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Li Y, He L, Song H, Bao X, Niu S, Bai J, Ma J, Yuan R, Liu S, Guo J. Cordyceps: Alleviating ischemic cardiovascular and cerebrovascular injury - A comprehensive review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 332:118321. [PMID: 38735418 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cordyceps has a long medicinal history as a nourishing herb in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Ischemic cardio-cerebrovascular diseases (CCVDs), including cerebral ischemic/reperfusion injury (CI/RI) and myocardial ischemic/reperfusion injury (MI/RI), are major contributors to mortality and disability in humans. Numerous studies have indicated that Cordyceps or its artificial substitutes have significant bioactivity on ischemic CCVDs, however, there is a lack of relevant reviews. AIM OF THE STUDY This review was conducted to investigate the chemical elements, pharmacological effects, clinical application and drug safety of Cordycepson ischemic CCVDs. MATERIALS AND METHODS A comprehensive search was conducted on the Web of Science, PubMed, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Wanfang databases using the keywords "Cordyceps", "Cerebral ischemic/reperfusion injury", and "Myocardial ischemic/reperfusion injury" or their synonyms. The retrieved literature was then categorized and summarized. RESULTS The study findings indicated that Cordyceps and its bioactive components, including adenosine, cordycepin, mannitol, polysaccharide, and protein, have the potential to protect against CI/RI and MI/RI by improving blood perfusion, mitigating damage from reactive oxygen species, suppressing inflammation, preventing cellular apoptosis, and promoting tissue regeneration. Individually, Cordyceps could reduce neuronal excitatory toxicity and blood-brain barrier damage caused by cerebral ischemia. It can also significantly improve cardiac energy metabolism disorders and inhibit calcium overload caused by myocardial ischemia. Additionally, Cordyceps exerts a significant preventive or curative influence on the factors responsible for heart/brain ischemia, including hypertension, thrombosis, atherosclerosis, and arrhythmia. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates Cordyceps' prospective efficacy and safety in the prevention or treatment of CI/RI and MI/RI, providing novel insights for managing ischemic CCVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Li
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Liying He
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Haoran Song
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xiuwen Bao
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Shuqi Niu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jing Bai
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Junhao Ma
- College of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Run Yuan
- College of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Sijing Liu
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jinlin Guo
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Arora P, Bahuguna N, Anand J, Semwal P, Rai N. Ethnopharmacology and current conservational status of Cordyceps sinensis. Z NATURFORSCH C 2024:znc-2024-0130. [PMID: 39331691 DOI: 10.1515/znc-2024-0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/29/2024]
Abstract
Cordyceps sinensis, known as the caterpillar fungus, constitutes an invaluable and irreplaceable part of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and is now gaining widespread global recognition and dedicated attention owing to both highly promising characteristics as well as grave dangers that are suggestive of an impending doom. C. sinensis possibly holds the key to the treatment of many human ailments with minimal side effects due to a wide array of biologically active chemical constituents. The powerful potential harbored by this fungus has led to a meteoric rise in its prices in the domestic and international markets which has caused the involvement of an increasing number of harvesters, traders, and buyers and unchecked overexploitation of this bioresource thus threatening its long-term survival in its natural habitat of the Himalayan region. This review focuses on the ethnopharmacology of C. sinensis, and various aspects related to its conservation, such as natural distribution, sale and revenue, decline in population density, and conservational practices prevalent in the current scenario of fungal depletion. The paper concludes with a comprehensive evaluation of the discrete therapeutic capabilities possessed by C. sinensis, the mechanistic insights into the remarkable treatment of chronic ailments using the fungus or its derivatives, and a suggested strategic roadmap that may be adopted for fruitful conservation of this natural miracle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payas Arora
- Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era (Deemed to Be University), Dehradun, 248002, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Nikita Bahuguna
- Department of Microbiology, Graphic Era (Deemed to Be University), Dehradun, 248002, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Jigisha Anand
- Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era (Deemed to Be University), Dehradun, 248002, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Prabhakar Semwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era (Deemed to Be University), Dehradun, 248002, Uttarakhand, India
- Research and Development Cell, Graphic Era Hill University, Society Area, Clement Town, Dehradun, 248002, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Nishant Rai
- Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era (Deemed to Be University), Dehradun, 248002, Uttarakhand, India
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Krishna KV, Ulhas RS, Malaviya A. Bioactive compounds from Cordyceps and their therapeutic potential. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024; 44:753-773. [PMID: 37518188 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2023.2231139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
The Clavicipitaceae family's largest and most diverse genus is Cordyceps. They are most abundant and diverse in humid temperate and tropical forests and have a wide distribution in: Europe, North America, and East and Southeast Asian countries, particularly: Bhutan, China, Japan, Nepal, Korea, Thailand, Vietnam, Tibet, and the Himalayan region of India, and Sikkim. It is a well-known parasitic fungus that feeds on insects and other arthropods belonging to 10 different orders. Over 200 bioactive metabolites, that include: nucleotides and nucleosides, polysaccharides, proteins, polypeptides, amino acids, sterols, and fatty acids, among others have been extracted from Cordyceps spp. demonstrating the phytochemical richness of this genus. These components have been associated with a variety of pharmacological effects, including: anti-microbial, anti-apoptotic, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory activities. In this paper, the bioactivity of various classes of metabolites produced by Cordyceps spp., and their therapeutic properties have been reviewed in an attempt to update the existing literature. Furthermore, one of its nucleoside and a key bioactive compound, cordycepin has been critically elaborated with regard to its biosynthesis pathway and the recently proposed protector-protégé mechanism as well as various biological and pharmacological effects, such as: suppression of purine and nucleic acid biosynthesis, induction of apoptosis, and cell cycle regulation with their mechanism of action. This review provides current knowledge on the bioactive potential of Cordyceps spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kondapalli Vamsi Krishna
- Applied and Industrial Biotechnology Laboratory, Christ (Deemed-to-be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Rutwick Surya Ulhas
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Jena (Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena), Jena, Germany
| | - Alok Malaviya
- Applied and Industrial Biotechnology Laboratory, Christ (Deemed-to-be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- Division of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea
- QuaLife Biotech Pvt Ltd, Bangalore, India
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4
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Liu Y, Guo ZJ, Zhou XW. Chinese Cordyceps: Bioactive Components, Antitumor Effects and Underlying Mechanism-A Review. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27196576. [PMID: 36235111 PMCID: PMC9572669 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chinese Cordyceps is a valuable source of natural products with various therapeutic effects. It is rich in various active components, of which adenosine, cordycepin and polysaccharides have been confirmed with significant immunomodulatory and antitumor functions. However, the underlying antitumor mechanism remains poorly understood. In this review, we summarized and analyzed the chemical characteristics of the main components and their pharmacological effects and mechanism on immunomodulatory and antitumor functions. The analysis revealed that Chinese Cordyceps promotes immune cells' antitumor function by via upregulating immune responses and downregulating immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment and resetting the immune cells' phenotype. Moreover, Chinese Cordyceps can inhibit the growth and metastasis of tumor cells by death (including apoptosis and autophagy) induction, cell-cycle arrest, and angiogenesis inhibition. Recent evidence has revealed that the signal pathways of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB), cysteine-aspartic proteases (caspases) and serine/threonine kinase Akt were involved in the antitumor mechanisms. In conclusion, Chinese Cordyceps, one type of magic mushroom, can be potentially developed as immunomodulator and anticancer therapeutic agents.
