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He X, Guo J, Niu W. Studying Protein Tyrosine O-Sulfation in Mammalian Cells with Genetically Encoded Sulfotyrosine. Curr Protoc 2021; 1:e301. [PMID: 34767302 PMCID: PMC8597929 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine O-sulfation (PTS) is a post-translational modification (PTM) that occurs exclusively on secreted and membrane-bound proteins. It participates in a wide range of important biological processes and is involved in the development of many diseases. The biomedical importance of PTS can only be fully unveiled when the right chemical/biological tools are available. This article outlines the steps for using an engineered Escherichia coli tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase to genetically encode sulfotyrosine (sTyr) for biological investigations of PTS in mammalian cells. Two basic protocols are described to demonstrate this methodology, including the site-specific incorporation of sTyr into eGFP protein in HEK293T cells and the functional study of an sTyr-containing CXCR4 protein using a calcium mobilization assay. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Site-specific incorporation of sTyr into eGFP Basic Protocol 2: Functional study of site-specifically sulfated CXCR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan He
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
| | - Jiantao Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
| | - Wei Niu
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
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He X, Chen Y, Beltran DG, Kelly M, Ma B, Lawrie J, Wang F, Dodds E, Zhang L, Guo J, Niu W. Functional genetic encoding of sulfotyrosine in mammalian cells. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4820. [PMID: 32973160 PMCID: PMC7515910 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18629-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine O-sulfation (PTS) plays a crucial role in extracellular biomolecular interactions that dictate various cellular processes. It also involves in the development of many human diseases. Regardless of recent progress, our current understanding of PTS is still in its infancy. To promote and facilitate relevant studies, a generally applicable method is needed to enable efficient expression of sulfoproteins with defined sulfation sites in live mammalian cells. Here we report the engineering, in vitro biochemical characterization, structural study, and in vivo functional verification of a tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase mutant for the genetic encoding of sulfotyrosine in mammalian cells. We further apply this chemical biology tool to cell-based studies on the role of a sulfation site in the activation of chemokine receptor CXCR4 by its ligand. Our work will not only facilitate cellular studies of PTS, but also paves the way for economical production of sulfated proteins as therapeutic agents in mammalian systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan He
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588, USA
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588, USA
| | - Daisy Guiza Beltran
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588, USA
| | - Maia Kelly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588, USA
| | - Bin Ma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588, USA
| | - Justin Lawrie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588, USA
| | - Feng Wang
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Eric Dodds
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588, USA
| | - Limei Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588, USA
| | - Jiantao Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588, USA.
| | - Wei Niu
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588, USA.
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Ju T, Hu D, Xiang SH, Guo J. Sulfotyrosine dipeptide: Synthesis and evaluation as HIV-entry inhibitor. Bioorg Chem 2016; 68:105-11. [PMID: 27475281 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is responsible for the worldwide AIDS pandemic. Due to the lack of prophylactic HIV-1 vaccine, drug treatment of the infected patients becomes essential to reduce the viral load and to slow down progression of the disease. Because of drug resistance, finding new antiviral agents is necessary for AIDS drug therapies. The interaction of gp120 and co-receptor (CCR5/CXCR4) mediates the entry of HIV-1 into host cells, which has been increasingly exploited in recent years as the target for new antiviral agents. A conserved co-receptor binding site on gp120 that recognizes sulfotyrosine (sTyr) residues represents a structural target to design novel HIV entry inhibitors. In this work, we developed an efficient synthesis of sulfotyrosine dipeptide and evaluated it as an HIV-1 entry inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Ju
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States
| | - Duoyi Hu
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States
| | - Shi-Hua Xiang
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States.
| | - Jiantao Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States.
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Vale N, Carvalho Veloso R, Gomes P. Exploring the Solid-Phase Synthesis of Sulfotyrosine Peptides. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Eckert R. Road to clinical efficacy: challenges and novel strategies for antimicrobial peptide development. Future Microbiol 2011; 6:635-51. [PMID: 21707311 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.11.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of magainins, cecropins and defensins 30 years ago, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been hailed as a potential solution to the dearth of novel antibiotic development. AMPs have shown robust activity against a wide variety of pathogens, including drug-resistant bacteria. Unlike small-molecule antibiotics, however, AMPs have failed to translate this success to the clinic. Only the polymyxins, gramicidins, nisin and daptomycin are currently approved for medical use; the latter is the only example to have been developed in the last several decades. Nonetheless, researchers continue to isolate, modify and develop novel AMPs for therapeutic applications. Efforts have focused on increasing stability, reducing cytotoxicity, improving antimicrobial activity and incorporating AMPs in novel formulations, including nanoscale particles. As peptide synthesis and recombinant production methodologies improve, and more relevant bioassays become available, it becomes increasingly likely that AMPs will break the regulatory barrier and enter the marketplace as valuable antimicrobial weapons in the next 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randal Eckert
- C3 Jian, Inc., 423 Hindry Ave, Unit D, Inglewood, CA 90301, USA.
