1
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Hooda A, Singh D, Dalal A, Nehra K, Kumar S, Singh Malik R, Kumar R, Kumar P. Preparation, Spectral and Judd Ofelt Analyses of Luminous Octa-coordinated Europium (III) Complexes. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2023.114646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
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2
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Abstract
Optical imaging is an indispensable tool in clinical diagnostics and fundamental biomedical research. Autofluorescence-free optical imaging, which eliminates real-time optical excitation to minimize background noise, enables clear visualization of biological architecture and physiopathological events deep within living subjects. Molecular probes especially developed for autofluorescence-free optical imaging have been proven to remarkably improve the imaging sensitivity, penetration depth, target specificity, and multiplexing capability. In this Review, we focus on the advancements of autofluorescence-free molecular probes through the lens of particular molecular or photophysical mechanisms that produce long-lasting luminescence after the cessation of light excitation. The versatile design strategies of these molecular probes are discussed along with a broad range of biological applications. Finally, challenges and perspectives are discussed to further advance the next-generation autofluorescence-free molecular probes for in vivo imaging and in vitro biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan Jiang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637457, Singapore
| | - Kanyi Pu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637457, Singapore.,School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
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3
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Mono- and dinuclear gadolinium(III) complexes of tris(4-carboxy-3-benzyl-3-azabutyl) amine: Synthesis and relaxation properties. Polyhedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2015.12.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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4
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Sy M, Nonat A, Hildebrandt N, Charbonnière LJ. Lanthanide-based luminescence biolabelling. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:5080-95. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc00922k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiplexing, time-resolution, FRET…lanthanide-based biolabels reveal exceptional spectroscopic properties for bioanalytical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamadou Sy
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie Moléculaire Appliquée à l'Analyse
- IPHC
- UMR 7178 CNRS
- Université de Strasbourg
- ECPM
| | - Aline Nonat
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie Moléculaire Appliquée à l'Analyse
- IPHC
- UMR 7178 CNRS
- Université de Strasbourg
- ECPM
| | - Niko Hildebrandt
- NanoBioPhotonics, Institut d'Electronique Fondamentale
- Université Paris-Saclay
- Université Paris-Sud
- CNRS
- Orsay
| | - Loïc J. Charbonnière
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie Moléculaire Appliquée à l'Analyse
- IPHC
- UMR 7178 CNRS
- Université de Strasbourg
- ECPM
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5
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Nimse SB, Sonawane MD, Song KS, Kim T. Biomarker detection technologies and future directions. Analyst 2015; 141:740-55. [PMID: 26583164 DOI: 10.1039/c5an01790d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Biomarkers play a vital role in disease detection and treatment follow-up. It is important to note that diseases in the early stage are typically treated with the greatest probability of success. However, due to various technical difficulties in current technologies for the detection of biomarkers, the potential of biomarkers is not explored completely. Therefore, the developments of technologies, which can enable the accurate detection of prostate cancer at an early stage with simple, experimental protocols are highly inevitable. This critical review evaluates the current methods and technologies used in the detection of biomarkers. The aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive review covering the advantages and disadvantages of the biomarker detection methods. Future directions for the development of technologies to achieve highly selective and sensitive detection of biomarkers for point-of-care applications are also commented on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Balasaheb Nimse
- Institute for Applied Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 200-702, Korea.
