Simultaneous determination of cinnamaldehyde, eugenol and paeonol in traditional Chinese medicinal preparations by capillary GC-FID

Simultaneous Estimation of Cinnamaldehyde and Eugenol in Essential Oils and Traditional and Ultrasound-Assisted Extracts of Different Species of Cinnamon Using a Sustainable/Green HPTLC Technique

A wide range of analytical techniques are reported for the determination of cinnamaldehyde (CCHO) and eugenol (EOH) in plant extracts and herbal formulations either alone or in combination. Nevertheless, sustainable/green analytical techniques for the estimation of CCHO and EOH either alone or in combination are scarce in the literature. Accordingly, the present research was carried out to establish a rapid, highly sensitive, and sustainable high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) technique for the simultaneous estimation of CCHO and EOH in the traditional and ultrasound-assisted methanolic extracts of Cinnamomum zeylanicum,C. burmannii, and C. cassia and their essential oils. The simultaneous estimation of CCHO and EOH was performed through NP-18 silica gel 60 F254S HPTLC plates. The cyclohexane/ethyl acetate (90:10, v v^-1) solvent system was optimized as the mobile phase for the simultaneous estimation of CCHO and EOH. The greenness score of the HPTLC technique was predicted using AGREE software. The entire analysis was carried out at a detection wavelength of 296 nm for CCHO and EOH. The sustainable HPTLC technique was observed as linear in the range 10-2000 ng band^-1 for CCHO and EOH. The proposed technique was found to be highly sensitive, rapid, accurate, precise, and robust for the simultaneous estimation of CCHO and EOH. The content of CCHO in traditional methanolic extracts of C. zeylanicum,C. burmannii, and C. cassia was found to be 96.36, 118.49, and 114.18 mg g^-1, respectively. However, the content of CCHO in ultrasound-assisted methanolic extracts of C. zeylanicum,C. burmannii, and C. cassia was found to be 111.57, 134.39, and 129.07 mg g^-1, respectively. The content of CCHO in essential oils of C. zeylanicum,C. burmannii, and C. cassia was found to be 191.20, 214.24, and 202.09 mg g^-1, respectively. The content of EOH in traditional methanolic extracts of C. zeylanicum,C. burmannii, and C. cassia was found to be 73.38, 165.41, and 109.10 mg g^-1, respectively. However, the content of EOH in ultrasound-assisted methanolic extracts of C. zeylanicum,C. burmannii, and C. cassia was found to be 87.20, 218.09, and 121.85 mg g^-1, respectively. The content of EOH in essential oils of C. zeylanicum,C. burmannii, and C. cassia was found to be 61.26, 79.21, and 69.02 mg g^-1, respectively. The amounts of CCHO and EOH were found to be significantly higher in ultrasound-assisted extracts of all species compared to its traditional extraction and hence ultrasound extraction has been proposed as a superior technique for the extraction of CCHO and EOH. The AGREE analytical score of the present analytical technique was predicted as 0.75, suggesting excellent greenness profile of the proposed analytical technique. Based on all these observations and results, the proposed sustainable HPTLC technique can be successfully used for the simultaneous estimation of CCHO and EOH in different plant extracts and herbal products.

Development of an enzymatic biosensor to determine eugenol in dental samples

A GCE/CRGO-βCD's/ADA-SPE/AuNPs biosensor was successfully developed to determine eugenol in dental samples. The optimal conditions to construct the biosensor were obtained from an experimental design based on the response surfaces methodology. The GCE/CRGO-βCD/ADA-SPE/AuNPs biosensor exhibited a very good analytical performance for the quantification of eugenol. Thus, it shows a linear range between 1.3 × 10^-8 and 1 × 10^-5 mol L^-1, with a sensitivity of (5.3 ± 0.3) x 10^-3 A mol^-1 L. The limits of detection and quantification were 4 × 10^-9 mol L^-1 and 1.3 × 10^-8 mol L^-1, respectively. Biosensors had an intraday and inter day reproducibility of 5% and 8%, respectively. The repeatability was of 3%, and the stability was 21 days (a decrease of 30% in current responses was observed after the fourth week). Recovery studies were performed in order to validate the proposed method. Recovery percentages were between 94 and 108%. A value of the apparent Michaellis-Menten constant, K_M^app, of 3.1 × 10^-6 mol L^-1 was obtained using both Lineweaver-Burk and Eadi-Hofstee methods.

