PCL and were analyzed by SEM imaging, tensile mechanical analyses and FTIR spectroscopy. The hepatocellular carcinoma cell line, HepG2, was cultured upon the scaffolds for 14 days and were analyzed through cell viability assay, DNA quantification, albumin quantification, immunohistochemistry, and RT-qPCR gene expression analysis. Results showed significant increases in proliferative activity of HepG2 on rLECM containing scaffolds alongside maintained key gene expression. This study confirms that rLECM can be utilized to modulate the bioactivity of electrospun PCL scaffolds and has the potential to produce electrospun scaffolds suitable for enhanced hepatocyte cultures and in-vitro liver tissue models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S. R. Bate
- School of EngineeringInstitute for Bioengineering, University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - William Shanahan
- School of EngineeringInstitute for Bioengineering, University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Joseph P. Casillo
- School of GeoSciencesUniversity of Edinburgh, Grant InstituteEdinburghUK
| | - Rhiannon Grant
- MERLN InstituteMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Stuart J. Forbes
- Centre for Regenerative MedicineUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Anthony Callanan
- School of EngineeringInstitute for Bioengineering, University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
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5
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Ishida-Ishihara S, Takada R, Furusawa K, Ishihara S, Haga H. Improvement of the cell viability of hepatocytes cultured in three-dimensional collagen gels using pump-free perfusion driven by water level difference. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20269. [PMID: 36434099 PMCID: PMC9700666 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24423-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-containing collagen gels are one of the materials employed in tissue engineering and drug testing. A collagen gel is a useful three-dimensional (3D) scaffold that improves various cell functions compared to traditional two-dimensional plastic substrates. However, owing to poor nutrient availability, cells are not viable in thick collagen gels. Perfusion is an effective method for supplying nutrients to the gel. In this study, we maintained hepatocytes embedded in a 3D collagen gel using a simple pump-free perfusion cell culture system with ordinary cell culture products. Flow was generated by the difference in water level in the culture medium. Hepatocytes were found to be viable in a collagen gel of thickness 3.26 (± 0.16 S.E.)-mm for 3 days. In addition, hepatocytes had improved proliferation and gene expression related to liver function in a 3D collagen gel compared to a 2D culture dish. These findings indicate that our perfusion method is useful for investigating the cellular functions of 3D hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumire Ishida-Ishihara
- grid.39158.360000 0001 2173 7691Department of Functional Life Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N21-W11, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, 001-0021 Japan
| | - Ryota Takada
- grid.39158.360000 0001 2173 7691Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, N10-W8, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, 060-0810 Japan
| | - Kazuya Furusawa
- grid.440871.e0000 0000 9829 078XFaculty of Environmental and Information Sciences, Fukui University of Technology, Gakuen 3-6-1, Fukui, 910-8505 Japan
| | - Seiichiro Ishihara
- grid.39158.360000 0001 2173 7691Department of Advanced Transdisciplinary Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N10-W8, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, 060-0810 Japan ,grid.39158.360000 0001 2173 7691Soft Matter GI-CoRE, Hokkaido University, N21-W11, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, 001-0021 Japan ,grid.39158.360000 0001 2173 7691Hokkaido University, Room 2-602, Science Bld., N10-W8, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, 060-0810 Japan
| | - Hisashi Haga
- grid.39158.360000 0001 2173 7691Department of Advanced Transdisciplinary Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N10-W8, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, 060-0810 Japan ,grid.39158.360000 0001 2173 7691Soft Matter GI-CoRE, Hokkaido University, N21-W11, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, 001-0021 Japan ,grid.39158.360000 0001 2173 7691Hokkaido University, Room 2-612, Science Bld., N10-W8, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, 060-0810 Japan
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6
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Taymour R, Chicaiza-Cabezas NA, Gelinsky M, Lode A. Core-shell bioprinting of vascularized in vitro liver sinusoid models. Biofabrication 2022; 14. [PMID: 36070706 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ac9019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In vitro liver models allow the investigation of the cell behavior in disease conditions or in response to changes in the microenvironment. A major challenge in liver tissue engineering is to mimic the tissue-level complexity: Besides the selection of suitable biomaterial(s) replacing the extracellular matrix (ECM) and cell sources, the three-dimensional (3D) microarchitecture defined by the fabrication method is a critical factor to achieve functional constructs. In this study, coaxial extrusion-based 3D bioprinting has been applied to develop a liver sinusoid-like model that consists of a core compartment containing pre-vascular structures and a shell compartment containing hepatocytes. The shell ink was composed of alginate and methylcellulose (algMC), dissolved in human fresh frozen plasma. The algMC blend conferred high printing fidelity and stability to the core-shell constructs and the plasma as biologically active component enhanced viability and supported cluster formation and biomarker expression of HepG2 embedded in the shell. For the core, a natural ECM-like ink based on angiogenesis-supporting collagen-fibrin (CF) matrices was developed; the addition of gelatin (G) enabled 3D printing in combination with the plasma-algMC shell ink. Human endothelial cells (HUVEC), laden in the CFG core ink together with human fibroblasts as supportive cells, formed a pre-vascular network in the core in the absence and presence of HepG2 in the shell. The cellular interactions occurring in the triple culture model enhanced the albumin secretion. In conclusion, core-shell bioprinting was shown to be a valuable tool to study cell-cell-interactions and to develop complex tissue-like models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Taymour
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Faculty of Medicine, Dresden University of Technology, Fetscherstrasse 74, Dresden, Sachsen, 01307, GERMANY
| | - Nathaly Alejandra Chicaiza-Cabezas
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Technische Universitaet Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, Dresden, Sachsen, 01307, GERMANY
| | - Michael Gelinsky
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Technische Universitat Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, Dresden, 01062, GERMANY
| | - Anja Lode
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Technische Universitaet Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, Dresden, 01307, GERMANY
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7
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He J, Zhou C, Xu X, Zhou Z, Danoy M, Shinohara M, Xiao W, Zhu D, Zhao X, Feng X, Mao Y, Sun W, Sakai Y, Yang H, Pang Y. Scalable Formation of Highly Viable and Functional Hepatocellular Carcinoma Spheroids in an Oxygen-Permeable Microwell Device for Anti-Tumor Drug Evaluation. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2200863. [PMID: 35841538 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202200863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
For high-throughput anti-cancer drug screening, microwell arrays may serve as an effective tool to generate uniform and scalable tumor spheroids. However, microwell arrays are commonly anchored in non-oxygen-permeable culture plates, leading to limited oxygen supply for avascular spheroids. Herein, a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based oxygen-permeable microwell device is introduced for generating highly viable and functional hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) spheroids. The PDMS sheets at the bottom of the microwell device provide a high flux of oxygen like in vivo neighboring hepatic sinusoids. Owing to the better oxygen supply, the generated HepG2 spheroids are larger in size and exhibit higher viability and proliferation with less cell apoptosis and necrosis. These spheroids also exhibit lower levels of anaerobic cellular respiration and express higher levels of liver-related functions. In anti-cancer drug testing, spheroids cultured in PDMS plates show a significantly stronger resistance against doxorubicin because of the stronger stem-cell and multidrug resistance phenotype. Moreover, higher expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-A produces a stronger angiogenesis capability of the spheroids. Overall, compared to the spheroids cultured in conventional non-oxygen-permeable plates, these spheroids can be used as a more favorable model for early-stage HCCs and be applied in high-throughput anti-cancer drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyu He
