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Singh M, Joshi G, Qiang H, Okajima MK, Kaneko T. Facile Design of Antibacterial Sheets of Sacran and Nanocellulose. CARBOHYDRATE POLYMER TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carpta.2023.100280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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2
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Herdiana Y, Wathoni N, Shamsuddin S, Muchtaridi M. Cytotoxicity Enhancement in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells with Depolymerized Chitosan Delivery of α-Mangostin. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14153139. [PMID: 35956654 PMCID: PMC9371181 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of α-mangostin (AMG) in breast cancer research has wide intentions. Chitosan-based nanoparticles (CSNPs) have attractive prospects for developing anticancer drugs, especially in their high flexibility for modification to enhance their anticancer action. This research aimed to study the impact of depolymerized chitosan (CS) on the cytotoxicity enhancement of AMG in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. CSNPs effectivity depends on size, shape, crystallinity degree, and charge surface. Modifying CS molecular weight (MW) is expected to influence CSNPs’ characteristics, impacting size, shape, crystallinity degree, and charge surface. CSNPs are developed using the method of ionic gelation with sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) as a crosslinker and spray pyrolysis procedure. Nanoparticles’ (NPs) sizes vary from 205.3 ± 81 nm to 450.9 ± 235 nm, ZP charges range from +10.56 mV to +51.56 mV, and entrapment efficiency from 85.35% to 90.45%. The morphology of NPs are all the same spherical forms. In vitro release studies confirmed that AMG–Chitosan–High Molecular Weight (AMG–CS–HMW) and AMG–Chitosan–Low Molecular Weight (AMG–CS–LMW) had a sustained-release system profile. MW has a great influence on surface, drug release, and cytotoxicity enhancement of AMG in CSNPs to MCF-7 cancer cells. The preparations AMG–CS–HMW and AMG–CS–LMW NPs considerably enhanced the cytotoxicity of MCF-7 cells with IC50 values of 5.90 ± 0.08 µg/mL and 4.90 ± 0.16 µg/mL, respectively, as compared with the non-nano particle formulation with an IC50 of 8.47 ± 0.29 µg/mL. These findings suggest that CSNPs can enhance the physicochemical characteristics and cytotoxicity of AMG in breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yedi Herdiana
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia;
- Correspondence: (Y.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Nasrul Wathoni
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia;
| | - Shaharum Shamsuddin
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia;
- Nanobiotech Research Initiative, Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
- USM-RIKEN Interdisciplinary Collaboration on Advanced Sciences (URICAS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Muchtaridi Muchtaridi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
- Correspondence: (Y.H.); (M.M.)
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Budpud K, Okeyoshi K, Okajima MK, Kaneko T. Cyanobacterial supra‐polysaccharide: Self‐similar hierarchy, diverse morphology, and application prospects of sacran fibers. Biopolymers 2022; 113:e23522. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.23522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kulisara Budpud
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Nomi Ishikawa Japan
| | - Kosuke Okeyoshi
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Nomi Ishikawa Japan
| | - Maiko K. Okajima
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Nomi Ishikawa Japan
| | - Tatsuo Kaneko
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Nomi Ishikawa Japan
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Takada K, Komuro A, Ali MA, Singh M, Okajima M, Matsumura K, Kaneko T. Cell-adhesive gels made of sacran/collagen complexes. Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-021-00593-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Puluhulawa LE, Joni IM, Mohammed AFA, Arima H, Wathoni N. The Use of Megamolecular Polysaccharide Sacran in Food and Biomedical Applications. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113362. [PMID: 34199586 PMCID: PMC8199723 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural polymer is a frequently used polymer in various food applications and pharmaceutical formulations due to its benefits and its biocompatibility compared to synthetic polymers. One of the natural polymer groups (i.e., polysaccharide) does not only function as an additive in pharmaceutical preparations, but also as an active ingredient with pharmacological effects. In addition, several natural polymers offer potential distinct applications in gene delivery and genetic engineering. However, some of these polymers have drawbacks, such as their lack of water retention and elasticity. Sacran, one of the high-molecular-weight natural polysaccharides (megamolecular polysaccharides) derived from Aphanothece sacrum (A. sacrum), has good water retention and elasticity. Historically, sacran has been used as a dietary food. Moreover, sacran can be applied in biomedical fields as an active material, excipient, and genetic engineering material. This article discusses the characteristics, extraction, isolation procedures, and the use of sacran in food and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Efriani Puluhulawa