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Yoshiya T, Kawashima H, Sohma Y, Kimura T, Kiso Y. O-acyl isopeptide method: efficient synthesis of isopeptide segment and application to racemization-free segment condensation. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:2894-904. [PMID: 19582299 DOI: 10.1039/b903624e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the establishment of the O-acyl isopeptide method-based racemization-free segment condensation reaction toward future chemical protein synthesis. Peptide segments containing C-terminal O-acyl Ser/Thr residues were successfully synthesized by use of a lower nucleophilic base cocktail for Fmoc removal, and then coupled to an amino group of a peptide-resin without side reactions or epimerization. We also succeeded in performing the segment condensation in a sequential manner and in solution phase conditions as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Yoshiya
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Division of Medicinal Chemical Sciences, Center for Frontier Research in Medicinal Science, 21st Century COE program, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, 607-8412, Japan
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Seibert C, Sakmar TP. Toward a framework for sulfoproteomics: Synthesis and characterization of sulfotyrosine-containing peptides. Biopolymers 2007; 90:459-77. [PMID: 17680702 DOI: 10.1002/bip.20821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosine sulfation is one of the most common post-translational modifications in secreted and transmembrane proteins and a key modulator of extracellular protein-protein interactions. Several proteins known to be tyrosine sulfated play important roles in physiological processes, and in some cases a direct link between protein function and tyrosine sulfation has been established. In blood coagulation, tyrosine sulfation of factor VIII is required for efficient binding of von Willebrand factor; in leukocyte adhesion, tyrosine sulfation of the P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 mediates high-affinity binding to P-selectin; and in leukocyte chemotaxis, tyrosine sulfation of chemokine receptors is required for optimal interaction with chemokine ligands. Furthermore, tyrosine sulfation has been implicated in several infectious diseases. In particular, tyrosine sulfation of the HIV-1 co-receptor CCR5 is required for viral entry into host cells and tyrosine sulfation of the Duffy antigen/receptor for chemokines is crucial for erythrocyte invasion by the malaria parasite plasmodium vivax. Despite increasing interest in tyrosine sulfation in recent years, the sulfoproteome still remains largely unexplored. To date, only a relatively small number of sulfotyrosine-containing peptides and proteins have been identified, and a specific role for tyrosine sulfation has not been established for most of these. Here, we provide an overview of the biology and enzymology of tyrosine sulfation and discuss recent developments in preparative and analytical methods that are central to sulfoproteome research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Seibert
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Sohma Y, Yoshiya T, Taniguchi A, Kimura T, Hayashi Y, Kiso Y. Development of O-acyl isopeptide method. Biopolymers 2007; 88:253-62. [PMID: 17236207 DOI: 10.1002/bip.20683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
During over a decade of study on aspartic protease inhibitors and water-soluble prodrugs, in 2003, we discovered that the presence of an O-acyl instead of N-acyl residue within the peptide backbone significantly changed the secondary structure of the native peptide. In addition, the target peptide was subsequently generated by an O-N intramolecular acyl migration reaction. These findings led to the development of a novel method, called "O-acyl isopeptide method," for the synthesis of peptides containing difficult sequence. Further application of the method to Alzheimer's Abeta1-42 revealed that the O-acyl isopeptide of Abeta1-42 could be effectively synthesized and stored without spontaneous self-assembly. Intact monomer Abeta1-42 could then be obtained from the isopeptide under physiological experimental conditions. We named the O-acyl isopeptide as "Click Peptide," because of its "quick and easy one-way conversion" to the parent Abeta1- 42. Application of the click peptide has provided a new basis for the investigation of the biological functions of Abeta1-42 by inducible activation of its self-assembly. The O-acyl isopeptide method has further evolved as a general method for peptides synthesis with our recent developments of "O-acyl isodipeptide units" and "racemization-free segment condensation methodology." Isodipeptide units have enabled routine use of the O-acyl isopeptide method by avoiding the often difficult esterification reaction on resin. "Racemizationfree segment condensation methodology" has been achieved by employing N-segments possessing a C-terminal urethaneprotected O-acyl Ser/Thr residues. The synthesis of long peptides/proteins by racemization-free segment condensation has thus become possible at Ser/Thr residues instead of Cterminal Gly/Pro residues. As the O-acyl isopeptide method becomes more widely utilized, we have composed this review to facilitate its application for the production of peptides and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youhei Sohma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Frontier Research in Medicinal Science, 21st Century COE Program, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
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‘O-Acyl isopeptide method’: racemization-free segment condensation in solid phase peptide synthesis. Tetrahedron Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Total chemical synthesis of large CCK isoforms using a thioester segment condensation approach. Tetrahedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2003.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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