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Yoneyama T, Takahashi H, Grudniewska A, Ban S, Umeyama A, Noji M. Ergostane-Type Sterols From Several Cordyceps Strains. Nat Prod Commun 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x221105363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ergosterol is an essential component for fungi, including entomopathogenic fungi like Cordyceps. Cordyceps has been used as a traditional medicine in Japan and China and possesses various unique ergostane-type sterols, those exhibit bioactivities. In this manuscript, we reported the isolation of 2 new ergostane-type sterols, 1 and 2 along with ten sterols (3-12) from 7 strains of Cordyceps related fungal strains, Cordyceps takaomontana NBRC 101754, Metarhizium owariense NBRC 33258, Polycephalomyces formosus NBRC 109994, Cordyceps tuberculata NBRC 106948, Cordyceps tenuipes NBRC 108997, Cordyceps sp. NBRC 106954, and Tolypocladium paradoxum NBRC 106958 collected fruiting bodies of Ophiocordyceps heteropoda. In addition, the antitrypanosomal activity and antimicrobial activity of isolates were tested to find 6 showed the antitrypanosomal activity, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value was confirmed as 1.41 µg/mL. In the antimicrobial assay, the MIC value of 8 against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was determined to be 3.1 µg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sayaka Ban
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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6
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Liu W, Gao Y, Zhou Y, Yu F, Li X, Zhang N. Mechanism of Cordyceps sinensis and its Extracts in the Treatment of Diabetic Kidney Disease: A Review. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:881835. [PMID: 35645822 PMCID: PMC9136174 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.881835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the major reason of chronic kidney disease (CKD)-caused end-stage renal failure (ESRF), and leads to high mortality worldwide. At present, the treatment of DKD is mainly focused on controlling the hyperglycemia, proteinuria, and hypertension, but is insufficient on the effective delay of DKD progression. Cordyceps sinensis is a kind of wild-used precious Chinese herb. Its extracts have effects of nephroprotection, hepatoprotection, neuroprotection, and protection against ischemia/reperfusion-induced injury, as well as anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities. According to the theory of traditional Chinese medicine, Cordyceps sinensis can tonify the lung and the kidney. Several Chinese patent medicines produced from Cordyceps sinensis are often used to treat DKD and achieved considerable efficacy. This review summarized the clinical usage of Cordyceps sinensis, as well as its mainly biological activities including anti-hyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anti-oxidant, anti-fibrotic activities and regulation of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Liu
- Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yiwei Gao
- Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Graduate Student, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Fangning Yu
- Department of Graduate Student, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyi Li
- Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Ning Zhang,
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Suliman RS, Alghamdi SS, Ali R, Rahman I, Alqahtani T, Frah IK, Aljatli DA, Huwaizi S, Algheribe S, Alehaideb Z, Islam I. Distinct Mechanisms of Cytotoxicity in Novel Nitrogenous Heterocycles: Future Directions for a New Anti-Cancer Agent. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27082409. [PMID: 35458609 PMCID: PMC9029529 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Electron-rich, nitrogenous heteroaromatic compounds interact more with biological/cellular components than their non-nitrogenous counterparts. The strong intermolecular interactions with proteins, enzymes, and receptors confer significant biological and therapeutic properties to the imidazole derivatives, giving rise to a well-known and extensively used range of therapeutic drugs used for infections, inflammation, and cancer, to name a few. The current study investigates the anti-cancer properties of fourteen previously synthesized nitrogenous heterocycles, derivatives of imidazole and oxazolone, on a panel of cancer cell lines and, in addition, predicts the molecular interactions, pharmacokinetic and safety profiles of these compounds. Method: The MTT and CellTiter-Glo® assays were used to screen the imidazole and oxazolone derivatives on six cancer cell lines: HL60, MDA-MB-321, KAIMRC1, KMIRC2, MCF-10A, and HCT8. Subsequently, in vitro tubulin staining and imaging were performed, and the level of apoptosis was measured using the Promega ApoTox-Glo® triplex assay. Furthermore, several computational tools were utilized to investigate the pharmacokinetics and safety profile, including PASS Online, SEA Search, the QikProp tool, SwissADME, ProTox-II, and an in silico molecular docking study on tubulin to identify the critical molecular interactions. Results: In vitro analysis identified compounds 8 and 9 to possess the most significant potent cytotoxic activity on the HL60 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines, supported by PASS Online anti-cancer predictions with pa scores of 0.413 and 0.434, respectively. In addition, compound 9 induced caspase 3/7 dependent-apoptosis and interfered with tubulin polymerization in the MDA-MB-231 cell line, consistent with in silico docking results, identifying binding similarity to the native ligand colchicine. All the derivatives, including compounds 8 and 9, had acceptable pharmacokinetics; however, the safety profile was suboptimal for all the tested derivates except compound 4. Conclusion: The imidazole derivative compound 9 is a promising anti-cancer agent that switches on caspase-dependent apoptotic cell death and modulates microtubule function. Therefore, it could be a lead compound for further drug optimization and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha Saad Suliman
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 14611, Saudi Arabia; (R.A.); (T.A.); (I.K.F.); (D.A.A.)