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.,Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Chang Zhou
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.,Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolei Xu
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.,Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Changping District, Beijing, 102218, P. R. China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhou
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.,Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Mathieu Danoy
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-033, Japan
| | - Marie Shinohara
- Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
| | - Wenjin Xiao
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM UMR-S1138, CNRS SNC5014, University of Paris, Paris, 75006, France
| | - Dong Zhu
- Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Changping District, Beijing, 102218, P. R. China
| | - Xiuying Zhao
- Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Changping District, Beijing, 102218, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobin Feng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Changping District, Beijing, 102218, P. R. China
| | - Yilei Mao
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, PUMC & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100005, P. R. China
| | - Wei Sun
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.,Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.,Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, College of Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yasuyuki Sakai
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-033, Japan
| | - Huayu Yang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, PUMC & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100005, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Pang
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.,Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
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8
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Gatticchi L, Grottelli S, Ambrosini G, Pampalone G, Gualtieri O, Dando I, Bellezza I, Cellini B. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knock-out of AGXT1 in HepG2 cells as a new in vitro model of Primary Hyperoxaluria Type 1. Biochimie 2022; 202:110-122. [PMID: 35964771 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
AGXT1 encodes alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase 1 (AGT1), a liver peroxisomal pyridoxal 5'-phosphate dependent-enzyme whose deficit causes Primary Hyperoxaluria Type 1 (PH1). PH1 is a rare disease characterized by overproduction of oxalate, first leading to kidney stones formation, and possibly evolving to life-threatening systemic oxalosis. A minority of PH1 patients is responsive to pyridoxine, while the option for non-responders is liver-kidney transplantation. Therefore, huge efforts are currently focused on the identification of new therapies, including the promising approaches based on RNA silencing recently approved. Many PH1-associated mutations are missense and lead to a variety of kinetic and/or folding defects on AGT1. In this context, the availability of a reliable in vitro disease model would be essential to better understand the phenotype of known or newly-identified pathogenic variants as well as to test novel drug candidates. Here, we took advantage of the CRISPR/Cas9 technology to specifically knock-out AGXT1 in HepG2 cells, a hepatoma-derived cell model exhibiting a conserved glyoxylate metabolism. AGXT1-KO HepG2 displayed null AGT1 expression and significantly reduced transaminase activity leading to an enhanced secretion of oxalate upon glycolate challenge. Known pathogenic AGT1 variants expressed in AGXT1-KO HepG2 cells showed alteration in both protein levels and specific transaminase activity, as well as a partial mitochondrial mistargeting when associated with a common polymorphism. Notably, pyridoxine treatment was able to partially rescue activity and localization of clinically-responsive variants. Overall, our data validate AGXT1-KO HepG2 cells as a novel cellular model to investigate PH1 pathophysiology, and as a platform for drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Gatticchi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Physiology and Biochemistry Section, University of Perugia, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Silvia Grottelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Physiology and Biochemistry Section, University of Perugia, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giulia Ambrosini
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Biochemistry Section, University of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Gioena Pampalone
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Physiology and Biochemistry Section, University of Perugia, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ottavia Gualtieri
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Physiology and Biochemistry Section, University of Perugia, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Dando
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Biochemistry Section, University of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Ilaria Bellezza
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Physiology and Biochemistry Section, University of Perugia, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Barbara Cellini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Physiology and Biochemistry Section, University of Perugia, 06132, Perugia, Italy.
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9
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Tutty MA, Vella G, Prina-Mello A. Pre-clinical 2D and 3D toxicity response to a panel of nanomaterials; comparative assessment of NBM-induced liver toxicity. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2022; 12:2157-2177. [PMID: 35763196 PMCID: PMC9360078 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-022-01170-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nanobiomaterials, or NBMs, have been used in medicine and bioimaging for decades, with wide-reaching applications ranging from their uses as carriers of genes and drugs, to acting as sensors and probes. When developing nanomedicine products, it is vitally important to evaluate their safety, ensuring that both biocompatibility and efficacy are achieved so their applications in these areas can be safe and effective. When discussing the safety of nanomedicine in general terms, it is foolish to make generalised statements due to the vast array of different manufactured nanomaterials, formulated from a multitude of different materials, in many shapes and sizes; therefore, NBM pre-clinical screening can be a significant challenge. Outside of their distribution in the various tissues, organs and cells in the body, a key area of interest is the impact of NBMs on the liver. A considerable issue for researchers today is accurately predicting human-specific liver toxicity prior to clinical trials, with hepatotoxicity not only the most cited reasons for withdrawal of approved drugs, but also a primary cause of attrition in pre-launched drug candidates. To date, no simple solution to adequately predict these adverse effects exists prior to entering human experimentation. The limitations of the current pre-clinical toolkit are believed to be one of the main reasons for this, with questions being raised on the relevance of animal models in pre-clinical assessment, and over the ability of conventional, simplified in vitro cell–based assays to adequately assess new drug candidates or NBMs. Common 2D cell cultures are unable to adequately represent the functions of 3D tissues and their complex cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions, as well as differences found in diffusion and transport conditions. Therefore, testing NBM toxicity in conventional 2D models may not be an accurate reflection of the actual toxicity these materials impart on the body. One such method of overcoming these issues is the use of 3D cultures, such as cell spheroids, to more accurately assess NBM-tissue interaction. In this study, we introduce a 3D hepatocellular carcinoma model cultured from HepG2 cells to assess both the cytotoxicity and viability observed following treatment with a variety of NBMs, namely a nanostructured lipid carrier (in the specific technical name = LipImage™ 815), a gold nanoparticle (AuNP) and a panel of polymeric (in the specific technical name = PACA) NBMs. This model is also in compliance with the 3Rs policy of reduction, refinement and replacement in animal experimentation [1], and meets the critical need for more advanced in vitro models for pre-clinical nanotoxicity assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Anne Tutty
- Nanomedicine and Molecular Imaging Group, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland. .,Laboratory for Biological Characterisation of Advanced Materials (LBCAM), TTMI, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland.
| | - Gabriele Vella
- Nanomedicine and Molecular Imaging Group, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland.,Laboratory for Biological Characterisation of Advanced Materials (LBCAM), TTMI, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Adriele Prina-Mello
- Nanomedicine and Molecular Imaging Group, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland. .,Laboratory for Biological Characterisation of Advanced Materials (LBCAM), TTMI, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland. .,Trinity St James's Cancer Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.
