1
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Zhou G, Li Y. Investigation of bacterial DNA gyrase Inhibitor classification models and structural requirements utilizing multiple machine learning methods. Mol Divers 2024:10.1007/s11030-024-10806-y. [PMID: 38372837 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-024-10806-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Infections from multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria have emerged as a paramount global health concern, and the therapeutic effectiveness of current treatments is swiftly diminishing. An urgent need exists to explore innovative strategies for countering drug-resistant bacteria. Bacterial DNA gyrase, functioning as an ATP-dependent enzyme, plays a pivotal role in the intricate processes of transcription, replication, and chromosome segregation within bacterial DNA. This renders it a prime target for the development of innovative antibacterial agents. However, the experimental identification of bacterial DNA gyrase inhibitors faces multifaceted challenges due to current methodological constraints. Recognizing its significance, this study developed 56 computational models designed for predicting bacterial DNA gyrase inhibitors. These models employed seven distinct molecular fingerprints and eight machine learning algorithms. Among these models, Model_2D, created using KlekotaRoth fingerprints and the SVM algorithm, stands out as the most robust performer (ACC = 0.86, MCC = 0.63, G-mean = 0.82). Moreover, given the limited exploration of structural fragments required for DNA Gyrase B inhibitors, crucial structural fingerprints influencing DNA Gyrase B inhibitors were identified through Bayesian classification. Subsequently, we conducted molecular docking to reveal the binding modes between these crucial structural fingerprints and the active site of DNA gyrase B. In conclusion, the present study aimed to develop the optimal classification model for bacterial DNA gyrase inhibitors, offering invaluable support to medicinal chemists creating innovative DNA gyrase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, Liaoning, China.
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2
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Toyting J, Miura N, Utrarachkij F, Tanomsridachchai W, Belotindos LP, Suwanthada P, Kapalamula TF, Kongsoi S, Koide K, Kim H, Thapa J, Nakajima C, Suzuki Y. Exploration of the novel fluoroquinolones with high inhibitory effect against quinolone-resistant DNA gyrase of Salmonella Typhimurium. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0133023. [PMID: 37795999 PMCID: PMC10715191 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01330-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Quinolone-resistant nontyphoidal Salmonella is a pressing public health concern, demanding the exploration of novel treatments. In this study, we focused on two innovative synthetic fluoroquinolones, WQ-3034 and WQ-3154. Our findings revealed that these new compounds demonstrate potent inhibitory effects, even against mutant strains that cause resistance to existing quinolones. Hence, WQ-3034 and WQ-3154 could potentially be effective therapeutic agents against quinolone-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium. Furthermore, the data obtained in this study will be baseline information for antimicrobial drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirachaya Toyting
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Nami Miura
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Fuangfa Utrarachkij
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wimonrat Tanomsridachchai
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Lawrence P. Belotindos
- Biosafety and Environment Section, Research and Development Division, Philippine Carabao Center National Headquarters and Gene Pool Science City of Munoz, Munoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
| | - Pondpan Suwanthada
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Thoko Flav Kapalamula
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Siriporn Kongsoi
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Kentaro Koide
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hyun Kim
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jeewan Thapa
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Chie Nakajima
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
- Hokkaido University Institute for Vaccine Research & Development, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, Hokkaido University, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Suzuki
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
- Hokkaido University Institute for Vaccine Research & Development, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, Hokkaido University, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
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3
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Kumar A, Saxena N, Mehrotra A, Srivastava N. Review: Studies on the Synthesis of Quinolone Derivatives with Their Antibacterial Activity (Part 1). CURR ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272824999200427082108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Quinolone derivatives have attracted considerable attention due to their medicinal
properties. This review covers many synthetic routes of quinolones preparation with
their antibacterial properties. Detailed study with structure-activity relationship among
quinolone derivatives will be helpful in designing new drugs in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar
- Shri Siddhi Vinayak Institute of Technology, Nainital Road, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 241122, India
| | - Nishtha Saxena
- Bioorganic and Heterocyclic Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, M.J.P. Rohilkhand University, Bareilly, 243006 (U.P.), India
| | - Arti Mehrotra
- IMS University Course Camps, School of Bioscience, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201015, India