- Medical Research Core Facility and Platforms, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 14811, Saudi Arabia; (S.H.); (S.A.); (Z.A.); (I.I.)
- Correspondence: (R.S.S.); (S.S.A.); Tel.: +966-(11)-429-9570 (R.S.S.); +966-(11)-429-9516 (S.S.A.)
| | - Sahar Saleh Alghamdi
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 14611, Saudi Arabia; (R.A.); (T.A.); (I.K.F.); (D.A.A.)
- Medical Research Core Facility and Platforms, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 14811, Saudi Arabia; (S.H.); (S.A.); (Z.A.); (I.I.)
- Correspondence: (R.S.S.); (S.S.A.); Tel.: +966-(11)-429-9570 (R.S.S.); +966-(11)-429-9516 (S.S.A.)
| | - Rizwan Ali
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 14611, Saudi Arabia; (R.A.); (T.A.); (I.K.F.); (D.A.A.)
- Medical Research Core Facility and Platforms, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 14811, Saudi Arabia; (S.H.); (S.A.); (Z.A.); (I.I.)
| | - Ishrat Rahman
- Department of Basic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Tariq Alqahtani
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 14611, Saudi Arabia; (R.A.); (T.A.); (I.K.F.); (D.A.A.)
- Medical Research Core Facility and Platforms, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 14811, Saudi Arabia; (S.H.); (S.A.); (Z.A.); (I.I.)
| | - Ibrahim K. Frah
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 14611, Saudi Arabia; (R.A.); (T.A.); (I.K.F.); (D.A.A.)
| | - Dimah A. Aljatli
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 14611, Saudi Arabia; (R.A.); (T.A.); (I.K.F.); (D.A.A.)
| | - Sarah Huwaizi
- Medical Research Core Facility and Platforms, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 14811, Saudi Arabia; (S.H.); (S.A.); (Z.A.); (I.I.)
| | - Shatha Algheribe
- Medical Research Core Facility and Platforms, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 14811, Saudi Arabia; (S.H.); (S.A.); (Z.A.); (I.I.)
| | - Zeyad Alehaideb
- Medical Research Core Facility and Platforms, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 14811, Saudi Arabia; (S.H.); (S.A.); (Z.A.); (I.I.)
| | - Imadul Islam
- Medical Research Core Facility and Platforms, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 14811, Saudi Arabia; (S.H.); (S.A.); (Z.A.); (I.I.)
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Long H, Qiu X, Cao L, Han R. Discovery of the signal pathways and major bioactive compounds responsible for the anti-hypoxia effect of Chinese cordyceps. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 277:114215. [PMID: 34033902 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Hypoxia will cause an increase in the rate of fatigue and aging. Chinese cordyceps, a parasitic Thitarodes insect-Ophiocordyceps sinensis fungus complex in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, has long been used to ameliorate human conditions associated with aging and senescence, it is principally applied to treat fatigue, night sweating and other symptoms related to aging, and it may play the anti-aging and anti-fatigue effect by improving the body's hypoxia tolerance. AIMS OF THE STUDY The present study investigated the anti-hypoxia activity of Chinese cordyceps and explore the main corresponding signal pathways and bioactive compounds. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, network pharmacology analysis, molecular docking, cell and whole pharmacodynamic experiments were hired to study the major signal pathways and the bioactive compounds of Chinese cordyceps for anti-hypoxia activity. RESULTS 17 pathways which Chinese cordyceps acted on seemed to be related to the anti-hypoxia effect, and "VEGF signal pathway" was one of the most important pathway. Chinese cordyceps improved the survival rate and regulated the targets related VEGF signal pathway of H9C2 cells under hypoxia, and also had significant anti-hypoxia effects to mice. Chorioallantoic membrane model experiment showed that Chinese cordyceps and the main constituents of (9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoic acid and cerevisterol had significant angiogenic activity in hypoxia condition. CONCLUSION Based on the results of network pharmacology and molecular docking analysis, cell and whole pharmacodynamic experiments, promoting angiogenesis by regulating VEGF signal pathway might be one of the mechanisms of anti-hypoxia effect of Chinese cordyceps, (9Z, 12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoic acid and cerevisterol were considered as the major anti-hypoxia bioactive compounds in Chinese cordyceps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailin Long
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China.
| | - Xuehong Qiu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China.
| | - Li Cao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China.
| | - Richou Han
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China.
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Das G, Shin HS, Leyva-Gómez G, Prado-Audelo MLD, Cortes H, Singh YD, Panda MK, Mishra AP, Nigam M, Saklani S, Chaturi PK, Martorell M, Cruz-Martins N, Sharma V, Garg N, Sharma R, Patra JK. Cordyceps spp.: A Review on Its Immune-Stimulatory and Other Biological Potentials. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:602364. [PMID: 33628175 PMCID: PMC7898063 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.602364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, interest in the Cordyceps genus has amplified due to its immunostimulatory potential. Cordyceps species, its extracts, and bioactive constituents have been related with cytokine production such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, phagocytosis stimulation of immune cells, nitric oxide production by increasing inducible nitric oxide synthase activity, and stimulation of inflammatory response via mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Other pharmacological activities like antioxidant, anti-cancer, antihyperlipidemic, anti-diabetic, anti-fatigue, anti-aging, hypocholesterolemic, hypotensive, vasorelaxation, anti-depressant, aphrodisiac, and kidney protection, has been reported in pre-clinical studies. These biological activities are correlated with the bioactive compounds present in Cordyceps including nucleosides, sterols, flavonoids, cyclic peptides, phenolic, bioxanthracenes, polyketides, and alkaloids, being the cyclic peptides compounds the most studied. An organized review of the existing literature was executed by surveying several databanks like PubMed, Scopus, etc. using keywords like Cordyceps, cordycepin, immune system, immunostimulation, immunomodulatory, pharmacology, anti-cancer, anti-viral, clinical trials, ethnomedicine, pharmacology, phytochemical analysis, and different species names. This review collects and analyzes state-of-the-art about the properties of Cordyceps species along with ethnopharmacological properties, application in food, chemical compounds, extraction of bioactive compounds, and various pharmacological properties with a special focus on the stimulatory properties of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gitishree Das
- Research Institute of Biotechnology and Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyangsi, South Korea
| | - Han-Seung Shin
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyangsi, South Korea
| | - Gerardo Leyva-Gómez
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - María L. Del Prado-Audelo
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Hernán Cortes
- Laboratorio de Medicina Genómica, Departamento de Genética, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Yengkhom Disco Singh
- Department of Post-Harvest Technology, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Central Agricultural University, Pasighat, India
| | - Manasa Kumar Panda
- Environment and Sustainability Department, CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Abhay Prakash Mishra