Simultaneous detection of five flavoring agents in chewing gum by ultrasound-microwave synergistic extraction coupled with gas chromatography

So far, the identification and determination of flavor additives in food has gained extensive attention in the area of food safety. However, it remains a big challenge for simultaneous detection of diverse flavor agents. In this work, a novel gas chromatography method coupled with ultrasound-microwave synergistic extraction was developed for simultaneous detection of five flavor compounds, including butyl butyrate, menthol, methyl salicylate, eugenol and vanilline. In this strategy, ultrasound-microwave synergistic extraction was used to extract the five flavoring agents from chewing gum. The effects of extractants, solid-liquid ratio, extraction time and microwave power on extraction yield were researched by using orthogonal test. After the optimization of programme temperature and splitless injection, the five flavoring agents were well separated and simultaneously detected with wide linear ranges, low limits of detection, high accuracy and good repeatability. Therefore, this proposed method would hold great promise for assay application on the food safety.

A validated high performance liquid chromatograph-photodiode array method for simultaneous determination of 10 bioactive components in compound hongdoushan capsule

BACKGROUND

The compound Hongdoushan capsule (CHC) is widely known as compound herbal preparation and is often used to treat ovarian cancer and breast cancer, and to enhance the body immunity, etc., in clinical practice.

OBJECTIVE

To determine simultaneously 10 bioactive components from CHC, namely glycyrrhetinic acid, liquiritin, glycyrrhizin, baccatin III, 10-deacetylbaccatin III, cephalomannine, taxol, ginsenoside Rg1, ginsenoside Re, and ginsenoside Rb1.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A high performance liquid chromatograph method coupled with photodiode array detector was developed and validated for the 1(st) time. Chromatographic analysis was performed on a SHIMADZU C18 by utilizing a gradient elution program. The mobile phase was acetonitrile (A)-water (B) at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min.

RESULTS

The calibration curve was linear over the investigated concentration ranges with the values of r (2) higher than 0.9993 for all the 10 bioactive components. The average recovery rates range from 98.4% to 100.5% with relative standard deviations ≤2.9%. The developed method was successfully applied to analyze 10 compounds in six CHC samples from different batches. In addition, the herbal sources of 32 chromatographic peaks were identified through comparative studying on chromatograms of standard, the respective extracts of Hongdoushan, RenShen, GanCao, and CHC.

CONCLUSION

All the results imply that the accurate and reproducible method developed has high separation rate and enables the determination of 10 bioactive components in a single run for the quality control of CHC.

Simultaneous determination of cinnamaldehyde, eugenol and piperine by HPTLC densitometric method

An HPTLC densitometric method for the simultaneous determination of cinnamaldehyde and eugenol as well as trace amounts of piperine in pepper-contaminated cinnamon was developed. The applicability of the method was tested with cinnamon bark powder adulterated with pepper powder, cinnamon oil, clove powder, clove oil and a commercial preparation containing cinnamaldehyde and eugenol. The method was validated for specificity, precision, accuracy and robustness. The method was found to be precise for different concentrations of cinnamaldehyde, eugenol and piperine. The accuracy of the method was checked by conducting a recovery study at three different levels. The linearity was found to be in the ranges 52.54-735.56, 533.2-8531.2 and 50-300 ng/spot, respectively, with correlation coefficients of 0.9985 +/- 0.04, 0.9982 +/- 0.06 and 0.9937 +/- 0.11 for cinnamaldehyde, eugenol and piperine.

Inhibition of bacterial cell division protein FtsZ by cinnamaldehyde

Cinnamaldehyde is a natural product from spices that inhibits cell separation in Bacillus cereus. Cell division is regulated by FtsZ, a prokaryotic homolog of tubulin. FtsZ assembles into the Z-ring at the site of cell division. Here, we report the effect of cinnamaldehyde on FtsZ and hence on the cell division apparatus. Cinnamaldehyde decreases the in vitro assembly reaction and bundling of FtsZ. It is found that cinnamaldehyde perturbs the Z-ring morphology in vivo and reduces the frequency of the Z ring per unit cell length of Escherichia coli. In addition, GTP dependent FtsZ polymerization is inhibited by cinnamaldehyde. Cinnamaldehyde inhibits the rate of GTP hydrolysis and binds FtsZ with an affinity constant of 1.0+/-0.2 microM(-1). Isothermal titration calorimetry reveals that binding of cinnamaldehyde to FtsZ is driven by favorable enthalpic interactions. Further, we map the cinnamaldehyde binding region of FtsZ, using the saturation transfer difference-nuclear magnetic resonance and an in silico docking model. Both predict the cinnamaldehyde binding pocket at the C terminal region involving the T7 loop of FtsZ. Our results show that cinnamaldehyde binds FtsZ, perturbs the cytokinetic Z-ring formation and inhibits its assembly dynamics. This suggests that cinnamaldehyde, a small molecule of plant origin, is a potential lead compound that can be developed as an anti-FtsZ agent towards drug design.