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Castro AA, Nunes R, Carvalho LR, Targueta CP, Dos Santos Braga-Ferreira R, de Melo-Ximenes AA, Corvalán LCJ, Bertoni BW, Pereira AMS, de Campos Telles MP. Chloroplast genome characterization of Uncaria guianensis and Uncaria tomentosa and evolutive dynamics of the Cinchonoideae subfamily. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8390. [PMID: 37225737 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34334-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncaria species are used in traditional medicine and are considered of high therapeutic value and economic importance. This work describes the assembly and annotation of the chloroplast genomes of U. guianensis and U. tomentosa, as well as a comparative analysis. The genomes were sequenced on MiSeq Illumina, assembled with NovoPlasty, and annotated using CHLOROBOX GeSeq. Addictionaly, comparative analysis were performed with six species from NCBI databases and primers were designed in Primer3 for hypervariable regions based on the consensus sequence of 16 species of the Rubiaceae family and validated on an in-silico PCR in OpenPrimeR. The genome size of U. guianensis and U. tomentosa was 155,505 bp and 156,390 bp, respectively. Both Species have 131 genes and GC content of 37.50%. The regions rpl32-ccsA, ycf1, and ndhF-ccsA showed the three highest values of nucleotide diversity within the species of the Rubiaceae family and within the Uncaria genus, these regions were trnH-psbA, psbM-trnY, and rps16-psbK. Our results indicates that the primer of the region ndhA had an amplification success for all species tested and can be promising for usage in the Rubiaceae family. The phylogenetic analysis recovered a congruent topology to APG IV. The gene content and the chloroplast genome structure of the analyzed species are conserved and most of the genes are under negative selection. We provide the cpDNA of Neotropical Uncaria species, an important genomic resource for evolutionary studies of the group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrezza Arantes Castro
- Laboratório de Genética and Biodiversidade (LGBio), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas - Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, 74045-155, Brazil
| | - Rhewter Nunes
- Laboratório de Genética and Biodiversidade (LGBio), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas - Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, 74045-155, Brazil.
- Instituto Federal de Goiás - Campus Cidade de Goiás (IFG), Goiás, GO, 74600-000, Brazil.
| | - Larissa Resende Carvalho
- Laboratório de Genética and Biodiversidade (LGBio), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas - Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, 74045-155, Brazil
| | - Cíntia Pelegrineti Targueta
- Laboratório de Genética and Biodiversidade (LGBio), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas - Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, 74045-155, Brazil
| | - Ramilla Dos Santos Braga-Ferreira
- Laboratório de Genética and Biodiversidade (LGBio), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas - Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, 74045-155, Brazil
| | - Amanda Alves de Melo-Ximenes
- Laboratório de Genética and Biodiversidade (LGBio), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas - Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, 74045-155, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Carlos Jeronimo Corvalán
- Laboratório de Genética and Biodiversidade (LGBio), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas - Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, 74045-155, Brazil
| | | | | | - Mariana Pires de Campos Telles
- Laboratório de Genética and Biodiversidade (LGBio), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas - Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, 74045-155, Brazil
- Escola de Ciências Médicas e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás (PUC - GO), Goiânia, GO, 74605-050, Brazil
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Xu X, Wen J, Wang S, Hao J, Du K, Fang S, He J, Li J, Chang Y. Simultaneous extraction and determination of alkaloids and organic acids in Uncariae Ramulas Cum Unicis by vortex-assisted matrix solid phase dispersion extraction coupled with UHPLC-MS/MS. Front Chem 2023; 11:1100150. [PMID: 36778031 PMCID: PMC9912122 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1100150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A simple and efficient vortex-assisted matrix solid phase dispersion with a ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (VA-MSPD-UHPLC-MS/MS) was applied for simultaneous extraction and determination of seven alkaloids and three organic acids from Uncariae Ramulas Cum Unicis. The optimal extraction conditions of the target components were obtained by Box-Behnken design (BBD) combined with response surface methodology (RSM). The results of the method validation showed that this analytical method displayed good linearity with a correlation coefficient (r) no lower than 0.9990. The recoveries of ten active ingredients from Uncariae Ramulas Cum Unicis ranged from 95.9% to 103% (RSD ≤ 2.77%). The RSDs of intra-day and inter-day precisions were all below 2.97%. The present method exhibited not only lower solvent and sample usage, but also shorter sample processing and analysis time. Consequently, the developed VA-MSPD-UHPLC-MS/MS method could be successfully and effectively used for the extraction and analysis of ten active components from Uncariae Ramulas Cum Unicis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjun Xu
- Wuyishan Institute of biology, Nanping, Fujian, China
| | - Jiake Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuangqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jia Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China,*Correspondence: Jia Hao, ; Yanxu Chang,
| | - Kunze Du
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Shiming Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun He
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanxu Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China,Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China,*Correspondence: Jia Hao, ; Yanxu Chang,