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10
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Luan Q, Becker JH, Macaraniag C, Massad MG, Zhou J, Shimamura T, Papautsky I. Non-small cell lung carcinoma spheroid models in agarose microwells for drug response studies. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:2364-2375. [PMID: 35551303 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00244b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing interest in developing personalized treatment strategies for each cancer patient, especially those with non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) which annually accounts for the majority of cancer related deaths in the US. Yet identifying the optimal NSCLC treatment strategy for each cancer patient is critical due to a multitude of mutations, some of which develop following initial therapy and can result in drug resistance. A key difficulty in developing personalized therapies in NSCLC is the lack of clinically relevant assay systems that are suitable to evaluate drug sensitivity using a minuscule amount of patient-derived material available following biopsies. Herein we leverage 3D printing to demonstrate a platform based on miniature microwells in agarose to culture cancer cell spheroids. The agarose wells were shaped by 3D printing molds with 1000 microwells with a U-shaped bottom. Three NSCLC cell lines (HCC4006, H1975 and A549) were used to demonstrate size uniformity, spheroid viability, biomarker expressions and drug response in 3D agarose microwells. Results show that our approach yielded spheroids of uniform size (coefficient of variation <22%) and high viability (>83% after 1 week-culture). Studies using epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKIs) drugs gefitinib and osimertinib showed clinically relevant responses. Based on the physical features, cell phenotypes, and responses to therapy of our spheroid models, we conclude that our platform is suitable for in vitro culture and drug evaluation, especially in cases when tumor sample is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyue Luan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, 851 S. Morgan Street, 218 SEO, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
| | - Jeffrey H Becker
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Celine Macaraniag
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, 851 S. Morgan Street, 218 SEO, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
| | - Malek G Massad
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, 851 S. Morgan Street, 218 SEO, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
- University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Takeshi Shimamura
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Ian Papautsky
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, 851 S. Morgan Street, 218 SEO, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
- University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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11
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Mathieu D, Stéphane P, Benedikt S, Rachid J, Yannick T, Marjorie L, Johanna B, Francoise G, Bertrand G, Hiroshi A, Yukio K, Soo Hyeon K, Taketomo K, Atsushi M, Yasuyuki S, Eric L. Influence of CPM-dependent sorting on the multi-omics profile of hepatocyte-like cells matured in microscale biochips. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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12
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Graffmann N, Scherer B, Adjaye J. In vitro differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into hepatocyte like cells - basic principles and current progress. Stem Cell Res 2022; 61:102763. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2022.102763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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13
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Taherkhani A, Fazli H, Taherkhani F. Application of Janus Magnetic Nanoparticle Fe
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O
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@SiN functionalized with beta‐cyclodextrin in thymol drug delivery procedure: An in vitro study. Appl Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Taherkhani
- Department of Physics Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS) Zanjan Iran
| | - Hossein Fazli
- Department of Physics Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS) Zanjan Iran
| | - Farid Taherkhani
- Departments of Production Engineering University of Bremen Bremen Germany
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14
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Mizukami Y, Takahashi Y, Shimizu K, Konishi S, Takakura Y, Nishikawa M. Calcium Peroxide-Containing Polydimethylsiloxane-Based Microwells for Inhibiting Cell Death in Spheroids through Improved Oxygen Supply. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 44:1458-1464. [PMID: 34602554 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Multicellular spheroids are expected to be used for in vivo-like tissue models and cell transplantation. Microwell devices are useful for the fabrication of multicellular spheroids to improve productivity and regulate their size. However, the high cell density in microwell devices leads to accelerated cell death. In this study, we developed O2-generating microwells by incorporating calcium peroxide (CaO2) into polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based microwells. The CaO2-containing PDMS was shown to generate O2 for 3 d. Then, CaO2-containing PDMS was used to fabricate O2-generating microwells using a micro-molding technique. When human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) spheroids were prepared using the conventional microwells, the O2 concentration in the culture medium reduced to approx. 67% of the cell-free level. In contrast, the O2-generating microwells maintained O2 at constant levels. The HepG2 spheroids prepared using the O2-generating microwells had a larger number of live cells than those prepared using the conventional microwells. In addition, the O2-generating microwells rescued hypoxia in the HepG2 spheroids and increased cell viability. Lastly, the O2-generating microwells were also useful for the preparation of multicellular spheroids of other cell types (i.e., MIN6, B16-BL6, and adipose-derived stem cells) with high cell viability. These results showed that the O2-generating microwells are useful for preparing multicellular spheroids with high cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Mizukami
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
| | - Yuki Takahashi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
| | - Kazunori Shimizu
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University
| | - Satoshi Konishi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University
| | - Yoshinobu Takakura
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
| | - Makiya Nishikawa
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University.,Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
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15
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Shimazawa Y, Kusamori K, Tsujimura M, Shimomura A, Takasaki R, Takayama Y, Shimizu K, Konishi S, Nishikawa M. Intravenous injection of mesenchymal stem cell spheroids improves the pulmonary delivery and prolongs in vivo survival. Biotechnol J 2021; 17:e2100137. [PMID: 34581003 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202100137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because of the excellent therapeutic potential, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been used as cell therapeutics for various diseases. However, the survival rate and duration of MSCs after transplantation are extremely low and short, respectively. To solve these problems, in this study, we prepared multicellular spheroids of MSCs and investigated their survival and function after intravenous injection in mice. METHODS AND RESULTS The murine adipose-derived MSC line m17.ASC was cultured in agarose-based microwell plates to obtain size-controlled m17.ASC spheroids of an average diameter and cell number of approximately 170 μm and 1100 cells/spheroid, respectively. The intravenously injected m17.ASC spheroids mainly accumulated in the lung and showed a higher survival rate than suspended m17.ASC cells during the experimental period of 7 days. m17.ASC spheroids efficiently reduced the lipopolysaccharide-induced increase in plasma concentrations of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that spheroid formation improved the pulmonary delivery and survival of MSCs, as well as their therapeutic potential against inflammatory pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Shimazawa
