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Zhao P, Liu W, Wang S, Lun J. Purpurogallin carboxylic acid exhibits synergistic effects with 5‑fluorouracil on liver cancer cells in vitro by targeting ABCG2. Exp Ther Med 2024; 28:276. [PMID: 38800042 PMCID: PMC11117098 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2024.12564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpurogallin carboxylic acid (PCA) is a natural phenol compound derived from Macleaya microcarpa (Maxim.) Fedde, which exerts particular antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities. However, the effects and mechanisms of PCA on liver cancer cells remain unknown. Therefore, network pharmacology and computer virtual docking were used to identify the target-proteins of PCA. In addition, surface plasmon resonance, protease activity and rhodamine excretion assays were carried out to evaluate the effects of PCA on the activity of ATP binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2). The synergistic effects of PCA and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) on liver cancer cell proliferation, cell cycle arrest, colony formation and spheroid formation abilities in vitro were determined by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, flow cytometry, western blot analysis, colony formation and spheroid formation assays, respectively. ABCG2 was identified as a potential target of PCA, with a high docking score. The equilibrium dissociation constant of PCA for ABCG2 protein was 1.84 µM, while the median inhibitory concentration of this protein was 3.09 µM. In addition, the results demonstrated that PCA could significantly reduce the drug efflux capacity of liver cancer cells. CCK-8 assays revealed that liver cancer cell treatment with 10 µM PCA and 10 µM 5-FU exhibited the most potent synergistic effects on liver cancer cell proliferation at 48 h. Additionally, cell co-treatment with PCA and 5-FU also significantly attenuated the colony and spheroid formation abilities of liver cancer cells in vitro, while it promoted their arrest at the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Furthermore, ABCG2 silencing in liver cancer cells notably abrogated the synergistic effects of PCA and 5-FU. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that PCA exhibited synergistic effects with 5-FU on liver cancer cells in vitro via targeting ABCG2. Therefore, PCA combined with 5-FU may be a potential strategy for liver cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Changle County People's Hospital Affiliated to Weifang Medical College, Weifang, Shandong 261000, P.R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Oncology, Changle County People's Hospital Affiliated to Weifang Medical College, Weifang, Shandong 261000, P.R. China
| | - Shuqing Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical College, Weifang, Shandong 261000, P.R. China
| | - Junjie Lun
- Department of Oncology, Changle County People's Hospital Affiliated to Weifang Medical College, Weifang, Shandong 261000, P.R. China
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Zhao S, Wu W, Jiang H, Ma L, Pan C, Jin C, Mo J, Wang L, Wang K. Selective Inhibitor of the c-Met Receptor Tyrosine Kinase in Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma: No Beneficial Effect With the Use of Tivantinib? Front Immunol 2021; 12:731527. [PMID: 34804015 PMCID: PMC8600564 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.731527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a formidable health challenge worldwide, with a 5-year survival rate of 2.4% in patients with distant metastases. The hepatocyte growth factor/cellular-mesenchymal-epithelial transition (HGF/c-Met) signaling pathway represents an encouraging therapeutic target for progressive HCC. Tivantinib, a non-adenosine triphosphate-competitive c-Met inhibitor, showed an attractive therapeutic effect on advanced HCC patients with high MET-expression in phase 2 study but failed to meet its primary endpoint of prolonging the overall survival (OS) in two phase 3 HCC clinical trials. Seven clinical trials have been registered in the "ClinicalTrials.gov" for investigating the safety and efficacy of tivantinib in treating advanced or unresectable HCC. Eight relevant studies have been published with results. The sample size ranged from 20 to 340 patients. The methods of tivantinib administration and dosage were orally 120/240/360 mg twice daily. MET overexpression was recorded at 34.6% to 100%. Two large sample phase 3 studies (the METIV-HCC study of Australia and European population and the JET-HCC study of the Japanese population) revealed that tivantinib failed to show survival benefits in advanced HCC. Common adverse events with tivantinib treatment include neutropenia, ascites, rash, and anemia, etc. Several factors may contribute to the inconsistency between the phase 2 and phase 3 studies of tivantinib, including the sample size, drug dosing, study design, and the rate of MET-High. In the future, high selective MET inhibitors combined with a biomarker-driven patient selection may provide a potentially viable therapeutic strategy for patients with advanced HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankun Zhao