| | - Nivedita Srivastava
- Bioorganic and Heterocyclic Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, M.J.P. Rohilkhand University, Bareilly, 243006 (U.P.), India
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4
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Pham TDM, Ziora ZM, Blaskovich MAT. Quinolone antibiotics. MEDCHEMCOMM 2019; 10:1719-1739. [PMID: 31803393 PMCID: PMC6836748 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00120d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The quinolone antibiotics arose in the early 1960s, with the first examples possessing a narrow-spectrum of activity with unfavorable pharmacokinetic properties. Over time, the development of new quinolone antibiotics has led to improved analogues with an expanded spectrum and high efficacy. Nowadays, quinolones are widely used for treating a variety of infections. Quinolones are broad-spectrum antibiotics that are active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including mycobacteria, and anaerobes. They exert their actions by inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis through disrupting the enzymes topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase, and by causing breakage of bacterial chromosomes. However, bacteria have acquired resistance to quinolones, similar to other antibacterial agents, due to the overuse of these drugs. Mechanisms contributing to quinolone resistance are mediated by chromosomal mutations and/or plasmid gene uptake that alter the topoisomerase targets, modify the quinolone, and/or reduce drug accumulation by either decreased uptake or increased efflux. This review discusses the development of this class of antibiotics in terms of potency, pharmacokinetics and toxicity, along with the resistance mechanisms which reduce the quinolones' activity against pathogens. Potential strategies for future generations of quinolone antibiotics with enhanced activity against resistant strains are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu D M Pham
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , QLD 4072 , Australia
| | - Zyta M Ziora
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , QLD 4072 , Australia .
| | - Mark A T Blaskovich
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , QLD 4072 , Australia .
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5
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Mohammed HH, Abuo-Rahma GEDA, Abbas SH, Abdelhafez ESM. Current Trends and Future Directions of Fluoroquinolones. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:3132-3149. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180214122944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fluoroquinolones represent an interesting synthetic class of antimicrobial agents with broad spectrum and potent activity. Since the discovery of nalidixic acid, the prototype of quinolones, several structural modifications to the quinolone nucleus have been carried out for improvement of potency, spectrum of activity, and to understand their structure activity relationship (SAR). The C-7 substituent was reported to have a major impact on the activity. Accordingly, Substitution at C-7 or its N-4-piperazinyl moiety was found to affect potency, bioavailability, and physicochemical properties. Also, it can increase the affinity towards mammalian topoisomerases that may shift quinolones from antibacterial to anticancer candidates. Moreover, the presence of DNA topoisomerases in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells makes them excellent targets for chemotherapeutic intervention in antibacterial and anticancer therapies. Based on this concept, several fluoroquionolones derivatives have been synthesized and biologically evaluated as antibacterial, antituberculosis, antiproliferative, antiviral and antifungal agents. This review is an attempt to focus on the therapeutic prospects of fluoroquinolones with an updated account on their atypical applications such as antitubercular and anticancer activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamada H.H. Mohammed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | | | - Samar H. Abbas
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
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6
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Suaifan GA, Mohammed AA. Fluoroquinolones structural and medicinal developments (2013–2018): Where are we now? Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:3005-3060. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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7
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Meng-Xue W, Zheng F, Kai G. Crystal structure of diethyl 2-(((2-(pyridin-3-ylthio)phenyl)amino)methylene)malonate, C 19H 20N 2O 4S. Z KRIST-NEW CRYST ST 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/ncrs-2015-0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
C19H20N2O4S, monoclinic, P21/c, a = 18.983(4) Å, b = 5.057(1) Å, c = 20.304(4) Å, β = 106.10(3)°, V = 1872.7(7) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt
(F) = 0.0680, wR
ref
(F
2
) = 0.1423, T = 293(2) K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Meng-Xue
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Puzhu South Road No.30 Nanjing, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Zheng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Puzhu South Road No.30 Nanjing, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo Kai
- College of Life Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Puzhu South Road No. 30 Nanjing, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
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8