- Adarsh Vijendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shobhit University, Saharanpur, India
| | - Manisha Nigam
- Department of Biochemistry, H. N. B. Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal, India
| | - Sarla Saklani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, H. N. B. Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal, India
| | | | - Miquel Martorell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Centre for Healthy Living, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Natália Cruz-Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, Alameda Prof. Hernani Monteiro, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vineet Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Neha Garg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Jayanta Kumar Patra
- Research Institute of Biotechnology and Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyangsi, South Korea
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Rakhee, Mishra J, Yadav RB, Meena DK, Arora R, Sharma RK, Misra K. Novel formulation development from Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Berk.) for management of high-altitude maladies. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:9. [PMID: 33442508 PMCID: PMC7778651 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02536-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Berk.) is a fungus closely related to medicinal mushroom, which belongs to the family Ophiocordycipitaceae. It is a well-known and rich herbal source of bioactive active constituents. The medicinal mushroom has garnered worldwide attention owing to its multifarious bioactivities. This mushroom grows on the larva of ghost moths (Hepialidae) and produces fruiting bodies, which serve as a vital natural source of medicine and supplementary diets. On account of the diverse pharmacological and bioactive constituents present in O. sinensis, it has been established as a potential antioxidant, anticancer, antibacterial, anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory agent that has been successfully used for treating several health issues, including hypoxia-related problems encountered by mountaineers, pilgrims, tourists and soldiers occurring at high-altitude regions such as acute mountain sickness (AMS), high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE), high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE), frostbite, chilblains, hypothermia, etc. The most important pharmacologically active compounds present in the O. sinensis include nucleobases and its derivatives (adenosine, cordycepin, 3-deoxyadenosine, AMP, GMP, UMP, guanosine, uridine), polysaccharides (mannose, glucose, galactose, rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, galactose), proteins, peptides and steroids. This article focuses on the various research endeavors undertaken to scientifically establish the medicinal properties of O. sinensis, highlighting the various principally active compounds, their pharmacological action, drug designing and development and future perspective for various health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakhee
- Phyto Analytical Chemistry and Toxicology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), Delhi, 110054 India
| | - Jigni Mishra
- Phyto Analytical Chemistry and Toxicology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), Delhi, 110054 India
| | - Renu Bala Yadav
- Phyto Analytical Chemistry and Toxicology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), Delhi, 110054 India
| | - D. K. Meena
- Phyto Analytical Chemistry and Toxicology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), Delhi, 110054 India
| | - Rajesh Arora
- Phyto Analytical Chemistry and Toxicology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), Delhi, 110054 India
| | - R. K. Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007 India
| | - Kshipra Misra
- Phyto Analytical Chemistry and Toxicology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), Delhi, 110054 India
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Chhetri DR, Chhetri A, Shahi N, Tiwari S, Karna SKL, Lama D, Pokharel YR. Isaria tenuipes Peck, an entomopathogenic fungus from Darjeeling Himalaya: Evaluation of in-vitro antiproliferative and antioxidant potential of its mycelium extract. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:185. [PMID: 32527241 PMCID: PMC7291650 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-02973-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isaria tenuipes is one of the potent species in the members of the genus Isaria, which is well reported to possess multiple bioactive substances of therapeutic importance. Therefore, an in vitro experimental study was carried to evaluate the bioactivities of the crude methanolic extract from the mycelium of this fungus. METHODS The fungus was authenticated through morphological characters and the species discrepancy was resolved using the nuclear rDNA ITS sequence. The methanolic extract was fingerprinted by FTIR. The antioxidant components in terms of total phenols and flavonoids were determined as gallic acid and quercetin equivalents respectively. Antioxidant activities of the methanolic extract was assessed using 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2, 2/-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical cation (ABTS0+), Fe2+chelating activity, and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays. Cytotoxicity of the extract was determined by [3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] (MTT) assay on three cancer cell lines: HeLa, HepG2, and PC3. Apoptosis was further studied by propidium iodide (PI) and Annexin-V/PI staining flow cytometric analysis. Anti-proliferation capacity was studied by colony-forming assay. RESULTS In the present study total phenol content of the dried methanol extract was 148.09 ± 3.51μg gallic acid equivalent/mg and flavonoid was 9.02±0.95 μg quercetin/mg. The antioxidant activities of methanol-water extract (8:2 v/v) from cultured mycelia of I. tenuipes investigated and evaluated with 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay revealed IC50 value of 5.04mg/ml with an inhibition rate of 74.77% at 10mg/ml and with an iron-chelating assay the chelating ability was recorded to be 86.76% where the IC50 value was 4.43 mg/ml. In comparison among the antioxidant assays, 2,2/-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical cation (ABTS0+) and hydroxyl assay exhibited radical scavenging rate of 44.42% and 49.82% respectively at a concentration of 10 mg/ml. The IC50 value of the extract in MTT assay was 43.45μg/ml with HeLa cells, 119.33μg/ml with PC3 cells, and 125.55μg/ml with HepG2 cells. CONCLUSION In this study, it can be concluded that the crude methanolic extract exhibited potent antioxidant and antiproliferative activities suggesting natural antioxidative and antiproliferative agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhani Raj Chhetri
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Botany, Sikkim University, Gangtok, Sikkim, 737102, India
| | - Abhijit Chhetri
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Botany, Sikkim University, Gangtok, Sikkim, 737102, India
| | - Nerina Shahi
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, South Asian University, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Snigdha Tiwari
- National Fungal Culture Collection of India, Biodiversity and Palaeobiology Group, MACS' Agharkar Research Institute, G.G. Agarkar Road, Pune, 411004, India
| | - Shibendra Kumar Lal Karna
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, South Asian University, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Dorjay Lama
- Department of Microbiology, St. Joseph's College, North Point, Darjeeling, West Bengal, 734104, India
| | - Yuba Raj Pokharel
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, South Asian University, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi, 110021, India.
