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Wang WX, Chen L, Wang GY, Zhang JL, Tan XW, Lin QH, Chen YJ, Zhang J, Zhu PP, Miao J, Su MM, Liu CX, Jia W, Lan K. Urinary Bile Acid Profile of Newborns Born by Cesarean Section Is Characterized by Oxidative Metabolism of Primary Bile Acids: Limited Roles of Fetal-Specific CYP3A7 in Cholate Oxidations. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:662-672. [PMID: 32499339 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This work aims to investigate how the bile acid metabolism of newborns differs from that of adults along the axis of primary, secondary, and tertiary bile acids (BAs). The total unconjugated BA profiles were quantitatively determined by enzyme digestion techniques in urine of 21 newborns born by cesarean section, 29 healthy parturient women, 30 healthy males, and 28 healthy nonpregnant females. As expected, because of a lack of developed gut microbiota, newborns exhibited poor metabolism of secondary BAs. Accordingly, the tertiary BAs contributed limitedly to the urinary excretion of BAs in newborns despite their tertiary-to-secondary ratios significantly increasing. As a result, the primary BAs of newborns underwent extensive oxidative metabolism, resulting in elevated urinary levels of some fetal-specific BAs, including 3-dehydroCA, 3β,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid, 3α,12-oxo-hydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid, and nine tetrahydroxy-cholan-24-oic acids (Tetra-BAs). Parturient women had significantly elevated urinary levels of tertiary BAs and fetal-specific BAs compared with female control, indicating that they may be excreted into amniotic fluid for maternal disposition. An in vitro metabolism assay in infant liver microsomes showed that four Tetra-BAs and 3-dehydroCA were hydroxylated metabolites of cholate, glycocholate, and particularly taurocholate. However, the recombinant cytochrome P450 enzyme assay found that the fetal-specific CYP3A7 did not contribute to these oxidation metabolisms as much as expected compared with CYP3A4. In conclusion, newborns show a BA metabolism pattern predominated by primary BA oxidations due to immaturity of secondary BA metabolism. Translational studies following this finding may bring new ideas and strategies for both pediatric pharmacology and diagnosis and treatment of perinatal cholestasis-associated diseases. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The prenatal BA disposition is different from adults because of a lack of gut microbiota. However, how the BA metabolism of newborns differs from that of adults along the axis of primary, secondary, and tertiary BAs remains poorly defined. This work demonstrated that the urinary BA profiles of newborns born by cesarean section are characterized by oxidative metabolism of primary BAs, in which the fetal-specific CYP3A7 plays a limited role in the downstream oxidation metabolism of cholate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Xia Wang
- Key laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy (W.-X.W., X.-W.T., Q.-H.L., Y.-J.C., J.Z., P.-P.Z., K.L.), Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, Department of Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital (L.C.), Labor And Delivery Room, West China Second University Hospital, (G.-Y.W., J.-L.Z.), Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, (L.C., G.-Y.W., J.-L.Z.), and Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, West China Hospital, (J.M.), Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Metabolomics Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii (M.-M.S., W.J.); State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.-X.L.); and Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (W.-X.W., X.W.T., Q.-H.L., Y.-J.C., J.Z., P.-P.Z., K.L.)
| | - Li Chen
- Key laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy (W.-X.W., X.-W.T., Q.-H.L., Y.-J.C., J.Z., P.-P.Z., K.L.), Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, Department of Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital (L.C.), Labor And Delivery Room, West China Second University Hospital, (G.-Y.W., J.-L.Z.), Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, (L.C., G.-Y.W., J.-L.Z.), and Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, West China Hospital, (J.M.), Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Metabolomics Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii (M.-M.S., W.J.); State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.-X.L.); and Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (W.-X.W., X.W.T., Q.-H.L., Y.-J.C., J.Z., P.-P.Z., K.L.)
| | - Guo-Yu Wang
- Key laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy (W.-X.W., X.-W.T., Q.-H.L., Y.-J.C., J.Z., P.-P.Z., K.L.), Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, Department of Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital (L.C.), Labor And Delivery Room, West China Second University Hospital, (G.-Y.W., J.-L.Z.), Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, (L.C., G.-Y.W., J.-L.Z.), and Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, West China Hospital, (J.M.), Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Metabolomics Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii (M.-M.S., W.J.); State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.-X.L.); and Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (W.-X.W., X.W.T., Q.-H.L., Y.-J.C., J.Z., P.-P.Z., K.L.)