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Use of gyrase resistance mutants to guide selection of 8-methoxy-quinazoline-2,4-diones. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 52:3915-21. [PMID: 18765690 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00330-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of 1-cyclopropyl-8-methoxy-quinazoline-2,4-diones was synthesized and evaluated for lowering the ratio of the antimicrobial MIC in gyrase resistance mutants to that in the gyr(+) (wild type) using isogenic strains of Escherichia coli. Dione features that lowered this ratio were a 3-amino group and C-7 ring structure (3-aminomethyl pyrrolidinyl < 3-aminopyrrolidinyl < diazobicyclo < 2-ethyl piperazinyl). The wild-type MIC was also lowered. With the most active derivative tested, many gyrA resistance mutant types were as susceptible as, or more susceptible than, wild-type cells. The most active 2,4-dione derivatives were also more active with two quinolone-resistant gyrB mutants than with wild-type cells. With respect to lethality, the most bacteriostatic 2,4-dione killed E. coli at a rate that was affected little by a gyrA resistance mutation, and it exhibited a rate of killing similar to its cognate fluoroquinolone at 10x the MIC. Population analysis with wild-type E. coli applied to agar showed that the mutant selection window for the most active 2,4-dione was narrower than that for the cognate fluoroquinolone or for ciprofloxacin. These data illustrate a new approach to guide early-stage antimicrobial selection. Use of antimutant activity (i.e., ratio of the antimicrobial MIC in a mutant strain to the antimicrobial MIC in a wild-type strain) as a structure-function selection criterion can be combined with traditional efforts aimed at lowering antimicrobial MICs against wild-type organisms to more effectively afford lead molecules with activity against both wild-type and mutant cells.
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9
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Anquetin G, Greiner J, Mahmoudi N, Santillana-Hayat M, Gozalbes R, Farhati K, Derouin F, Aubry A, Cambau E, Vierling P. Design, synthesis and activity against Toxoplasma gondii, Plasmodium spp., and Mycobacterium tuberculosis of new 6-fluoroquinolones. Eur J Med Chem 2006; 41:1478-93. [PMID: 17000032 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2006.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2006] [Revised: 06/28/2006] [Accepted: 07/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports on the rational design of a series of new 6-fluoroquinolones by QSAR analysis against Toxoplasma (T.) gondii, their synthesis, their biological evaluation against T. gondii and Plasmodium (P.) spp., and their effect on Mycobacterium (M.) tuberculosis DNA gyrase and growth inhibition. Of the 12 computer-designed 8-ethyl(or methoxy)- and 5-ethyl-8-methoxy-6-fluoroquinolones predicted to be active against T. gondii, we succeeded in the synthesis of four 6-fluoro-8-methoxy-quinolones. The four 6-fluoro-8-methoxy-quinolones are active on T. gondii but only one is as active as predicted. One of these four compounds appears to be an antiparasitical drug of great potential with inhibitory activities comparable to or higher than that of trovafloxacin, gatifloxacin, and moxifloxacin. They also inhibit DNA supercoiling by M. tuberculosis gyrase with an efficiency comparable to that of the most active quinolones but are poor inhibitors of M. tuberculosis growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Anquetin
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bioorganique UMR-CNRS 6001, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
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10
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Anquetin G, Greiner J, Vierling P. Synthesis of mono- and di-substituted 2,4,5-trifluorobenzoic acid synthons, key precursors for biologically active 6-fluoroquinolones. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.06.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Yabe K, Goto K, Jindo T, Sekiguchi M, Furuhama K. Structure–phototoxicity relationship in Balb/c mice treated with fluoroquinolone derivatives, followed by ultraviolet-A irradiation. Toxicol Lett 2005; 157:203-10. [PMID: 15917145 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2005.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2004] [Revised: 02/13/2005] [Accepted: 02/13/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We examined the structure-phototoxicity relationship for fluoroquinolone antimicrobial agents (quinolones) using female albino Balb/c mice. First of all, to obtain an optimum dosage level for induction of phototoxicity, the prototype phototoxicant sparfloxacin was intravenously administered once at 10 mg/kg, 30 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg to female mice, followed immediately by ultraviolet-A (UVA) irradiation for 4 h (21.6J/cm2). The auricular thickness was measured at pre-dose (0 h), 4, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h post-dose, and then the histopathological examination of the auricle was performed. As results, the auricular thickness increased from 30 mg/kg, in conjunction with edema, cellular infiltration, epidermal necrosis and focal loss of the auricle. On the basis of these information, ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, fleroxacin, gatifloxacin, lomefloxacin, norfloxacin and ofloxacin were given intravenously to mice at a fixed dose of 100 mg/kg to compare their potential phototoxicities. Certain quinolones caused the auricular lesions in the following rank order (from lowest to highest): vehicle control (non-phototoxicity)=gatifloxacin=ofloxacin<ciprofloxacin=norfloxacin<enoxacin=fleroxacin<lomefloxacin=sparfloxacin. From the viewpoint of the structure-phototoxicity relationship, quinolones possessing the C-8 substituent with a fluorine or hydrogen and 1,8-naphthyridine derivative evoked phototoxicity in the mouse auricle. These results demonstrate that phototoxicity induced by quinolones would be related to the property of the eighth position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Yabe
- Drug Safety Research Laboratory, Daiichi Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 16-13, Kita-Kasai 1-Chome, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan.