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kusamori
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mari Tsujimura
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Asuka Shimomura
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ryo Takasaki
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yukiya Takayama
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazunori Shimizu
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Satoshi Konishi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Makiya Nishikawa
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
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16
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Kusamori K. Development of Advanced Cell-Based Therapy by Regulating Cell-Cell Interactions. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 44:1029-1036. [PMID: 34334488 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based therapy for disease treatment involves the transplantation of cells obtained either from self or others into relevant patients. While cells constituting the body tissues maintain homeostasis by performing remarkable functions through complicated cell-cell interactions, transplanted cells, which are generally cultured as a monolayer, are unable to recapitulate similar interactions in vivo. The regulation of cell-cell interactions can immensely increase the function and therapeutic effect of transplanted cells. This review aims to summarize the methods of regulating cell-cell interactions that could significantly increase the therapeutic effects of transplanted cells. The first method involves the generation of multicellular spheroids by three-dimensional cell culture. Spheroid formation greatly improved the survival and therapeutic effects of insulin-secreting cells in diabetic mice after transplantation. Moreover, mixed multicellular spheroids, composed of insulin-secreting cells and aorta endothelial cells or fibroblasts, were found to significantly improve insulin secretion. Secondly, adhesamine derivatives, which are low-molecular-weight compounds that accelerate cell adhesion and avoid anoikis and anchorage-dependent apoptosis, have been used to improve the survival of bone marrow-derived cells and significantly enhanced the therapeutic effects in a diabetic mouse model of delayed wound healing. Finally, the avidin-biotin complex method, a cell surface modification method, has been applied to endow tumor-homing mesenchymal stem cells with anti-tumor ability by modifying them with doxorubicin-encapsulated liposomes. The modified cells showed excellent effectiveness in cell-based cancer-targeting therapy. The discussed methods can be useful tools for advanced cell-based therapy, promising future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Kusamori
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
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17
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Liu T, den Berk L, Wondergem JAJ, Tong C, Kwakernaak MC, Braak BT, Heinrich D, Water B, Kieltyka RE. Squaramide-Based Supramolecular Materials Drive HepG2 Spheroid Differentiation. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001903. [PMID: 33929772 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A major challenge in the use of HepG2 cell culture models for drug toxicity screening is their lack of maturity in 2D culture. 3D culture in Matrigel promotes the formation of spheroids that express liver-relevant markers, yet they still lack various primary hepatocyte functions. Therefore, alternative matrices where chemical composition and materials properties are controlled to steer maturation of HepG2 spheroids remain desired. Herein, a modular approach is taken based on a fully synthetic and minimalistic supramolecular matrix based on squaramide synthons outfitted with a cell-adhesive peptide, RGD for 3D HepG2 spheroid culture. Co-assemblies of RGD-functionalized squaramide-based and native monomers resulted in soft and self-recovering supramolecular hydrogels with a tunable RGD concentration. HepG2 spheroids are self-assembled and grown (≈150 µm) within the supramolecular hydrogels with high cell viability and differentiation over 21 days of culture. Importantly, significantly higher mRNA and protein expression levels of phase I and II metabolic enzymes, drug transporters, and liver markers are found for the squaramide hydrogels in comparison to Matrigel. Overall, the fully synthetic squaramide hydrogels are proven to be synthetically accessible and effective for HepG2 differentiation showcasing the potential of this supramolecular matrix to rival and replace naturally-derived materials classically used in high-throughput toxicity screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingxian Liu
- Department of Supramolecular and Biomaterials Chemistry Leiden Institute of Chemistry Leiden University P.O. Box 9502 Leiden 2300 RA Netherlands
| | - Linda den Berk
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research Leiden University P.O. Box 9502 Leiden 2300 RA Netherlands
| | - Joeri A. J. Wondergem
- Department of Physics Huygens‐Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory Leiden University Leiden 2300 RA Netherlands
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC Neunerplatz 2 Würzburg 97082 Germany
| | - Ciqing Tong
- Department of Supramolecular and Biomaterials Chemistry Leiden Institute of Chemistry Leiden University P.O. Box 9502 Leiden 2300 RA Netherlands
| | - Markus C. Kwakernaak
- Department of Supramolecular and Biomaterials Chemistry Leiden Institute of Chemistry Leiden University P.O. Box 9502 Leiden 2300 RA Netherlands
| | - Bas ter Braak
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research Leiden University P.O. Box 9502 Leiden 2300 RA Netherlands
| | - Doris Heinrich
- Department of Physics Huygens‐Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory Leiden University Leiden 2300 RA Netherlands
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC Neunerplatz 2 Würzburg 97082 Germany
| | - Bob Water
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research Leiden University P.O. Box 9502 Leiden 2300 RA Netherlands
| | - Roxanne E. Kieltyka
- Department of Supramolecular and Biomaterials Chemistry Leiden Institute of Chemistry Leiden University P.O. Box 9502 Leiden 2300 RA Netherlands
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18
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Applicability of Artificial Vascularized Liver Tissue to Proteomic Analysis. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12040418. [PMID: 33920367 PMCID: PMC8070353 DOI: 10.3390/mi12040418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Artificial vascularized tubular liver tissue has perfusable blood vessels that allow fluid access to the tissue interior, enabling the injection of drugs and collection of metabolites, which are valuable for drug discovery. It is amenable to standard evaluation methods, such as paraffin-embedded sectioning, qPCR, and RNA sequencing, which makes it easy to implement into existing research processes. However, the application of tissues vascularized by the self-assembly of cells, (including tubular liver tissue, has not yet been tested in comprehensive proteomic analysis relevant for drug discovery. Here, we established a method to efficiently separate cells from the tubular liver tissue by adding a pipetting step during collagenase treatment. By using this method, we succeeded in obtaining a sufficient number of cells for the proteomic analysis. In addition, to validate this approach, we compared the cells separated from the tissue with those grown in 2D culture, focusing on the proteins related to drug metabolism. We found that the levels of proteins involved in metabolic phases II and III were slightly higher in the tubular liver tissue than those in the 2D cell culture. Taken together, our suggested method demonstrates the applicability of tubular liver tissue to the proteomic analysis in drug assays.