| | - Jin-Ling Zhang
- Key laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy (W.-X.W., X.-W.T., Q.-H.L., Y.-J.C., J.Z., P.-P.Z., K.L.), Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, Department of Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital (L.C.), Labor And Delivery Room, West China Second University Hospital, (G.-Y.W., J.-L.Z.), Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, (L.C., G.-Y.W., J.-L.Z.), and Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, West China Hospital, (J.M.), Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Metabolomics Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii (M.-M.S., W.J.); State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.-X.L.); and Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (W.-X.W., X.W.T., Q.-H.L., Y.-J.C., J.Z., P.-P.Z., K.L.)
| | - Xian-Wen Tan
- Key laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy (W.-X.W., X.-W.T., Q.-H.L., Y.-J.C., J.Z., P.-P.Z., K.L.), Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, Department of Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital (L.C.), Labor And Delivery Room, West China Second University Hospital, (G.-Y.W., J.-L.Z.), Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, (L.C., G.-Y.W., J.-L.Z.), and Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, West China Hospital, (J.M.), Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Metabolomics Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii (M.-M.S., W.J.); State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.-X.L.); and Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (W.-X.W., X.W.T., Q.-H.L., Y.-J.C., J.Z., P.-P.Z., K.L.)
| | - Qiu-Hong Lin
- Key laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy (W.-X.W., X.-W.T., Q.-H.L., Y.-J.C., J.Z., P.-P.Z., K.L.), Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, Department of Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital (L.C.), Labor And Delivery Room, West China Second University Hospital, (G.-Y.W., J.-L.Z.), Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, (L.C., G.-Y.W., J.-L.Z.), and Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, West China Hospital, (J.M.), Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Metabolomics Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii (M.-M.S., W.J.); State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.-X.L.); and Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (W.-X.W., X.W.T., Q.-H.L., Y.-J.C., J.Z., P.-P.Z., K.L.)
| | - Yu-Jie Chen
- Key laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy (W.-X.W., X.-W.T., Q.-H.L., Y.-J.C., J.Z., P.-P.Z., K.L.), Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, Department of Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital (L.C.), Labor And Delivery Room, West China Second University Hospital, (G.-Y.W., J.-L.Z.), Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, (L.C., G.-Y.W., J.-L.Z.), and Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, West China Hospital, (J.M.), Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Metabolomics Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii (M.-M.S., W.J.); State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.-X.L.); and Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (W.-X.W., X.W.T., Q.-H.L., Y.-J.C., J.Z., P.-P.Z., K.L.)
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy (W.-X.W., X.-W.T., Q.-H.L., Y.-J.C., J.Z., P.-P.Z., K.L.), Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, Department of Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital (L.C.), Labor And Delivery Room, West China Second University Hospital, (G.-Y.W., J.-L.Z.), Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, (L.C., G.-Y.W., J.-L.Z.), and Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, West China Hospital, (J.M.), Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Metabolomics Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii (M.-M.S., W.J.); State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.-X.L.); and Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (W.-X.W., X.W.T., Q.-H.L., Y.-J.C., J.Z., P.-P.Z., K.L.)
| | - Ping-Ping Zhu
- Key laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy (W.-X.W., X.-W.T., Q.-H.L., Y.-J.C., J.Z., P.-P.Z., K.L.), Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, Department of Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital (L.C.), Labor And Delivery Room, West China Second University Hospital, (G.-Y.W., J.-L.Z.), Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, (L.C., G.-Y.W., J.-L.Z.), and Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, West China Hospital, (J.M.), Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Metabolomics Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii (M.-M.S., W.J.); State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.-X.L.); and Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (W.-X.W., X.W.T., Q.-H.L., Y.-J.C., J.Z., P.-P.Z., K.L.)
| | - Jia Miao
- Key laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy (W.-X.W., X.-W.T., Q.-H.L., Y.-J.C., J.Z., P.-P.Z., K.L.), Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, Department of Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital (L.C.), Labor And Delivery Room, West China Second University Hospital, (G.-Y.W., J.-L.Z.), Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, (L.C., G.-Y.W., J.-L.Z.), and Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, West China Hospital, (J.M.), Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Metabolomics Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii (M.-M.S., W.J.); State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.-X.L.); and Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (W.-X.W., X.W.T., Q.-H.L., Y.-J.C., J.Z., P.-P.Z., K.L.)
| | - Ming-Ming Su
- Key laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy (W.-X.W., X.-W.T., Q.-H.L., Y.-J.C., J.Z., P.-P.Z., K.L.), Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, Department of Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital (L.C.), Labor And Delivery Room, West China Second University Hospital, (G.-Y.W., J.-L.Z.), Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, (L.C., G.-Y.W., J.-L.Z.), and Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, West China Hospital, (J.M.), Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Metabolomics Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii (M.-M.S., W.J.); State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.-X.L.); and Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (W.-X.W., X.W.T., Q.-H.L., Y.-J.C., J.Z., P.-P.Z., K.L.)