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12
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A chemi-informatic study to infer experimental yields of SNAr reactions using theoretically calculated energies related to the reaction mechanism. JOURNAL OF COMPUTER AIDED CHEMISTRY 2005. [DOI: 10.2751/jcac.6.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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Inagaki H, Takahashi H, Takemura M. Synthesis and antibacterial activity of novel 6-fluoro-1-[(1R,2S)-2-fluorocyclopropan-1-yl]-4-oxoquinoline-3-carboxylic acids bearing cyclopropane-fused 2-amino-8-azabicyclo[4.3.0]nonan-8-yl substituents at the C-7 position. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:5193-8. [PMID: 15380226 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2004] [Accepted: 07/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel 6-fluoro-1-[(1R,2S)-2-fluorocyclopropan-1-yl]-4-oxoquinoline-3-carboxylic acids bearing cyclopropane-fused 2-amino-8-azabicyclo[4.3.0]nonan-8-yl substituents at the C-7 position were synthesized to obtain potent drugs for the treatment of Gram-positive infections. Some compounds exhibited excellent antibacterial activity, and potent inhibitory activity against bacterial DNA topoisomerase IV. In addition, some of the potent compounds showed reduced inhibitory activity against human DNA topoisomerase II compared with the corresponding noncyclopropane-fused compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Inagaki
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Daiichi Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, 16-13, Kita-Kasai 1-Chome, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan.
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14
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A chemi-informatics study to infer experimental yield of SNAr reactions by using parameters obtained from molecular orbital calculations. JOURNAL OF COMPUTER AIDED CHEMISTRY 2004. [DOI: 10.2751/jcac.5.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Peterson LR. Quinolone molecular structure-activity relationships: what we have learned about improving antimicrobial activity. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 33 Suppl 3:S180-6. [PMID: 11524717 DOI: 10.1086/321846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, understanding of how molecular modifications of the core quinolone structure affect(s) antimicrobial agent activity has progressed rapidly. Three positions (2, 3, and 4) cannot be changed without a significant loss of biological activity. Furthermore, it appears that a cyclopropyl group is optimal at position 1. Substituents at positions 5 and 8 affect planar configuration, and either a methyl or methoxy appear optimal at these sites. Hydrogen and amino groups have been investigated as useful substituents at position 6, replacing the fluorine of the fluoroquinolones. Interestingly, in vitro activity enhancement observed with alterations at positions 5 and 6 is not always accompanied by improved in vivo action. For all these modifications, the substituents at positions 7 and 8 are critical for potent antimicrobial activity. Optimizing overall molecular configuration enhances the number of intracellular targets for antimicrobial action (R-8) and impedes the efficiency of efflux proteins (R-7) that diminish intracellular penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Peterson
- Microbiology Division, Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL, USA.
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16
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Cyclopropane Derivatives and their Diverse Biological Activities. SMALL RING COMPOUNDS IN ORGANIC SYNTHESIS VI 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-48255-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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17
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Al-Masoudi NA, Al-Soud YA, Ehrmann M, de Clercq E. Quinolone Nucleosides: 6,7-Dihalo-N-β- and α-Glycosyl-l 4-dihydro-4-oxo-quinoline-3-carboxylic Acids and Derivatives. Synthesis, Antimicrobial and Antiviral Activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1080/07328319808004315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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