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6
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Ekanger LA, Allen MJ. Overcoming the concentration-dependence of responsive probes for magnetic resonance imaging. Metallomics 2015; 7:405-21. [PMID: 25579206 PMCID: PMC4357574 DOI: 10.1039/c4mt00289j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In magnetic resonance imaging, contrast agents are molecules that increase the contrast-to-noise ratio of non-invasively acquired images. The information gained from magnetic resonance imaging can be increased using responsive contrast agents that undergo chemical changes, and consequently changes to contrast enhancement, for example in response to specific biomarkers that are indicative of diseases. A major limitation with modern responsive contrast agents is concentration-dependence that requires the concentration of contrast agent to be known: an extremely challenging task in vivo. Here, we review advances in several strategies aimed at overcoming the concentration-dependent nature of responsive contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levi A Ekanger
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
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7
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Zhu H, Fan J, Wang B, Peng X. Fluorescent, MRI, and colorimetric chemical sensors for the first-row d-block metal ions. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 44:4337-66. [PMID: 25406612 DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00285g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Transition metals (d-blocks) are recognized as playing critical roles in biology, and they most often act as cofactors in diverse enzymes; however, improper regulation of transition metal stores is also connected to serious disorders. Therefore, the monitoring and imaging of transition metals are significant for biological research as well as clinical diagnosis. In this article, efforts have been made to review the chemical sensors that have been developed for the detection of the first-row d-block metals (except Cu and Zn): Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni. We focus on the development of fluorescent sensors (fall into three classes: "turn-off", "turn-on", and ratiometric), colorimetric sensors, and responsive MRI contrast agents for these transition metals (242 references). Future work will be likely to fill in the blanks: (1) sensors for Sc, Ti, and V; (2) MRI sensors for Cr, Mn, Co, Ni; (3) ratiometric fluorescent sensors for Cr(6+), Mn(2+), and Ni(2+), explore new ways of sensing Fe(3+) or Cr(3+) without the proton interference, as well as extend applications of MRI sensors to living systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, High-tech District, Dalian 116024, China.
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8
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Iwaki S, Hokamura K, Ogawa M, Takehara Y, Muramatsu Y, Yamane T, Hirabayashi K, Morimoto Y, Hagisawa K, Nakahara K, Mineno T, Terai T, Komatsu T, Ueno T, Tamura K, Adachi Y, Hirata Y, Arita M, Arai H, Umemura K, Nagano T, Hanaoka K. A design strategy for small molecule-based targeted MRI contrast agents: their application for detection of atherosclerotic plaques. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:8611-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01270d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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9
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Aulsebrook ML, Graham B, Grace MR, Tuck KL. The synthesis of luminescent lanthanide-based chemosensors for the detection of zinc ions. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.04.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Filho MAM, Dutra JDL, Cavalcanti HLB, Rocha GB, Simas AM, Freire RO. RM1 Model for the Prediction of Geometries of Complexes of the Trications of Eu, Gd, and Tb. J Chem Theory Comput 2014; 10:3031-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ct400909w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manoel A. M. Filho
- Pople
Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 49.100-000 São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - José Diogo L. Dutra
- Pople
Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 49.100-000 São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - Higo L. B. Cavalcanti
- Departamento
de Química, CCEN, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 58.059-970 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Gerd B. Rocha
- Departamento
de Química, CCEN, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 58.059-970 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Alfredo M. Simas
- Departamento
de Química Fundamental, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50.740-540 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Ricardo O. Freire
- Pople
Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 49.100-000 São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
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11
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Bazzicalupi C, Bianchi A, García-España E, Delgado-Pinar E. Metals in supramolecular chemistry. Inorganica Chim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie C. Heffern
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences, Neurobiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Radiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
| | - Lauren M. Matosziuk
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences, Neurobiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Radiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
| | - Thomas J. Meade
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences, Neurobiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Radiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
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13
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Magyar A, Hu W, Shanley T, Flatté ME, Hu E, Aharonovich I. Synthesis of luminescent europium defects in diamond. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3523. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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14