- Centre for Health and Disease Studies Nepal, P.O. Box No. 9503, Sankhmul, Baneshwor, Kathmandu, Nepal.
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12
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Sánchez-Crisóstomo I, Fernández-Martínez E, Cariño-Cortés R, Betanzos-Cabrera G, Bobadilla-Lugo RA. Phytosterols and Triterpenoids for Prevention and Treatment of Metabolic-related Liver Diseases and Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2019; 20:197-214. [DOI: 10.2174/1389201020666190219122357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Liver ailments are among the leading causes of death; they originate from viral
infections, chronic alcoholism, and autoimmune illnesses, which may chronically be precursors of
cirrhosis; furthermore, metabolic syndrome may worsen those hepatopathies or cause Non-alcoholic
Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) that may advance to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Cirrhosis is
the late-stage liver disease and can proceed to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Pharmacological
treatment options for liver diseases, cirrhosis, and HCC, are limited, expensive, and not wholly effective.
The use of medicinal herbs and functional foods is growing around the world as natural resources
of bioactive compounds that would set the basis for the development of new drugs.
Review and Conclusion:
Plant and food-derived sterols and triterpenoids (TTP) possess antioxidant,
metabolic-regulating, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory activities, as well as they are recognized
as anticancer agents, suggesting their application strongly as an alternative therapy in some
chronic diseases. Thus, it is interesting to review current reports about them as hepatoprotective agents,
but also because they structurally resemble cholesterol, sexual hormones, corticosteroids and bile acids
due to the presence of the steroid nucleus, so they all can share pharmacological properties through activating
nuclear and membrane receptors. Therefore, sterols and TTP appear as a feasible option for the
prevention and treatment of chronic metabolic-related liver diseases, cirrhosis, and HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Sánchez-Crisóstomo
- Center for Research on Reproductive Biology, School of Health Sciences, Autonomous University of Hidalgo's State, Pachuca, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Fernández-Martínez
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Autonomous University of Hidalgo's State, Pachuca, Mexico
| | - Raquel Cariño-Cortés
- Center for Research on Reproductive Biology, School of Health Sciences, Autonomous University of Hidalgo's State, Pachuca, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Betanzos-Cabrera
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Autonomous University of Hidalgo's State, Pachuca, Mexico
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Lin YT, Liang SM, Wu YJ, Wu YJ, Lu YJ, Jan YJ, Ko BS, Chuang YJ, Shyue SK, Kuo CC, Liou JY. Cordycepin Suppresses Endothelial Cell Proliferation, Migration, Angiogenesis, and Tumor Growth by Regulating Focal Adhesion Kinase and p53. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11020168. [PMID: 30717276 PMCID: PMC6406613 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11020168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) plays an important role in vascular development, including the regulation of endothelial cell (EC) adhesion, migration, proliferation, and survival. 3'-deoxyadenosine (cordycepin) is known to suppress FAK expression, cell migration, and the epithelial⁻mesenchymal transition in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, whether cordycepin affects FAK expression and cellular functions in ECs and the specific molecular mechanism remain unclear. In this study, we found that cordycepin suppressed FAK expression and the phosphorylation of FAK (p-FAK) at Tyr397 in ECs. Cordycepin inhibited the proliferation, wound healing, transwell migration, and tube formation of ECs. Confocal microscopy revealed that cordycepin significantly reduced FAK expression and decreased focal adhesion number of ECs. The suppressed expression of FAK was accompanied by induced p53 and p21 expression in ECs. Finally, we demonstrated that cordycepin suppressed angiogenesis in an in vivo angiogenesis assay and reduced HCC tumor growth in a xenograft nude mice model. Our study indicated that cordycepin could attenuate cell proliferation and migration and may result in the impairment of the angiogenesis process and tumor growth via downregulation of FAK and induction of p53 and p21 in ECs. Therefore, cordycepin may be used as a potential adjuvant for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Lin
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 350, Taiwan.
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structure Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
| | - Shu-Man Liang
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 350, Taiwan.
| | - Ya-Ju Wu
- Department of Pathology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Chiayi Branch, Chiayi City 600, Taiwan.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Ju Wu
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 350, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Jhu Lu
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 350, Taiwan.
| | - Yee-Jee Jan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan.
| | - Bor-Sheng Ko
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
| | - Yung-Jen Chuang
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structure Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
| | - Song-Kun Shyue
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan. .
| | - Cheng-Chin Kuo
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 350, Taiwan.
| | - Jun-Yang Liou
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 350, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
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Olatunji OJ, Tang J, Tola A, Auberon F, Oluwaniyi O, Ouyang Z. The genus Cordyceps : An extensive review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology. Fitoterapia 2018; 129:293-316. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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15
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Liang SM, Lu YJ, Ko BS, Jan YJ, Shyue SK, Yet SF, Liou JY. Cordycepin disrupts leukemia association with mesenchymal stromal cells and eliminates leukemia stem cell activity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43930. [PMID: 28266575 PMCID: PMC5339716 DOI: 10.1038/srep43930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining stemness of leukemic stem cells (LSCs) and reciprocal interactions between leukemia and stromal cells support leukemic progression and resistance to chemotherapy. Targeting the niche-based microenvironment is thus a new approach for leukemia therapy. Cordycepin is an analogue of adenosine and has been suggested to possess anti-leukemia properties. However, whether cordycepin influences association of leukemia and mesenchymal stromal cells has never been investigated. Here we show that cordycepin reduces CD34+CD38− cells in U937 and K562 cells and induces Dkk1 expression via autocrine and paracrine regulation in leukemia and mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs). Cordycepin suppresses cell attachment of leukemia with MSCs and downregulates N-cadherin in leukemia and VCAM-1 in MSCs. Moreover, incubation with leukemic conditioned media (CM) significantly induces IL-8 and IL-6 expression in MSCs, which is abrogated by cordycepin. Suppression of leukemic CM-induced VCAM-1 and IL-8 by cordycepin in MSCs is mediated by impairing NFκB signaling. Finally, cordycepin combined with an adenosine deaminase inhibitor prolongs survival in a leukemic mouse model. Our results indicate that cordycepin is a potential anti-leukemia therapeutic adjuvant via eliminating LSCs and disrupting leukemia-stromal association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Man Liang
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 350, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jhu Lu
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 350, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Sheng Ko
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Yee-Jee Jan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan
| | - Song-Kun Shyue
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Shaw-Fang Yet
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 350, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Yang Liou
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 350, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
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Kitagawa N, Morikawa T, Motai C, Ninomiya K, Okugawa S, Nishida A, Yoshikawa M, Muraoka O. The Antiproliferative Effect of Chakasaponins I and II, Floratheasaponin A, and Epigallocatechin 3-O-Gallate Isolated from Camellia sinensis on Human Digestive Tract Carcinoma Cell Lines. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17121979. [PMID: 27898032 PMCID: PMC5187779 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17121979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acylated oleanane-type triterpene saponins, namely chakasaponins I (1) and II (2), floratheasaponin A (3), and their analogs, together with catechins—including (–)-epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate (4), flavonoids, and caffeine—have been isolated as characteristic functional constituents from the extracts of “tea flower”, the flower buds of Camellia sinensis (Theaceae), which have common components with that of the leaf part. These isolates exhibited antiproliferative activities against human digestive tract carcinoma HSC-2, HSC-4, MKN-45, and Caco-2 cells. The antiproliferative activities of the saponins (1–3, IC50 = 4.4–14.1, 6.2–18.2, 4.5–17.3, and 19.3–40.6 µM, respectively) were more potent than those of catechins, flavonoids, and caffeine. To characterize the mechanisms of action of principal saponin constituents 1–3, a flow cytometric analysis using annexin-V/7-aminoactinomycin D (7-AAD) double staining in HSC-2 cells was performed. The percentage of apoptotic cells increased in a concentration-dependent manner. DNA fragmentation and caspase-3/7 activation were also detected after 48 h. These results suggested that antiproliferative activities of 1–3 induce apoptotic cell death via activation of caspase-3/7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niichiro Kitagawa
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
- Koshiro Company Ltd., 2-5-8 Doshomachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0045, Japan.