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Han SJ, Kwon S, Kim KS. Challenges of applying multicellular tumor spheroids in preclinical phase. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:152. [PMID: 33663530 PMCID: PMC7934264 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-01853-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The three-dimensional (3D) multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTs) model is becoming an essential tool in cancer research as it expresses an intermediate complexity between 2D monolayer models and in vivo solid tumors. MCTs closely resemble in vivo solid tumors in many aspects, such as the heterogeneous architecture, internal gradients of signaling factors, nutrients, and oxygenation. MCTs have growth kinetics similar to those of in vivo tumors, and the cells in spheroid mimic the physical interaction of the tumors, such as cell-to-cell and cell-to-extracellular matrix interactions. These similarities provide great potential for studying the biological properties of tumors and a promising platform for drug screening and therapeutic efficacy evaluation. However, MCTs are not well adopted as preclinical tools for studying tumor behavior and therapeutic efficacy up to now. In this review, we addressed the challenges with MCTs application and discussed various efforts to overcome the challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Jik Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| | - Sangwoo Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| | - Kyung Sook Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Korea.
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20
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Kim SJ, Kim EM, Yamamoto M, Park H, Shin H. Engineering Multi-Cellular Spheroids for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e2000608. [PMID: 32734719 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202000608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Multi-cellular spheroids are formed as a 3D structure with dense cell-cell/cell-extracellular matrix interactions, and thus, have been widely utilized as implantable therapeutics and various ex vivo tissue models in tissue engineering. In principle, spheroid culture methods maximize cell-cell cohesion and induce spontaneous cellular assembly while minimizing cellular interactions with substrates by using physical forces such as gravitational or centrifugal forces, protein-repellant biomaterials, and micro-structured surfaces. In addition, biofunctional materials including magnetic nanoparticles, polymer microspheres, and nanofiber particles are combined with cells to harvest composite spheroids, to accelerate spheroid formation, to increase the mechanical properties and viability of spheroids, and to direct differentiation of stem cells into desirable cell types. Biocompatible hydrogels are developed to produce microgels for the fabrication of size-controlled spheroids with high efficiency. Recently, spheroids have been further engineered to fabricate structurally and functionally reliable in vitro artificial 3D tissues of the desired shape with enhanced specific biological functions. This paper reviews the overall characteristics of spheroids and general/advanced spheroid culture techniques. Significant roles of functional biomaterials in advanced spheroid engineering with emphasis on the use of spheroids in the reconstruction of artificial 3D tissue for tissue engineering are also thoroughly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Jeong Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimri-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
- BK21 Plus Future Biopharmaceutical Human Resources Training and Research Team, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimri-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Mi Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimri-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
- BK21 Plus Future Biopharmaceutical Human Resources Training and Research Team, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimri-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Masaya Yamamoto
- Department of Materials Processing, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-02 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
- Biomedical Engineering for Diagnosis and Treatment, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-02 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Hansoo Park
- School of Integrative Engineering, College of Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Heungsoo Shin
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimri-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
- BK21 Plus Future Biopharmaceutical Human Resources Training and Research Team, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimri-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Nano Science & Technology (INST), Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimri-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
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21
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Cox CR, Lynch S, Goldring C, Sharma P. Current Perspective: 3D Spheroid Models Utilizing Human-Based Cells for Investigating Metabolism-Dependent Drug-Induced Liver Injury. FRONTIERS IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 2020; 2:611913. [PMID: 35047893 PMCID: PMC8757888 DOI: 10.3389/fmedt.2020.611913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) remains a leading cause for the withdrawal of approved drugs. This has significant financial implications for pharmaceutical companies, places increasing strain on global health services, and causes harm to patients. For these reasons, it is essential that in-vitro liver models are capable of detecting DILI-positive compounds and their underlying mechanisms, prior to their approval and administration to patients or volunteers in clinical trials. Metabolism-dependent DILI is an important mechanism of drug-induced toxicity, which often involves the CYP450 family of enzymes, and is associated with the production of a chemically reactive metabolite and/or inefficient removal and accumulation of potentially toxic compounds. Unfortunately, many of the traditional in-vitro liver models fall short of their in-vivo counterparts, failing to recapitulate the mature hepatocyte phenotype, becoming metabolically incompetent, and lacking the longevity to investigate and detect metabolism-dependent DILI and those associated with chronic and repeat dosing regimens. Nevertheless, evidence is gathering to indicate that growing cells in 3D formats can increase the complexity of these models, promoting a more mature-hepatocyte phenotype and increasing their longevity, in vitro. This review will discuss the use of 3D in vitro models, namely spheroids, organoids, and perfusion-based systems to establish suitable liver models to investigate metabolism-dependent DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Cox
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Christopher R. Cox
| | - Stephen Lynch
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Goldring
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Parveen Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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22
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Meng Q, Wang Y, Li Y, Shen C. Hydrogel microfluidic-based liver-on-a-chip: Mimicking the mass transfer and structural features of liver. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 118:612-621. [PMID: 33017042 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Liver is fed by nutrition via diffusion across the vascular wall from blood flow. However, hepatocytes in liver models are directly exposed to the perfusion culture medium, where the shear stress reduces the cell viability and liver-specific functions. By mimicking the mass transfer and structural features of hepatic lobule, we designed a microfluidic liver-on-a-chip based on the di-acrylated pluronic F127 hydrogel. In the hydrogel chip, hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 and human hepatic stellate cell LX-2 were statically cultured inside the microwells on the outer channel. These hepatic cells were fed by the diffused medium from the adjacent but separated inner channel with endothelial cell monolayers, which was perfused by the medium with physiologically relevant shear stress. As found, the hepatic cells in the liver-on-a-chip rapidly formed spheroids within 1-day incubation and expressed about one to two-fold higher viability/liver-specific functions than the corresponding static culture for at least 8 days. Moreover, the presence of endothelial cells also contributed to the expression of liver-specific functions in the liver-on-a-chip. Therefore, the proposed liver-on-a-chip provides a new concept for construction of 3D liver models in vitro, and shows the potential value for a variety of applications including bio-artificial livers and drug toxicity screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Meng
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yingjun Li