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjajaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia;
| | - I Made Joni
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjajaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia;
- Functional Nano Powder University Center of Excellence (FiNder U CoE) Padjadajaran Universitas Padjajaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Nasrul Wathoni
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjajaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +62-22-842-888888
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Barbosa AI, Torres T, Lima SAC, Reis S. Hydrogels: A Promising Vehicle for the Topical Management of Atopic Dermatitis. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202100028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabel Barbosa
- LAQV REQUIMTE Departamento de Ciências Químicas Faculdade de Farmácia Universidade do Porto Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228 Porto 4050‐313 Portugal
| | - Tiago Torres
- Serviço de Dermatologia do Centro Hospitalar e Universitário do Porto Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar Universidade do Porto Rua D. Manuel II, s/n Porto 4099‐001 Portugal
| | - Sofia A. Costa Lima
- LAQV REQUIMTE Departamento de Ciências Químicas Faculdade de Farmácia Universidade do Porto Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228 Porto 4050‐313 Portugal
| | - Salette Reis
- LAQV REQUIMTE Departamento de Ciências Químicas Faculdade de Farmácia Universidade do Porto Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228 Porto 4050‐313 Portugal
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α-Mangostin Hydrogel Film Based Chitosan–Alginate for Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9235235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Many antiseptic drugs, local anaesthetics, and corticosteroids have been used for effective therapy of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS). However, these drugs have harmful side effects. α-mangostin (α-M), a main compound of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) peel, has been known as a wound healing agent. In addition, hydrogel film as dressings designed to separate mucosal lesions from the oral environment, and improve the effectiveness of RAS therapy. The purpose of this study was to develop α-M hydrogel film based chitosan–alginate (ChAlg/α-M HF) for RAS. The in silico study by Discovery studio visualizer and AutoDock confirmed that hydrogen bonding between Ch, Alg, and α-M occurred. The results of physicochemical characterizations by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicated that the ChAlg/α-M HF had a lower crystalline form compared to pure α-M. In addition, ChAlg/α-M HF significantly improved the swelling ratio and tensile strength compared to that of ChAlg HF. Moreover, the existence of Alg increased the degradability of Ch, and closely related to the release of α-M from ChAlg HF. The in vitro release study confirmed that the release of α-M from ChAlg/α-M HF was the Fickian diffusion model. Finally, the mucoadhesive study revealed that ChAlg/α-M HF had a good mucoadhesive property. These results suggest that hydrogel film-based chitosan–alginate have the potential as carriers of α-M for RAS therapy.
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Okeyoshi K, Okajima MK, Kaneko T. [Unidirectionally-oriented Membrane Formation of Supra-polysaccharides Sacran and Application to Drug Delivery System]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2018; 138:503-507. [PMID: 29607996 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.17-00201-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The geometric structures of soft materials can be controlled on the macro-scale using interfacial or mechanical instability, e.g., fingering patterns of viscous liquid and buckling patterns of gels during swelling/deswelling. These patterns can be used as smart materials for capturing/releasing and mass-transportation applications. Here we introduce the emergence of a uniaxially oriented membrane by drying an aqueous liquid-crystalline solution, composed of megamolecular supra-polysaccharides "sacran", from a limited space. By controlling the geometries of the evaporation front, multiple nuclei emerge that grow into upright membranes with uniaxial orientation. Notably, the uniaxially orientated membrane composed of rod-like microdomains is rationally formed along the dynamic three-phase contact line. Besides, the membrane macroscopically partitions the three-dimensional cuboid cell for evaporating the aqueous solution. We envision that such a uniaxially oriented membrane can be used as soft biomaterials such as dialysis membranes with directional controllability in medical and pharmaceutical fields.