| | - Toshio Morikawa
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
- Antiaging Center, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
| | - Chiaki Motai
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
- Koshiro Company Ltd., 2-5-8 Doshomachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0045, Japan.
| | - Kiyofumi Ninomiya
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
- Antiaging Center, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
| | - Shuhei Okugawa
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
- Koshiro Company Ltd., 2-5-8 Doshomachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0045, Japan.
| | - Ayaka Nishida
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
| | - Masayuki Yoshikawa
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
| | - Osamu Muraoka
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
- Antiaging Center, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
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Koseki Y, Ikuta Y, Kamishima T, Onodera T, Oikawa H, Kasai H. Drug Release is Determined by the Chain Length of Fatty Acid-Conjugated Anticancer Agent as One Component of Nano-Prodrug. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2016. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20150405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Koseki
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University
| | - Yoshikazu Ikuta
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University
| | - Takaaki Kamishima
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University
| | - Tsunenobu Onodera
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University
| | - Hidetoshi Oikawa
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University
| | - Hitoshi Kasai
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University
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Chiu CP, Liu SC, Tang CH, Chan Y, El-Shazly M, Lee CL, Du YC, Wu TY, Chang FR, Wu YC. Anti-inflammatory Cerebrosides from Cultivated Cordyceps militaris. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:1540-1548. [PMID: 26853111 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris (bei-chong-chaw, northern worm grass) is a precious and edible entomopathogenic fungus, which is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) as a general booster for the nervous system, metabolism, and immunity. Saccharides, nucleosides, mannitol, and sterols were isolated from this fungus. The biological activity of C. militaris was attributed to the saccharide and nucleoside contents. In this study, the aqueous methanolic fraction of C. militaris fruiting bodies exhibited a significant anti-inflammatory activity. Bioactivity-guided fractionation of the active fraction led to the isolation of eight compounds, including one new and two known cerebrosides (ceramide derivatives), two nucleosides, and three sterols. Cordycerebroside A (1), the new cerebroside, along with soyacerebroside I (2) and glucocerebroside (3) inhibited the accumulation of pro-inflammatory iNOS protein and reduced the expression of COX-2 protein in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. This is the first study on the isolation of cerebrosides with anti-inflammatory activity from this TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Peng Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Shan-Chi Liu
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University , Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsin Tang
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University , Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - You Chan
- Institute of Microbiology, Chung Shan Medical University , Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Mohamed El-Shazly
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University , Organization of African Unity Street, Abassia, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Chia-Lin Lee
- Department of Cosmeceutics, China Medical University , Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chi Du
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Ying Wu
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital , Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Rong Chang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital , Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University , Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Chang Wu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University , Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, China Medical University , Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital , Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Center of Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital , Taichung 40402, Taiwan
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Effect of Sterols Isolated from Myrtillocactus geometrizans on Growth Inhibition of Colon and Breast Cancer Cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:589350. [PMID: 26113867 PMCID: PMC4465765 DOI: 10.1155/2015/589350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective. To explore the effect of peniocerol and macdougallin on HCT-15 and MCF-7 cells proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, and PARP cleavage. Methods. HCT-15 and MCF-7 cells were treated with various concentrations of peniocerol and macdougallin (10-80 μM) during 24 or 48 h. Crystal Violet Assay was used to evaluate the inhibition effect. Cell cycle regulation was examined by a propidium iodide method. Cell apoptosis was detected through both Annexin-V FLUOS/PI double-labeled cytometry assays and Western blot was applied to assess PARP cleavage. Results. Peniocerol and macdougallin induced growth inhibition and apoptosis in vitro in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Moreover, peniocerol and macdougallin induced arrest of cell cycle-dependent manner and increased the proportion of cells in G0/G1 phase. PARP cleavage in HCT-15 and MCF-7 cells was induced by treatment with peniocerol and macdougallin after 36 hours. Conclusions. Our results showed that the mechanism of cytotoxicity displayed by peniocerol and macdougallin is related to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in both cell lines. This is a significant observation because it helps to understand the way some oxysterols isolated from Myrtillocactus geometrizans develop their biological activities against cancer cells.