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chong Shen
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Mori N, Kida YS. Expression of genes involved in drug metabolism differs between perfusable 3D liver tissue and conventional 2D-cultured hepatocellular carcinoma cells. FEBS Open Bio 2020; 10:1985-2002. [PMID: 32794647 PMCID: PMC7530396 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tubular 3D liver tissue with enhanced capillary‐like structures branching from a large main channel is potentially useful for drug discovery because the perfusable main channel and capillary‐like structures enable mass transfer into and out from the tissue. Tubular liver tissue is comprised of the hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), using a perfusion device functioning as the interface for an external pump. This study aimed to compare the expression of genes involved in drug metabolism between 2D‐cultured hepatocellular carcinoma cells and 3D‐cultured tubular liver tissue. Gene expression profiles of 2D‐cultured cells and tubular liver tissue were compared using RNA sequencing. Multidimensional scaling analysis revealed that culture dimensionality had a more prominent effect on gene expression profiles than perfusion conditions. More specifically, genes involved in drug metabolism such as CYP2D6, CYP2E1, NNMT, and SLC28A1 were slightly upregulated in the 3D cultures, while certain genes such as ALDH1B1, ALDH1A2, and SULT1E1 were downregulated. These results indicate that gene expression profiles are largely influenced by culture dimensionality and are potentially useful to researchers intending to switch from 2D culture to 3D culture of hepatocellular carcinoma or other tissue types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhito Mori
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki S Kida
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan.,Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
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24
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Basu A, Dydowiczová A, Trosko JE, Bláha L, Babica P. Ready to go 3D? A semi-automated protocol for microwell spheroid arrays to increase scalability and throughput of 3D cell culture testing. Toxicol Mech Methods 2020; 30:590-604. [PMID: 32713235 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2020.1800881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
3-dimensional (3D) cell cultures are being increasingly recognized as physiologically more relevant in vitro models than traditional monolayer cultures, because they better mimic in vivo-like microenvironment, cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions. Nevertheless, the broader use of 3D models might be limited by requirements for special consumables, equipment, or skills for 3D cell cultures, and by their limited throughput and scalability. In this study, we optimized and adapted a commercially available agarose-micromolding technique to produce scaffold-free spheroid cultures. Brightfield microscopy was used for routine nondestructive and noninvasive evaluation of spheroid formation and growth. The workflow is compatible with manual, as well as high speed automated microscopic image acquisition, and it is supplemented with an in-house developed macro 'Spheroid_Finder' for open source software Fiji to facilitate rapid automated image analysis. This protocol was used to characterize and quantify spheroid formation and growth of two different hepatic cell lines, hTERT immortalized, but non-cancerous, adult human liver stem cell line HL1-hT1, and human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2, as well as their responses to a model antiproliferative and cytotoxic agent, 5-fluorouracil. The complete protocol provides a simple and ready-to-use solution to initiate scaffold-free spheroid cultures in any laboratory with standard equipment for mammalian in vitro cell culture work. Thus, it allows to increase throughput and scale of spheroid culture experiments, which can be greatly utilized in different areas of biomedical, pharmaceutical and toxicological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Basu
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Aneta Dydowiczová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - James E Trosko
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, and Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Luděk Bláha
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Babica
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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25
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Mizukami Y, Moriya A, Takahashi Y, Shimizu K, Konishi S, Takakura Y, Nishikawa M. Incorporation of Gelatin Microspheres into HepG2 Human Hepatocyte Spheroids for Functional Improvement through Improved Oxygen Supply to Spheroid Core. Biol Pharm Bull 2020; 43:1220-1225. [PMID: 32741942 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b20-00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The multicellular spheroid three-dimensional cell culture system can be used as a formulation for cell-based therapy. However, the viability and functions of the cells in the core region of the spheroid tend to decrease because of limited oxygen supply. In this study, we incorporated gelatin microspheres (GMS) into HepG2 human hepatocyte spheroids to allow oxygen to reach the spheroid core. GMS with an approximate diameter of 37 µm were fabricated by water-in-oil emulsification followed by freeze drying. GMS-containing HepG2 spheroids (GMS/HepG2 spheroids) were prepared by incubation of the cells with GMS at various mixing ratios in agarose gel-based microwells. Increasing the GMS ratio increased the diameter of the spheroids, and few spheroids formed with excess GMS. HepG2 cells in the GMS/HepG2 spheroids were more oxygenated than those in the GMS-free spheroids. GMS incorporation increased the viability of HepG2 cells in the spheroids and increased the CYP1A1 activity of the cells to metabolize 7-ethoxyresorufin, although mRNA expression of the CYP1A1 gene was hardly affected by GMS incorporation. These results indicate that incorporating GMS into HepG2 spheroids improves the hypoxic microenvironment in the spheroids and increases cell viability and CYP1A1 metabolic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Mizukami
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
| | - Ai Moriya
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
| | - Yuki Takahashi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
| | - Kazunori Shimizu
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University
| | - Satoshi Konishi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University
| | - Yoshinobu Takakura
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
| | - Makiya Nishikawa
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University.,Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
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26
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Labour MN, Le Guilcher C, Aid-Launais R, El Samad N, Lanouar S, Simon-Yarza T, Letourneur D. Development of 3D Hepatic Constructs Within Polysaccharide-Based Scaffolds with Tunable Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103644. [PMID: 32455711 PMCID: PMC7279349 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Organoids production is a key tool for in vitro studies of physiopathological conditions, drug-induced toxicity assays, and for a potential use in regenerative medicine. Hence, it prompted studies on hepatic organoids and liver regeneration. Numerous attempts to produce hepatic constructs had often limited success due to a lack of viability or functionality. Moreover, most products could not be translated for clinical studies. The aim of this study was to develop functional and viable hepatic constructs using a 3D porous scaffold with an adjustable structure, devoid of any animal component, that could also be used as an in vivo implantable system. We used a combination of pharmaceutical grade pullulan and dextran with different porogen formulations to form crosslinked scaffolds with macroporosity ranging from 30 µm to several hundreds of microns. Polysaccharide scaffolds were easy to prepare and to handle, and allowed confocal observations thanks to their transparency. A simple seeding method allowed a rapid impregnation of the scaffolds with HepG2 cells and a homogeneous cell distribution within the scaffolds. Cells were viable over seven days and form spheroids of various geometries and sizes. Cells in 3D express hepatic markers albumin, HNF4α and CYP3A4, start to polarize and were sensitive to acetaminophen in a concentration-dependant manner. Therefore, this study depicts a proof of concept for organoid production in 3D scaffolds that could be prepared under GMP conditions for reliable drug-induced toxicity studies and for liver tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Noëlle Labour
- INSERM U1148, LVTS, Université de Paris, X Bichat Hospital, 46 rue H Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France; (M.-N.L.); (C.L.G.); (R.A.-L.); (N.E.S.); (S.L.); (T.S.-Y.)