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Grichine A, Haefele A, Pascal S, Duperray A, Michel R, Andraud C, Maury O. Millisecond lifetime imaging with a europium complex using a commercial confocal microscope under one or two-photon excitation. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4sc00473f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate that a commercial confocal microscope can perform time-gated and long lifetime imaging in the μs to ms range under classical one photon or nonlinear two photon excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Simon Pascal
- University Lyon 1
- ENS Lyon
- CNRS UMR 5182
- 69364 Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | - Olivier Maury
- University Lyon 1
- ENS Lyon
- CNRS UMR 5182
- 69364 Lyon, France
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15
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Coogan MP, Fernández-Moreira V. Progress with, and prospects for, metal complexes in cell imaging. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:384-99. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc45229h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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16
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Hemmer E, Venkatachalam N, Hyodo H, Hattori A, Ebina Y, Kishimoto H, Soga K. Upconverting and NIR emitting rare earth based nanostructures for NIR-bioimaging. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:11339-61. [PMID: 23938606 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr02286b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, significant progress was achieved in the field of nanomedicine and bioimaging, but the development of new biomarkers for reliable detection of diseases at an early stage, molecular imaging, targeting and therapy remains crucial. The disadvantages of commonly used organic dyes include photobleaching, autofluorescence, phototoxicity and scattering when UV (ultraviolet) or visible light is used for excitation. The limited penetration depth of the excitation light and the visible emission into and from the biological tissue is a further drawback with regard to in vivo bioimaging. Lanthanide containing inorganic nanostructures emitting in the near-infrared (NIR) range under NIR excitation may overcome those problems. Due to the outstanding optical and magnetic properties of lanthanide ions (Ln(3+)), nanoscopic host materials doped with Ln(3+), e.g. Y2O3:Er(3+),Yb(3+), are promising candidates for NIR-NIR bioimaging. Ln(3+)-doped gadolinium-based inorganic nanostructures, such as Gd2O3:Er(3+),Yb(3+), have a high potential as opto-magnetic markers allowing the combination of time-resolved optical imaging and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of high spatial resolution. Recent progress in our research on over-1000 nm NIR fluorescent nanoprobes for in vivo NIR-NIR bioimaging will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Hemmer
- Tokyo University of Science, Center for Technologies against Cancer (CTC), 2669 Yamazaki, 278-0022 Chiba, Japan.
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17
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Kratsch J, Roesky PW. Rare-Earth-Metal Methylidene Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 53:376-83. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201303761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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19
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Zherdeva VV, Savitsky AP. Using lanthanide-based resonance energy transfer for in vitro and in vivo studies of biological processes. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2013; 77:1553-74. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297912130111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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20
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Xu HB, Deng JG, Kang B. Designed synthesis and photophysical properties of multifunctional hybrid lanthanide complexes. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra40513c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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21
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van Veggel FCJM, Dong C, Johnson NJJ, Pichaandi J. Ln(3+)-doped nanoparticles for upconversion and magnetic resonance imaging: some critical notes on recent progress and some aspects to be considered. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:7309-7321. [PMID: 23086529 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr32124f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this feature article we will critically discuss the synthesis and characterisation aspects of Ln(3+)-doped nanoparticles (NPs) that show upconversion, upon 980 nm excitation. Upconversion is a non-linear process that converts two or more low-energy photons, often near-infrared photons, into one of higher energy, e.g. blue and 800 nm from Tm(3+) and green and red from Er(3+) or Ho(3+). Nearly all researchers use the absorption of 980 nm light by Yb(3+) as the sensitiser for the co-doped emissive Ln(3+) ions. The focus will be on LnF(3) and MLnF(4) (M = alkali metal) as the host matrix, because most progress has been made with these. In particular we will argue that a detailed understanding of how the dopant ions and the host Ln(3+) ions are distributed (in the core) and how (doped) shell growth occurs is not well understood. Moreover, their use as optical and magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents will be discussed. We will argue that deep-tissue imaging beyond 600 μm with retention of optical resolution, i.e. to see fine structure such as blood capillaries in brain tissues, has not yet been achieved. Three key parameters have been identified as impediments: (i) the low absorption efficiency of the Yb(3+) sensitiser, (ii) the low quantum yield of upconversion, and (iii) the long-lived excited states. On the other hand, there are very encouraging results that suggest that these nanoparticles could be developed into very potent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank C J M van Veggel
- University of Victoria, Department of Chemistry, PO Box 3065, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 3V6.