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Tian X, Li Y, Shen Y, Li Q, Wang Q, Feng L. Apoptosis and inhibition of proliferation of cancer cells induced by cordycepin. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:595-599. [PMID: 26622539 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cordycepin, a 3-deoxyadenosine, is the predominant functional component of the fungus Cordyceps militaris, a traditional Chinese medicine. Previous studies investigating the inhibition of cancer cells by cordycepin identified that it not only promotes cell apoptosis, but also controls cell proliferation. Furthermore, studies have elucidated the molecular mechanisms of inhibiting cell proliferation by cordycepin binding the A3 adenosine receptor, activating G protein, inhibiting cAMP formation, decreasing glycogen synthase kinase-3β/β-catenin activation and suppressing cyclin D1 and c-myc expression. The most significant signaling pathway in which cell apoptosis is induced by cordycepin is the caspase pathway. Cordycepin induces cell apoptosis via binding the DR3 receptor and consequently activating caspase-8/-3. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that cordycepin may be used as a natural medicine, as it can not only control tumor cell proliferation, but also induce cancer cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewen Tian
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China ; Sports Science Research Center of Shandong, Jinan, Shandong 250102, P.R. China
| | - Yujian Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering and Technology of Shandong High School, Shandong Wanjie Medical College, Zibo, Shandong 255213, P.R. China
| | - Yinyu Shen
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering and Technology of Shandong High School, Shandong Wanjie Medical College, Zibo, Shandong 255213, P.R. China
| | - Qiaoqiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering and Technology of Shandong High School, Shandong Wanjie Medical College, Zibo, Shandong 255213, P.R. China
| | - Qinglu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering and Technology of Shandong High School, Shandong Wanjie Medical College, Zibo, Shandong 255213, P.R. China
| | - Lianshi Feng
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China ; Biology Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, P.R. China
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The Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Actions of Cordyceps sinensis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:575063. [PMID: 25960753 PMCID: PMC4415478 DOI: 10.1155/2015/575063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cordyceps sinensis, also called DongChongXiaCao (winter worm, summer grass) in Chinese, is becoming increasingly popular and important in the public and scientific communities. This study summarizes the chemical constituents and their corresponding pharmacological actions of Cordyceps sinensis. Many bioactive components of Cordyceps sinensis have been extracted including nucleoside, polysaccharide, sterol, protein, amino acid, and polypeptide. In addition, these constituents' corresponding pharmacological actions were also shown in the study such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumour, antiapoptosis, and immunomodulatory actions. Therefore can use different effects of C. sinensis against different diseases and provide reference for the study of Cordyceps sinensis in the future.
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Zhao J, Xie J, Wang L, Li S. Advanced development in chemical analysis of Cordyceps. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 87:271-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Ko BS, Lu YJ, Yao WL, Liu TA, Tzean SS, Shen TL, Liou JY. Cordycepin regulates GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling in human leukemia cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76320. [PMID: 24086728 PMCID: PMC3784440 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leukemia stem cells (LSCs) are a limitless cell source for the initiation and maintenance of leukemia. Activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway is required for the survival and development of LSCs. Therefore, targeting β-catenin is considered a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of leukemia. The goal of this study was to explore whether cordycepin, an active component of the traditional medicine Cordyceps sinensis, regulates β-catenin expression in leukemia cells. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this study, we found that cordycepin significantly suppressed cell proliferation in all malignant cancer cells, including U937, K562, A549, HepG2, SK-Hep1 and MCF7 in a dose-dependent manner. However, cordycepin reduced β-catenin levels in U937, K562 and THP1 leukemia cells and had no effect on other solid cancer cells. In addition, treatment with cordycepin significantly suppressed leukemia colony formation in soft agar assay. Cordycepin enhanced proteasome-dependent degradation and inhibited nuclear translocation of β-catenin in leukemia cells. Cordycepin-reduced β-catenin stability was restored by the addition of a pharmacological inhibitor of GSK-3β, indicating that cordycepin-suppressed β-catenin stability is mediated by the activation of GSK-3β. Furthermore, cordycepin abolished the effect of Wnt3a-induced β-catenin in leukemia cells. In addition, cordycepin-impaired β-catenin is regulated by Akt activation but is not significantly influenced by AMPK or mTOR signal pathways. SIGNIFICANCE Our findings show for the first time that codycepin selectively reduces β-catenin stability in leukemia but not in other solid tumor cells. This suppressive effect is mediated by regulating GSK-3β. A synergistic combination of cordycepin with other treatments should be used as a novel strategy to eradicate leukemia via elimination of LSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bor-Sheng Ko
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jhu Lu
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ling Yao
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-An Liu
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Shean-Shong Tzean
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tang-Long Shen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Yang Liou
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Shashidhar M, Giridhar P, Udaya Sankar K, Manohar B. Bioactive principles from Cordyceps sinensis: A potent food supplement - A review. J Funct Foods 2013; 5:1013-1030. [PMID: 32288795 PMCID: PMC7104994 DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2013.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introducing the importance of Cordyceps sinensis (CS) and its economics. Alternative artificial cultivation methods for large scale production to meet the world demand for CS. Chemical characterization of compounds in different extracts of CS. Potential health benefits and mechanism of action of compounds in CS. Possible application of whole fungus or its extracts in food and pharmaceutical industries.
Cordyceps sinensis (CS) is a well-known entamophagus fungus, naturally distributed in the Tibetan Plateau of Asia and Himalayas. Recently this synonym is transferred to Ophiocordyceps by both scientific and non-scientific communities. It is widely used as a tonic and medicinal food in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), as it possess wonderful health benefits. To support its functional attributes, various investigations have been carried out to find out its adaptogenic, aphrodisiac, anti-oxidant, anti-aging, neuroprotective, nootropic, immunomodulatory, anti-cancer and hepatoprotective role. Its fruiting portion as well as the larvae possesses potent bio-active fractions and their composition almost found to be similar in both. The bioactive principles are nucleosides, exo-polysaccharides, sterols and, proteins, among others. Among nucleosides, adenosine and cordycepin are the major biochemical markers. Further, different types of solvent extracts and their mixtures exhibit wide range of pharmacological activities, while the water and methanol extracts with the richest sources of nucleosides and polysaccharides also show wide range of pharmacological activities. This review gives a panoramic view of potential health benefits of various classes of bio-active fractions along with the need for sustainable management of CS for human wellness.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.G. Shashidhar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Council of Scientific and Industrial research, New Delhi, India
- Department of Food Engineering, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570020, India
| | - P. Giridhar
- Department of Plant Cell Biotechnology, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570020, India
| | - K. Udaya Sankar
- Department of Food Engineering, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570020, India
| | - B. Manohar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Council of Scientific and Industrial research, New Delhi, India
- Department of Food Engineering, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570020, India
- Corresponding author at: Department of Food Engineering, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570020, India. Fax: +91 821 2517233.