- Department of Urology, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, China
| | - Weizhou Wu
- Department of Urology, Maoming People's Hospital, Maoming, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, China
| | - Lei Ma
- Department of General Surgery, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, China
| | - Chengyi Pan
- Department of General Surgery, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, China
| | - Chong Jin
- Department of General Surgery, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, China
| | - Jinggang Mo
- Department of General Surgery, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, China
| | - Liezhi Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, China
| | - Kunpeng Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, China
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Álvarez-Mercado AI, Caballeria-Casals A, Rojano-Alfonso C, Chávez-Reyes J, Micó-Carnero M, Sanchez-Gonzalez A, Casillas-Ramírez A, Gracia-Sancho J, Peralta C. Insights into Growth Factors in Liver Carcinogenesis and Regeneration: An Ongoing Debate on Minimizing Cancer Recurrence after Liver Resection. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091158. [PMID: 34572344 PMCID: PMC8470173 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma has become a leading cause of cancer-associated mortality throughout the world, and is of great concern. Currently used chemotherapeutic drugs in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma lead to severe side effects, thus underscoring the need for further research to develop novel and safer therapies. Liver resection in cancer patients is routinely performed. After partial resection, liver regeneration is a perfectly calibrated response apparently sensed by the body’s required liver function. This process hinges on the effect of several growth factors, among other molecules. However, dysregulation of growth factor signals also leads to growth signaling autonomy and tumor progression, so control of growth factor expression may prevent tumor progression. This review describes the role of some of the main growth factors whose dysregulation promotes liver tumor progression, and are also key in regenerating the remaining liver following resection. We herein summarize and discuss studies focused on partial hepatectomy and liver carcinogenesis, referring to hepatocyte growth factor, insulin-like growth factor, and epidermal growth factor, as well as their suitability as targets in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Finally, and given that drugs remain one of the mainstay treatment options in liver carcinogenesis, we have reviewed the current pharmacological approaches approved for clinical use or research targeting these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I. Álvarez-Mercado
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, 18016 Armilla, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.I.Á.-M.); (C.P.)
| | - Albert Caballeria-Casals
- Hepatic Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Department, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (A.C.-C.); (C.R.-A.); (M.M.-C.)
| | - Carlos Rojano-Alfonso
- Hepatic Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Department, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (A.C.-C.); (C.R.-A.); (M.M.-C.)
| | - Jesús Chávez-Reyes
- Facultad de Medicina e Ingeniería en Sistemas Computacionales Matamoros, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Matamoros 87300, Mexico; (J.C.-R.); (A.C.-R.)
| | - Marc Micó-Carnero
- Hepatic Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Department, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (A.C.-C.); (C.R.-A.); (M.M.-C.)
| | - Alfredo Sanchez-Gonzalez
- Teaching and Research Department, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ciudad Victoria “Bicentenario 2010”, Ciudad Victoria 87087, Mexico;
| | - Araní Casillas-Ramírez
- Facultad de Medicina e Ingeniería en Sistemas Computacionales Matamoros, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Matamoros 87300, Mexico; (J.C.-R.); (A.C.-R.)
- Teaching and Research Department, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ciudad Victoria “Bicentenario 2010”, Ciudad Victoria 87087, Mexico;
| | - Jordi Gracia-Sancho
- Liver Vascular Biology Research Group, Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, IDIBAPS Biomedical Research Institute, CIBEREHD, 03036 Barcelona, Spain;
- Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Peralta
- Hepatic Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Department, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (A.C.-C.); (C.R.-A.); (M.M.-C.)
- Correspondence: (A.I.Á.-M.); (C.P.)
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