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22
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Hemmer E, Takeshita H, Yamano T, Fujiki T, Kohl Y, Löw K, Venkatachalam N, Hyodo H, Kishimoto H, Soga K. In vitro and in vivo investigations of upconversion and NIR emitting Gd₂O₃:Er³⁺,Yb³⁺ nanostructures for biomedical applications. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2012; 23:2399-2412. [PMID: 22588504 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-012-4671-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The use of an "over 1000-nm near-infrared (NIR) in vivo fluorescence bioimaging" system based on lanthanide containing inorganic nanostructures emitting in the visible and NIR range under 980-nm excitation is proposed. It may overcome problems of currently used biomarkers including color fading, phototoxicity and scattering. Gd(2)O(3):Er(3+),Yb(3+) nanoparticles and nanorods showing upconversion and NIR emission are synthesized and their cytotoxic behavior is investigated by incubation with B-cell hybridomas and macrophages. Surface modification with PEG-b-PAAc provides the necessary chemical durability reducing the release of toxic Gd(3+) ions. NIR fluorescence microscopy is used to investigate the suitability of the nanostructures as NIR-NIR biomarkers. The in vitro uptake of bare and modified nanostructures by macrophages is investigated by confocal laser scanning microscopy. In vivo investigations revealed nanostructures in liver, lung, kidneys and spleen a few hours after injection into mice, while most of the nanostructures have been removed from the body after 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Hemmer
- Center for Technologies Against Cancer, Tokyo University of Science, 2669 Yamazaki, Chiba 278-0022, Japan.
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23
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Comby S, Tuck SA, Truman LK, Kotova O, Gunnlaugsson T. New Trick for an Old Ligand! The Sensing of Zn(II) Using a Lanthanide Based Ternary Yb(III)-cyclen-8-hydroxyquinoline System As a Dual Emissive Probe for Displacement Assay. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:10158-68. [DOI: 10.1021/ic300697w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steve Comby
- School of Chemistry, Centre for Synthesis
and Chemical
Biology and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Sarah A. Tuck
- School of Chemistry, Centre for Synthesis
and Chemical
Biology and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Laura K. Truman
- School of Chemistry, Centre for Synthesis
and Chemical
Biology and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Oxana Kotova
- School of Chemistry, Centre for Synthesis
and Chemical
Biology and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Thorfinnur Gunnlaugsson
- School of Chemistry, Centre for Synthesis
and Chemical
Biology and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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24
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Barb AW, Ho TG, Flanagan-Steet H, Prestegard JH. Lanthanide binding and IgG affinity construct: potential applications in solution NMR, MRI, and luminescence microscopy. Protein Sci 2012; 21:1456-66. [PMID: 22851279 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Paramagnetic lanthanide ions when bound to proteins offer great potential for structural investigations that utilize solution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, magnetic resonance imaging, or optical microscopy. However, many proteins do not have native metal ion binding sites and engineering a chimeric protein to bind an ion while retaining affinity for a protein of interest represents a significant challenge. Here we report the characterization of an immunoglobulin G-binding protein redesigned to include a lanthanide binding motif in place of a loop between two helices (Z-L2LBT). It was shown to bind Tb³⁺ with 130 nM affinity. Ions such as Dy³⁺, Yb³⁺, and Ce³⁺ produce paramagnetic effects on NMR spectra and the utility of these effects is illustrated by their use in determining a structural model of the metal-complexed Z-L2LBT protein and a preliminary characterization of the dynamic distribution of IgG Fc glycan positions. Furthermore, this designed protein is demonstrated to be a novel IgG-binding reagent for magnetic resonance imaging (Z-L2LBT:Gd³⁺ complex) and luminescence microscopy (Z-L2LBT: Tb³⁺ complex).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam W Barb
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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25
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Schopf E, Sankaranarayanan J, Chan M, Mattrey R, Almutairi A. An extracellular MRI polymeric contrast agent that degrades at physiological pH. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:1911-8. [PMID: 22657107 PMCID: PMC3443308 DOI: 10.1021/mp2005998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Macromolecular contrast agents have the potential to assist magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) due to their high relaxivity, but are not clinically useful because of toxicity due to poor clearance. We have prepared a biodegradable ketal-based polymer contrast agent which is designed to degrade rapidly at physiological pH by hydrolysis, facilitating renal clearance. In vitro, the agent degraded more rapidly at lower pH, with complete fragmentation after 24 h at pH 7.4. In vitro relaxivity measurements showed a direct correlation between molecular weight and relaxivity. We compared our polymer contrast agent with commercially available Magnevist in vivo by MRI imaging, as well as measuring the Gd concentration in blood. Our results show that our polymer contrast agent gives a higher contrast and intensity in the same organs and areas as Magnevist and is cleared from the blood at a similar rate. We aim to improve our polymer contrast agent design to develop it for use as a MRI contrast agent, and explore its use as a platform for other imaging modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Schopf