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Motoyama K, Higashi T, Okajima MK, Kaneko T, Arima H. [Potential Use of Sacran Hydrogels as Wound Dressing Material]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2018; 138:517-520. [PMID: 29607998 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.17-00201-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A wound dressing is one of the essential approaches to prevent further harm to cutaneous wounds as well as to promote wound healing. Therefore, to achieve ideal wound healing, the development of advanced dressing materials is necessary. Sacran, a novel megamolecular polysaccharide derived from the cyanobacterium Aphanothece sacrum, has a very high molecular weight that exceeds 107 g/mol and water-superabsorbent capacity. Recently, we demonstrated that sacran exerts anti-inflammatory activity by ameliorating the skin barrier function in patients with atopic dermatitis. In this study, to develop and characterize sacran hydrogel films (Sac-HGFs) for wound dressing materials, we prepared a physically crosslinked-Sac-HGFs, and evaluated their physicochemical properties, cytotoxicity, skin hydration and wound healing ability. Additionally, we encapsulated curcumin, as a model drug for wound healing, into Sac-HGFs by complexation with 2-hydroxypropyl-γ-cyclodextrin (HP-γ-CyD), and investigated their potential for wound dressing application. Sac-HGF has potentially good properties for wound dressing application, due to not only the moisturizing effect but also the anti-inflammatory effect of sacran. Additionally, Sac-HGF has the potential to deliver water soluble complex of curcumin/HP-γ-CyD at the wound site and thereby promote wound healing. These findings may be useful information for preparation of wound dressing materials using sacran, CyDs and drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Motoyama
- Department of Physical Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University
| | - Taishi Higashi
- Department of Physical Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University
| | | | - Tatsuo Kaneko
- Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST)
| | - Hidetoshi Arima
- Department of Physical Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University.,Program for Leading Graduate Schools "HIGO (Health Life Science: Interdisciplinary and Glocal Oriented) Program", Kumamoto University
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OKEYOSHI K, OKAJIMA MK, KANEKO T. Drying-Induced Macro-Space Partitioning of Supra-Polysaccharides and Membrane Formation with Uniaxial Orientation. KOBUNSHI RONBUNSHU 2018. [DOI: 10.1295/koron.2017-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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11
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Effect of Drug Loading Method and Drug Physicochemical Properties on the Material and Drug Release Properties of Poly (Ethylene Oxide) Hydrogels for Transdermal Delivery. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:polym9070286. [PMID: 30970963 PMCID: PMC6432290 DOI: 10.3390/polym9070286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) hydrogel films were synthesized via UV cross-linking with pentaerythritol tetra-acrylate (PETRA) as cross-linking agent. The purpose of this work was to develop a novel hydrogel film suitable for passive transdermal drug delivery via skin application. Hydrogels were loaded with model drugs (lidocaine hydrochloride (LID), diclofenac sodium (DIC) and ibuprofen (IBU)) via post-loading and in situ loading methods. The effect of loading method and drug physicochemical properties on the material and drug release properties of medicated film samples were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), swelling studies, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), tensile testing, rheometry, and drug release studies. In situ loaded films showed better drug entrapment within the hydrogel network and also better polymer crystallinity. High drug release was observed from all studied formulations. In situ loaded LID had a plasticizing effect on PEO hydrogel, and films showed excellent mechanical properties and prolonged drug release. The drug release mechanism for the majority of medicated PEO hydrogel formulations was determined as both drug diffusion and polymer chain relaxation, which is highly desirable for controlled release formulations.