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Chen DQ, An JM, Feng YL, Tian T, Qin XY, Zhao YY. Cloud-point extraction combined with liquid chromatography for the determination of ergosterol, a natural product with diuretic activity, in rat plasma, urine, and faeces. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2013; 2013:479056. [PMID: 23691436 PMCID: PMC3649294 DOI: 10.1155/2013/479056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Ergosterol from many medicinal fungi has been demonstrated to possess a variety of pharmacological activities in vivo and in vitro. A new method based on cloud-point extraction has been developed, optimized and validated for the determination of ergosterol in rat plasma, urine and faeces by liquid chromatography. The non-ionic surfactant Triton X-114 was chosen as the extract solvent. The chromatographic separation was performed on an Inertsil ODS-3 analytical column with a mobile phase consisting of methanol and water (98 : 2, v/v) at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The methodology was validated completely. The results indicated good performance in terms of specificity, linearity, detection and quantification limits, precision and accuracy. The method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic studies of ergosterol in rats. The results indicate that the ergosterol levels in feces are much higher than those in plasma and urine of the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Qian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Jun-Min An
- Department of Nephrology, Xi'an No. 4 Hospital, No. 21 Jiefang Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China
| | - Ya-Long Feng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Ting Tian
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Qin
- Department of Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Ying-Yong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
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Pharmacological Effects of Cordyceps and Its Bioactive Compounds. STUDIES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-59603-1.00013-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Lo HC, Hsieh C, Lin FY, Hsu TH. A Systematic Review of the Mysterious Caterpillar Fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis in Dong-ChongXiaCao ( Dōng Chóng Xià Cǎo) and Related Bioactive Ingredients. J Tradit Complement Med 2013; 3:16-32. [PMID: 24716152 PMCID: PMC3924981 DOI: 10.4103/2225-4110.106538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The caterpillar fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis (syn.Cordyceps sinensis), which was originally used in traditional Tibetan and Chinese medicine, is called either "yartsa gunbu" or "DongChongXiaCao ( Dōng Chóng Xià Cǎo)" ("winter worm-summer grass"), respectively. The extremely high price of DongChongXiaCao, approximately USD $20,000 to 40,000 per kg, has led to it being regarded as "soft gold" in China. The multi-fungi hypothesis has been proposed for DongChongXiaCao; however, Hirsutella sinensis is the anamorph of O. sinensis. In Chinese, the meaning of "DongChongXiaCao" is different for O. sinensis, Cordyceps spp., and Cordyceps sp. Over 30 bioactivities, such as immunomodulatory, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities, have been reported for wild DongChongXiaCao and for the mycelia and culture supernatants of O. sinensis. These bioactivities derive from over 20 bioactive ingredients, mainly extracellular polysaccharides, intracellular polysaccharides, cordycepin, adenosine, mannitol, and sterols. Other bioactive components have been found as well, including two peptides (cordymin and myriocin), melanin, lovastatin, γ-aminobutyric acid, and cordysinins. Recently, the bioactivities of O. sinensis were described, and they include antiarteriosclerosis, antidepression, and antiosteoporosis activities, photoprotection, prevention and treatment of bowel injury, promotion of endurance capacity, and learning-memory improvement. H. sinensis has the ability to accelerate leukocyte recovery, stimulate lymphocyte proliferation, antidiabetes, and improve kidney injury. Starting January 1(st), 2013, regulation will dictate that one fungus can only have one name, which will end the system of using separate names for anamorphs. The anamorph name "H. sinensis" has changed by the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants to O. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chen Lo
- Department of Nutritional Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, Xinzhuang District, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chienyan Hsieh
- Department of Biotechnology, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Yanchao Township, Kao-Hsiung County, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Yi Lin
- Department of Medicinal Botanicals and Healthcare and Department of Bioindustry Technology, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Hao Hsu
- Department of Medicinal Botanicals and Healthcare and Department of Bioindustry Technology, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan
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Lo HC, Hsieh C, Lin FY, Hsu TH. A Systematic Review of the Mysterious Caterpillar Fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis in DongChongXiaCao (冬蟲夏草 Dōng Chóng Xià Cǎo) and Related Bioactive Ingredients. J Tradit Complement Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s2225-4110(16)30164-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Interaction of ergosterol with bovine serum albumin and human serum albumin by spectroscopic analysis. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:9493-508. [PMID: 22733490 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1814-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to examine the interactions of ergosterol with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and human serum albumin (HSA) under physiological conditions with the drug concentrations in the range of 2.99-105.88 μM and the concentration of proteins was fixed at 5.0 μM. The analysis of emission spectra quenching at different temperatures revealed that the quenching mechanism of HSA/BSA by ergosterol was the static quenching. The number of binding sites n and the binding constants K were obtained at various temperatures. The distance r between ergosterol and HSA/BSA was evaluated according to Föster non-radioactive energy transfer theory. The results of synchronous fluorescence, 3D fluorescence, FT-IR, CD and UV-Vis absorption spectra showed that the conformations of HSA/BSA altered in the presence of ergosterol. The thermodynamic parameters, free energy change (ΔG), enthalpy change (ΔH) and entropy change (ΔS) for BSA-ergosterol and HSA-ergosterol systems were calculated by the van't Hoff equation and discussed. Besides, with the aid of three site markers (for example, phenylbutazone, ibuprofen and digitoxin), we have reported that ergosterol primarily binds to the tryptophan residues of BSA/HSA within site I (subdomain II A).
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Medicinal mushrooms in supportive cancer therapies: an approach to anti-cancer effects and putative mechanisms of action. FUNGAL DIVERS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-012-0151-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Pharmacokinetics of ergosterol in rats using rapid resolution liquid chromatography–atmospheric pressure chemical ionization multi-stage tandem mass spectrometry and rapid resolution liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:1945-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Abstract
This review surveys the chemical, biological, and mycological literature dealing with the isolation, structural elucidation, biological activities, and synthesis of nitrogen-containing compounds from the fruiting bodies or the culture broths of macromycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, People's Republic of China
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