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, ⊥Department of NanoEngineering, §Department of Chemistry, and ∥Department of Radiology, University of California at San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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27
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Development of hypoxia-sensitive Gd3+-based MRI contrast agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:2798-802. [PMID: 22424977 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.02.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia occurs in various diseases, including cancer, ischemia, and acute and chronic vascular diseases. Here we describe the design and synthesis of the first hypoxia-sensitive MRI contrast agents, SAGds. SAGds showed a pH-dependent r(1) relaxivity change associated with intramolecular chelation of the nitrogen atom of the sulfonamide moiety to the Gd(3+) center. There was a correlation between the pK(a) of the r(1) relaxivity change and the sum of the Hammett σ constants of substituents on the aromatic ring. Among the synthesized compounds, 4NO(2)2MeOSAGd was selectively reduced to the amine by rat liver microsomes under hypoxic conditions, resulting in a 1.8-fold increment of the r(1) relaxivity owing to the change in pK(a) of the arylsulfonamide moiety. This enhancement of the r(1) relaxivity could be clearly detected in T(1)-weighted MR images. Thus, 4NO(2)2MeOSAGd is a 'smart' MRI contrast agent for the detection of hypoxia under physiological conditions.
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28
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Kobayashi H, Longmire MR, Ogawa M, Choyke PL. Rational chemical design of the next generation of molecular imaging probes based on physics and biology: mixing modalities, colors and signals. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:4626-48. [PMID: 21607237 PMCID: PMC3417232 DOI: 10.1039/c1cs15077d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, numerous in vivo molecular imaging probes have been developed. As a consequence, much has been published on the design and synthesis of molecular imaging probes focusing on each modality, each type of material, or each target disease. More recently, second generation molecular imaging probes with unique, multi-functional, or multiplexed characteristics have been designed. This critical review focuses on (i) molecular imaging using combinations of modalities and signals that employ the full range of the electromagnetic spectra, (ii) optimized chemical design of molecular imaging probes for in vivo kinetics based on biology and physiology across a range of physical sizes, (iii) practical examples of second generation molecular imaging probes designed to extract complementary data from targets using multiple modalities, color, and comprehensive signals (277 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisataka Kobayashi
- Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute/NIH, Bldg. 10, Room B3B69, MSC 1088, 10 Center Dr Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1088, USA.
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30
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Tu C, Osborne EA, Louie AY. Activatable T₁ and T₂ magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents. Ann Biomed Eng 2011; 39:1335-48. [PMID: 21331662 PMCID: PMC3069332 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-011-0270-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become one of the most important diagnosis tools available in medicine. Typically MRI is not capable of sensing biochemical activities. However, recently emerged activatable MRI contrast agents (CAs), whose relaxivity is variable in response to a specific parameter change in the surrounding physiological microenvironment, potentially allow for MRI to indicate biological processes. Among the various factors influencing the relaxivity of a CA, the number of inner-sphere water molecules (q) directly coordinated to the metal center, the residence time of the coordinated water molecule (τ (m)), and the rotational correlation time representing the molecular tumbling time of a complex (τ (R)) contribute strongly to the relaxivity of an activatable CA. Tuning the ligand structure and properties has been the subject of intensive research for activatable MR CA designs. This review summarizes a variety of activatable MRI CAs sensitive to common variables in microenvironment in vivo, i.e., pH, luminescence, metal ions, redox, and enzymes, etc., with emphasis on the influence of ligand design on parameters q, τ (m), and τ (R).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuqiao Tu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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