| | - Chang-Xiao Liu
- Key laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy (W.-X.W., X.-W.T., Q.-H.L., Y.-J.C., J.Z., P.-P.Z., K.L.), Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, Department of Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital (L.C.), Labor And Delivery Room, West China Second University Hospital, (G.-Y.W., J.-L.Z.), Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, (L.C., G.-Y.W., J.-L.Z.), and Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, West China Hospital, (J.M.), Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Metabolomics Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii (M.-M.S., W.J.); State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.-X.L.); and Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (W.-X.W., X.W.T., Q.-H.L., Y.-J.C., J.Z., P.-P.Z., K.L.)
| | - Wei Jia
- Key laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy (W.-X.W., X.-W.T., Q.-H.L., Y.-J.C., J.Z., P.-P.Z., K.L.), Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, Department of Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital (L.C.), Labor And Delivery Room, West China Second University Hospital, (G.-Y.W., J.-L.Z.), Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, (L.C., G.-Y.W., J.-L.Z.), and Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, West China Hospital, (J.M.), Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Metabolomics Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii (M.-M.S., W.J.); State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.-X.L.); and Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (W.-X.W., X.W.T., Q.-H.L., Y.-J.C., J.Z., P.-P.Z., K.L.)
| | - Ke Lan
- Key laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy (W.-X.W., X.-W.T., Q.-H.L., Y.-J.C., J.Z., P.-P.Z., K.L.), Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, Department of Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital (L.C.), Labor And Delivery Room, West China Second University Hospital, (G.-Y.W., J.-L.Z.), Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, (L.C., G.-Y.W., J.-L.Z.), and Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, West China Hospital, (J.M.), Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Metabolomics Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii (M.-M.S., W.J.); State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.-X.L.); and Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (W.-X.W., X.W.T., Q.-H.L., Y.-J.C., J.Z., P.-P.Z., K.L.)
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Zhang J, Gao LZ, Chen YJ, Zhu PP, Yin SS, Su MM, Ni Y, Miao J, Wu WL, Chen H, Brouwer KLR, Liu CX, Xu L, Jia W, Lan K. Continuum of Host-Gut Microbial Co-metabolism: Host CYP3A4/3A7 are Responsible for Tertiary Oxidations of Deoxycholate Species. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:283-294. [PMID: 30606729 PMCID: PMC6378331 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.085670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota modifies endogenous primary bile acids (BAs) to produce exogenous secondary BAs, which may be further metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s). Our primary aim was to examine how the host adapts to the stress of microbe-derived secondary BAs by P450-mediated oxidative modifications on the steroid nucleus. Five unconjugated tri-hydroxyl BAs that were structurally and/or biologically associated with deoxycholate (DCA) were determined in human biologic samples by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in combination with enzyme-digestion techniques. They were identified as DCA-19-ol, DCA-6β-ol, DCA-5β-ol, DCA-6α-ol, DCA-1β-ol, and DCA-4β-ol based on matching in-laboratory synthesized standards. Metabolic inhibition assays in human liver microsomes and recombinant P450 assays revealed that CYP3A4 and CYP3A7 were responsible for the regioselective oxidations of both DCA and its conjugated forms, glycodeoxycholate (GDCA) and taurodeoxycholate (TDCA). The modification of secondary BAs to tertiary BAs defines a host liver (primary BAs)-gut microbiota (secondary BAs)-host liver (tertiary BAs) axis. The regioselective oxidations of DCA, GDCA, and TDCA by CYP3A4 and CYP3A7 may help eliminate host-toxic DCA species. The 19- and 4β-hydroxylation of DCA species demonstrated outstanding CYP3A7 selectivity and may be useful as indicators of CYP3A7 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.Z., L.Z.G., Y.J.C., P.P.Z., S.S.Y., L.X., K.L.); Metabolomics Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii (M.M.S., Y.N., W.J.); Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.M.); Chengdu Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Chengdu, China (W.L.W., H.C.); UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina (K.L.R.B.); State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.X.L.); and Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (S.S.Y.)
| | - Ling-Zhi Gao
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.Z., L.Z.G., Y.J.C., P.P.Z., S.S.Y., L.X., K.L.); Metabolomics Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii (M.M.S., Y.N., W.J.); Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.M.); Chengdu Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Chengdu, China (W.L.W., H.C.); UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina (K.L.R.B.); State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.X.L.); and Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (S.S.Y.)