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Ohyama A, Higashi T, Motoyama K, Arima H. Ternary complexes of folate-PEG-appended dendrimer (G4)/α-cyclodextrin conjugate, siRNA and low-molecular-weight polysaccharide sacran as a novel tumor-selective siRNA delivery system. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 99:21-28. [PMID: 28223132 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We previously developed a tumor-selective siRNA carrier by preparing polyamidoamine dendrimer (generation 4, G4) conjugates with α-cyclodextrin and folate-polyethylene glycol (Fol-PαC (G4)). In the present study, we developed ternary complexes of Fol-PαC (G4)/siRNA with low-molecular-weight-sacrans to achieve more effective siRNA transfer activity. Among the different molecular-weight sacrans, i.e. sacran 100, 1000 and 10,000 (MW 44,889Da, 943,692Da and 1,488,281Da, respectively), sacran 100 significantly increased the cellular uptake and the RNAi effects of Fol-PαC (G4)/siRNA binary complex with negligible cytotoxicity in KB cells (folate receptor-α positive cells). In addition, the ζ-potential and particle size of Fol-PαC (G4)/siRNA complex were decreased by the ternary complexation with sacran 100. Importantly, the in vivo RNAi effect of the ternary complex after the intravenous administration to tumor-bearing BALB/c mice was significantly higher than that of the binary complex. In conclusion, Fol-PαC (G4)/siRNA/sacran 100 ternary complex has a potential as a novel tumor-selective siRNA delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumu Ohyama
- Department of Physical Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; Program for Leading Graduate Schools 'Health Life Science: Interdisciplinary and Glocal Oriented (HIGO) Program', Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Taishi Higashi
- Department of Physical Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Keiichi Motoyama
- Department of Physical Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Arima
- Department of Physical Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; Program for Leading Graduate Schools 'Health Life Science: Interdisciplinary and Glocal Oriented (HIGO) Program', Kumamoto University, Japan.
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Shikinaka K, Okeyoshi K, Masunaga H, Okajima MK, Kaneko T. Solution structure of cyanobacterial polysaccharide, sacran. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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14
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Wathoni N, Motoyama K, Higashi T, Okajima M, Kaneko T, Arima H. Physically crosslinked-sacran hydrogel films for wound dressing application. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 89:465-70. [PMID: 27151668 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The thin hydrogel films consisting of water-swollen polymer networks can potentially be applied for biomedical fields. Recently, natural polysaccharides have great attentions to be developed as wound healing and protection. In the present study, we newly prepared and characterized a physically crosslinked-hydrogel film composed of a novel megamolecular polysaccharide sacran for wound dressing application. We successfully fabricated a physically crosslinked-sacran hydrogel film by a solvent-casting method. The thickness of a sacran hydrogel film was lower than that of a sodium alginate (Na-alginate) film. Importantly, the swollen ratio of a sacran hydrogel film in water at 24h was 19-fold, compared to initial weight. Meanwhile, a Na-alginate hydrogel film was completely broken apart after rehydration. Moreover, a sacran hydrogel film did not show any cytotoxicity on NIH3T3 cells, a murine fibroblast cell line. The in vivo skin hydration study revealed that a sacran hydrogel film significantly increased the moisture content on hairless mice skin and considerably improved wound healing ability, compared to control (non-treated), probably due to not only the moisturing effect but also the anti-inflammatory effect of sacran. These results suggest that sacran has the potential properties as a basic biomaterial in a hydrogel film for wound dressing application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasrul Wathoni
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor 45363, Indonesia
| | - Keiichi Motoyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Taishi Higashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Maiko Okajima
- Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST), 1-1 Asahidai, Noumi-shi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Kaneko
- Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST), 1-1 Asahidai, Noumi-shi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Arima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; Program for Leading Graduate Schools "HIGO (Health life science: Interdisciplinary and Glocal Oriented) Program", Kumamoto University, Japan.
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Ito W, Yamaki M, Kawai M, Mitsumata T, Okajima MK, Kaneko T. Extraordinary Swelling of Hydrogels Physically Crosslinked by Megamolecular Chain Sacran. CHEM LETT 2016. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.151125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Ito
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Yamagata University
| | - Miho Yamaki
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University
| | - Mika Kawai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University
| | - Tetsu Mitsumata
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University
| | - Maiko K. Okajima
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
| | - Tatsuo Kaneko
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
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