- INSERM U1148, LVTS, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 99 av JB Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France
- École Pratique des Hautes Études, Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL) Research University, 4-14 rue Ferrus, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Camile Le Guilcher
- INSERM U1148, LVTS, Université de Paris, X Bichat Hospital, 46 rue H Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France; (M.-N.L.); (C.L.G.); (R.A.-L.); (N.E.S.); (S.L.); (T.S.-Y.)
- INSERM U1148, LVTS, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 99 av JB Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France
| | - Rachida Aid-Launais
- INSERM U1148, LVTS, Université de Paris, X Bichat Hospital, 46 rue H Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France; (M.-N.L.); (C.L.G.); (R.A.-L.); (N.E.S.); (S.L.); (T.S.-Y.)
- INSERM UMS-34, FRIM Université de Paris, X Bichat School of Medicine, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Nour El Samad
- INSERM U1148, LVTS, Université de Paris, X Bichat Hospital, 46 rue H Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France; (M.-N.L.); (C.L.G.); (R.A.-L.); (N.E.S.); (S.L.); (T.S.-Y.)
- INSERM U1148, LVTS, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 99 av JB Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France
| | - Soraya Lanouar
- INSERM U1148, LVTS, Université de Paris, X Bichat Hospital, 46 rue H Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France; (M.-N.L.); (C.L.G.); (R.A.-L.); (N.E.S.); (S.L.); (T.S.-Y.)
- INSERM U1148, LVTS, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 99 av JB Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France
| | - Teresa Simon-Yarza
- INSERM U1148, LVTS, Université de Paris, X Bichat Hospital, 46 rue H Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France; (M.-N.L.); (C.L.G.); (R.A.-L.); (N.E.S.); (S.L.); (T.S.-Y.)
- INSERM U1148, LVTS, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 99 av JB Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France
| | - Didier Letourneur
- INSERM U1148, LVTS, Université de Paris, X Bichat Hospital, 46 rue H Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France; (M.-N.L.); (C.L.G.); (R.A.-L.); (N.E.S.); (S.L.); (T.S.-Y.)
- INSERM U1148, LVTS, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 99 av JB Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France
- Correspondence:
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27
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Agarwal T, Biswas P, Pal S, Maiti TK, Chakraborty S, Ghosh SK, Dhar R. Inexpensive and Versatile Paper-Based Platform for 3D Culture of Liver Cells and Related Bioassays. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:2522-2533. [PMID: 35025303 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Agarwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Pratik Biswas
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Sampriti Pal
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Tapas Kumar Maiti
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Suman Chakraborty
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Sudip Kumar Ghosh
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Riddhiman Dhar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
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28
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Ide I, Nagao E, Kajiyama S, Mizoguchi N. A novel evaluation method for determining drug-induced hepatotoxicity using 3D bio-printed human liver tissue. Toxicol Mech Methods 2019; 30:189-196. [PMID: 31736396 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2019.1686795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Predicting drug-induced liver injury is important in early stage drug discovery; however, an accurate prediction with existing hepatotoxicity evaluation tools is difficult. Conventional monolayer (2D) cultures have short viabilities and are therefore inappropriate for performing long-term toxicity tests. Conventionally used 200-μm spheroids also have toxicity detection limits. The goal of this study was to develop a humanized liver tissue capable of evaluating long-term toxicity with high sensitivity. Spheroids consisting of co-cultured cryopreserved primary human hepatocytes and human hepatic stellate cells were developed using a 3D bio-printer. The "3D bio-printed liver tissue", of ∼1 mm, was then used for long-term viability assessments (over 25 days) based on ATP, albumin, and urea levels. Hepatotoxicity evaluation was performed by analyzing the expression of genes involved in drug metabolism and transport over a 2-week drug exposure period. The 3D bio-printed liver tissue showed improved viability and enhanced gene expression of enzymes related to drug metabolism and transport, as compared to the controls. Additionally, the 3D bio-printed liver tissue demonstrated a high sensitivity for hepatotoxicity evaluation when combined with pathological evaluation and measurements for ATP production, and secretion of albumin and urea. In conclusion, the 3D bio-printed liver tissue was able to detect the toxicity of compounds that was, otherwise, undetected by 2D culture and conventionally used spheroids. These findings demonstrate a 3D bio-printed liver tissue with increased accuracy of hepatotoxicity prediction in the early stages of drug discovery, as compared to currently available methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Ide
- Department of Drug Discovery Platform, Cyfuse Biomedical K.K., University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eri Nagao
- Department of Drug Discovery Platform, Cyfuse Biomedical K.K., University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sakura Kajiyama
- Department of Drug Discovery Platform, Cyfuse Biomedical K.K., University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natsumi Mizoguchi
- Department of Drug Discovery Platform, Cyfuse Biomedical K.K., University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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29
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The comet assay applied to HepG2 liver spheroids. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2019; 845:403033. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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30
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Legallais C, Kim D, Mihaila SM, Mihajlovic M, Figliuzzi M, Bonandrini B, Salerno S, Yousef Yengej FA, Rookmaaker MB, Sanchez Romero N, Sainz-Arnal P, Pereira U, Pasqua M, Gerritsen KGF, Verhaar MC, Remuzzi A, Baptista PM, De Bartolo L, Masereeuw R, Stamatialis D. Bioengineering Organs for Blood Detoxification. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1800430. [PMID: 30230709 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201800430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
For patients with severe kidney or liver failure the best solution is currently organ transplantation. However, not all patients are eligible for transplantation and due to limited organ availability, most patients are currently treated with therapies using artificial kidney and artificial liver devices. These therapies, despite their relative success in preserving the patients' life, have important limitations since they can only replace part of the natural kidney or liver functions. As blood detoxification (and other functions) in these highly perfused organs is achieved by specialized cells, it seems relevant to review the approaches leading to bioengineered organs fulfilling most of the native organ functions. There, the culture of cells of specific phenotypes on adapted scaffolds that can be perfused takes place. In this review paper, first the functions of kidney and liver organs are briefly described. Then artificial kidney/liver devices, bioartificial kidney devices, and bioartificial liver devices are focused on, as well as biohybrid constructs obtained by decellularization and recellularization of animal organs. For all organs, a thorough overview of the literature is given and the perspectives for their application in the clinic are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Legallais
- UMR CNRS 7338 Biomechanics & Bioengineering; Université de technologie de Compiègne; Sorbonne Universités; 60203 Compiègne France
| | - Dooli Kim
- (Bio)artificial organs; Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology; Faculty of Science and Technology; TechMed Institute; University of Twente; P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Sylvia M. Mihaila