| | - Yu-Jie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.Z., L.Z.G., Y.J.C., P.P.Z., S.S.Y., L.X., K.L.); Metabolomics Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii (M.M.S., Y.N., W.J.); Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.M.); Chengdu Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Chengdu, China (W.L.W., H.C.); UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina (K.L.R.B.); State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.X.L.); and Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (S.S.Y.)
| | - Ping-Ping Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.Z., L.Z.G., Y.J.C., P.P.Z., S.S.Y., L.X., K.L.); Metabolomics Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii (M.M.S., Y.N., W.J.); Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.M.); Chengdu Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Chengdu, China (W.L.W., H.C.); UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina (K.L.R.B.); State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.X.L.); and Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (S.S.Y.)
| | - Shan-Shan Yin
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.Z., L.Z.G., Y.J.C., P.P.Z., S.S.Y., L.X., K.L.); Metabolomics Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii (M.M.S., Y.N., W.J.); Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.M.); Chengdu Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Chengdu, China (W.L.W., H.C.); UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina (K.L.R.B.); State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.X.L.); and Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (S.S.Y.)
| | - Ming-Ming Su
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.Z., L.Z.G., Y.J.C., P.P.Z., S.S.Y., L.X., K.L.); Metabolomics Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii (M.M.S., Y.N., W.J.); Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.M.); Chengdu Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Chengdu, China (W.L.W., H.C.); UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina (K.L.R.B.); State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.X.L.); and Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (S.S.Y.)
| | - Yan Ni
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.Z., L.Z.G., Y.J.C., P.P.Z., S.S.Y., L.X., K.L.); Metabolomics Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii (M.M.S., Y.N., W.J.); Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.M.); Chengdu Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Chengdu, China (W.L.W., H.C.); UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina (K.L.R.B.); State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.X.L.); and Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (S.S.Y.)
| | - Jia Miao
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.Z., L.Z.G., Y.J.C., P.P.Z., S.S.Y., L.X., K.L.); Metabolomics Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii (M.M.S., Y.N., W.J.); Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.M.); Chengdu Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Chengdu, China (W.L.W., H.C.); UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina (K.L.R.B.); State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.X.L.); and Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (S.S.Y.)
| | - Wen-Lin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.Z., L.Z.G., Y.J.C., P.P.Z., S.S.Y., L.X., K.L.); Metabolomics Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii (M.M.S., Y.N., W.J.); Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.M.); Chengdu Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Chengdu, China (W.L.W., H.C.); UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina (K.L.R.B.); State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.X.L.); and Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (S.S.Y.)
| | - Hong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.Z., L.Z.G., Y.J.C., P.P.Z., S.S.Y., L.X., K.L.); Metabolomics Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii (M.M.S., Y.N., W.J.); Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.M.); Chengdu Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Chengdu, China (W.L.W., H.C.); UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina (K.L.R.B.); State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.X.L.); and Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (S.S.Y.)
| | - Kim L R Brouwer
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.Z., L.Z.G., Y.J.C., P.P.Z., S.S.Y., L.X., K.L.); Metabolomics Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii (M.M.S., Y.N., W.J.); Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.M.); Chengdu Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Chengdu, China (W.L.W., H.C.); UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina (K.L.R.B.); State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.X.L.); and Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (S.S.Y.)
| | - Chang-Xiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.Z., L.Z.G., Y.J.C., P.P.Z., S.S.Y., L.X., K.L.); Metabolomics Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii (M.M.S., Y.N., W.J.); Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.M.); Chengdu Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Chengdu, China (W.L.W., H.C.); UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina (K.L.R.B.); State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.X.L.); and Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (S.S.Y.)
| | - Liang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.Z., L.Z.G., Y.J.C., P.P.Z., S.S.Y., L.X., K.L.); Metabolomics Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii (M.M.S., Y.N., W.J.); Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.M.); Chengdu Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Chengdu, China (W.L.W., H.C.); UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina (K.L.R.B.); State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.X.L.); and Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (S.S.Y.)
| | - Wei Jia
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.Z., L.Z.G., Y.J.C., P.P.Z., S.S.Y., L.X., K.L.); Metabolomics Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii (M.M.S., Y.N., W.J.); Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.M.); Chengdu Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Chengdu, China (W.L.W., H.C.); UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina (K.L.R.B.); State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.X.L.); and Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (S.S.Y.)
| | - Ke Lan
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.Z., L.Z.G., Y.J.C., P.P.Z., S.S.Y., L.X., K.L.); Metabolomics Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii (M.M.S., Y.N., W.J.); Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.M.); Chengdu Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Chengdu, China (W.L.W., H.C.); UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina (K.L.R.B.); State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.X.L.); and Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (S.S.Y.)
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