- Division of Pharmacology; Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension; University Medical Center Utrecht and Regenerative Medicine Utrecht; Utrecht University; Heidelberglaan 100 3584 CX Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Milos Mihajlovic
- Division of Pharmacology; Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Marina Figliuzzi
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri; via Stezzano 87 24126 Bergamo Italy
| | - Barbara Bonandrini
- Department of Chemistry; Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”; Politecnico di Milano; Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Simona Salerno
- Institute on Membrane Technology; National Research Council of Italy; ITM-CNR; Via Pietro BUCCI, Cubo 17C - 87036 Rende Italy
| | - Fjodor A. Yousef Yengej
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension; University Medical Center Utrecht and Regenerative Medicine Utrecht; Utrecht University; Heidelberglaan 100 3584 CX Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Maarten B. Rookmaaker
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension; University Medical Center Utrecht and Regenerative Medicine Utrecht; Utrecht University; Heidelberglaan 100 3584 CX Utrecht The Netherlands
| | | | - Pilar Sainz-Arnal
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragon); 50009 Zaragoza Spain
- Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud (IACS); 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Ulysse Pereira
- UMR CNRS 7338 Biomechanics & Bioengineering; Université de technologie de Compiègne; Sorbonne Universités; 60203 Compiègne France
| | - Mattia Pasqua
- UMR CNRS 7338 Biomechanics & Bioengineering; Université de technologie de Compiègne; Sorbonne Universités; 60203 Compiègne France
| | - Karin G. F. Gerritsen
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension; University Medical Center Utrecht and Regenerative Medicine Utrecht; Utrecht University; Heidelberglaan 100 3584 CX Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Marianne C. Verhaar
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension; University Medical Center Utrecht and Regenerative Medicine Utrecht; Utrecht University; Heidelberglaan 100 3584 CX Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Remuzzi
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri; via Stezzano 87 24126 Bergamo Italy
- Department of Management; Information and Production Engineering; University of Bergamo; viale Marconi 5 24044 Dalmine Italy
| | - Pedro M. Baptista
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragon); 50009 Zaragoza Spain
- Department of Management; Information and Production Engineering; University of Bergamo; viale Marconi 5 24044 Dalmine Italy
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas (CIBERehd); 28029 Barcelona Spain
- Fundación ARAID; 50009 Zaragoza Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz; 28040 Madrid Spain. Department of Biomedical and Aerospace Engineering; Universidad Carlos III de Madrid; 28911 Madrid Spain
| | - Loredana De Bartolo
- Institute on Membrane Technology; National Research Council of Italy; ITM-CNR; Via Pietro BUCCI, Cubo 17C - 87036 Rende Italy
| | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Division of Pharmacology; Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Dimitrios Stamatialis
- (Bio)artificial organs; Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology; Faculty of Science and Technology; TechMed Institute; University of Twente; P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
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31
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Verma SK, Modi A, Bellare J. Three-dimensional multiscale fiber matrices: development and characterization for increased HepG2 functional maintenance for bio-artificial liver application. Biomater Sci 2018; 6:280-291. [DOI: 10.1039/c7bm00963a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
One-step development of three-dimensional multiscale fiber matrices to enhance attachment, proliferation, and characteristic functions of HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendra Kumar Verma
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
- Mumbai – 400076
- India
| | - Akshay Modi
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
- Mumbai – 400076
- India
| | - Jayesh Bellare
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
- Mumbai – 400076
- India
- Centre for Research in Nanotechnology & Sciences
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32
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Yang Y, Hou J, Shao M, Zhang W, Qi Y, E S, Wang S, Sui H, Meng D, Wang B, Wang M, Han Y, Cao Y, Huang X, Li Y, Zhang P, Wang W. CXCL5 as an autocrine or paracrine cytokine is associated with proliferation and migration of hepatoblastoma HepG2 cells. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:7977-7985. [PMID: 29344240 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 5 (CXCL5) is a CXC-type chemokine that is a crucial inflammatory mediator and a powerful attractant for granulocytic immune cells. Increasing evidence has indicated that CXCL5 is involved in the tumorigenesis of various malignancies. The present investigation demonstrated that CXCL5 was expressed in both hepatoblastoma HepG2 cells and liver stellate LX-2 cells, and CXCL5's receptor C-X-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CXCR2) was expressed in HepG2 cells by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), western blotting and ELISA assays. Cell counting kit-8, colony formation and Transwell assays revealed that exogenous CXCL5 expression efficiently promoted proliferation, colony formation and migration of HepG2 cells. To explore the autocrine and paracrine roles of CXCL5 in the oncogenic potential of HepG2 cells, HepG2 cells overexpressing CXCL5 and LX-2 cells overexpressing CXCL5 were successfully constructed by gene transfection. Similarly, overexpression of CXCL5 in HepG2 also enhanced proliferation, colony formation and migration of HepG2 cells. Furthermore, the condition medium of LX-2 cells overexpressing CXCL5 affected the proliferation and migration of HepG2 cells. RT-PCR and western blotting assays were also conducted to explore whether overexpression of CXCL5 in HepG2 modulated the expression of genes. The results revealed that overexpression of CXCL5 regulated the expression of several genes, including N-myc downregulated gene 3,w B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-associated X protein, P53, vascular endothelial growth factor, interleukin (IL)-18, IL-1β and cystathionine-γ-lyase. In conclusion, the present findings indicate that CXCL5/CXCR2 axis contributes to the oncogenic potential of hepatoblastoma via autocrine or paracrine pathways by regulating expression of genes associated with the progression of carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Basic Medical College, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154007, P.R. China
| | - Jie Hou
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154002, P.R. China
| | - Mingliang Shao
- The Fifth Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- The Fifth Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, P.R. China
| | - Yaling Qi
- Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan 571199, P.R. China
| | - Shengnan E
- Basic Medical College, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154007, P.R. China
| | - Shuqiu Wang
- Basic Medical College, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154007, P.R. China
| | - Hongyu Sui
- Basic Medical College, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154007, P.R. China
| | - Dexin Meng
- Basic Medical College, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154007, P.R. China
| | - Baixin Wang
- Basic Medical College, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154007, P.R. China
| | - Mingfu Wang
- Basic Medical College, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154007, P.R. China
| | - Yang Han
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154002, P.R. China
| | - Yu Cao
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154002, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqing Huang
- Basic Medical College, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154007, P.R. China
| | - Yue Li
- Basic Medical College, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154007, P.R. China
| | - Pengxia Zhang
- Basic Medical College, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154007, P.R. China
| | - Weiqun Wang
- Basic Medical College, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154007, P.R. China
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