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Kushida H, Matsumoto T, Ikarashi Y. Properties, Pharmacology, and Pharmacokinetics of Active Indole and Oxindole Alkaloids in Uncaria Hook. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:688670. [PMID: 34335255 PMCID: PMC8317223 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.688670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncaria Hook (UH) is a dry stem with hook of Ucaria plant and is contained in Traditional Japanese and Chinese medicine such as yokukansan, yokukansankachimpihange, chotosan, Gouteng-Baitouweng, and Tianma-Gouteng Yin. UH contains active indole and oxindole alkaloids and has the therapeutic effects on ailments of the cardiovascular and central nervous systems. The recent advances of analytical technology led to reports of detailed pharmacokinetics of UH alkaloids. These observations of pharmacokinetics are extremely important for understanding the treatment’s pharmacological activity, efficacy, and safety. This review describes properties, pharmacology, and the recently accumulated pharmacokinetic findings of UH alkaloids, and discusses challenges and future prospects. UH contains major indole and oxindole alkaloids such as corynoxeine, isocorynoxeine, rhynchophylline, isorhynchophylline, hirsuteine, hirsutine, and geissoschizine methyl ether (GM). These alkaloids exert neuroprotective effects against Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and depression, and the mechanisms of these effects include anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuromodulatory activities. Among the UH alkaloids, GM exhibits comparatively potent pharmacological activity (e.g., agonist activity at 5-HT1A receptors). UH alkaloids are absorbed into the blood circulation and rapidly eliminated when orally administered. UH alkaloids are predominantly metabolized by Cytochrome P450 (CYP) and converted into various metabolites, including oxidized and demethylated forms. Regarding GM metabolism by CYPs, a gender-dependent difference is observed in rats but not in humans. Several alkaloids are detected in the brain after passing through the blood–brain barrier in rats upon orally administered. GM is uniformly distributed in the brain and binds to various channels and receptors such as the 5-HT receptor. By reviewing the pharmacokinetics of UH alkaloids, challenges were found, such as differences in pharmacokinetics between pure drug and crude drug products administration, food-influenced absorption, metabolite excretion profile, and intestinal tissue metabolism of UH alkaloids. This review will provide readers with a better understanding of the pharmacokinetics of UH alkaloids and their future challenges, and will be helpful for further research on UH alkaloids and crude drug products containing UH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Kushida
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Kampo Research & Development Division, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsumoto
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Kampo Research & Development Division, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ikarashi
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Kampo Research & Development Division, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
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Lima V, Melo IM, Taira TM, Buitrago LYW, Fonteles CSR, Leal LKAM, Souza ASDQ, Almeida TS, Costa Filho RND, Moraes MO, Cunha FQ, Fukada SY. Uncaria tomentosa reduces osteoclastic bone loss in vivo. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 79:153327. [PMID: 32920290 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genus Uncaria (Rubiaceae) has several biological properties significant to human health. However, the mechanisms underlying the protective effect of this plant on bone diseases are uncertain. PURPOSE The present study investigated the role of Uncaria tomentosa extract (UTE) on alveolar bone loss in rats and on osteoclastogenesis in vitro. MATERIALS UTE was characterized by an Acquity UPLC (Waters) system, coupled to an Electrospray Ionization (ESI) interface and Quadrupole/Flight Time (QTOF, Waters) Mass Spectrometry system (MS). The effect of UTE treatment for 11 days on the ligature-induced bone loss was assessed focusing on several aspects: macroscopic and histological analysis of bone loss, neutrophil and osteoclast infiltration, and anabolic effect. The effect of UTE on bone marrow cell differentiation to osteoclasts was assessed in vitro. RESULTS The analysis of UTE by UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS identified 24 compounds, among pentacyclic or tetracyclic oxindole alkaloids and phenols. The administration of UTE for 11 days on ligature-induced rat attenuated the periodontal attachment loss and alveolar bone resorption. It also diminished neutrophil migration to the gingiva tissue, demonstrated by a lower level of MPO. UTE treatment also decreased the level of RANKL/OPG ratio, the main osteoclast differentiation-related genes, followed by reduced TRAP-positive cell number lining the alveolar bone. Additionally, the level of bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, an anabolic bone marker, was elevated in the plasma of UTE treated rats. Next, we determined a possible direct effect of UTE on osteoclast differentiation in vitro. The incubation of primary osteoclast with UTE decreased RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation without affecting cell viability. This effect was supported by downregulation of the nuclear factor activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1 expression, a master regulator of osteoclast differentiation, and other osteoclast-specific activity markers, such as cathepsin K and TRAP. CONCLUSION UTE exhibited an effective anti-resorptive and anabolic effects, which highlight it as a potential natural product for the treatment of certain osteolytic diseases, such as periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilma Lima
- School of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil; School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, Department of Pharmacology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Café s/n - Bloco S, 3o andar, sala 90A-S, CEP: 14040-903 Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Iracema Matos Melo
- School of Pharmacy, Nursing and Dentistry, Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Thaise Mayumi Taira
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Café s/n - Bloco S, 3o andar, sala 90A-S, CEP: 14040-903 Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Liseth Yamile Wilches Buitrago
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Café s/n - Bloco S, 3o andar, sala 90A-S, CEP: 14040-903 Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Sá Roriz Fonteles
- School of Pharmacy, Nursing and Dentistry, Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Sheila de Queiroz Souza
- School of Pharmacy, Nursing and Dentistry, Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Talysson Silva Almeida
- School of Pharmacy, Nursing and Dentistry, Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | - Manoel Odorico Moraes
- School of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Fernando Queiroz Cunha
- School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, Department of Pharmacology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Sandra Yasuyo Fukada
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Café s/n - Bloco S, 3o andar, sala 90A-S, CEP: 14040-903 Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Lim HB, Lee HR. Safety and biological activity evaluation of Uncaria rhynchophylla ethanolic extract. Drug Chem Toxicol 2020; 45:907-918. [PMID: 32693641 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2020.1786581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Uncaria rhynchophylla (UR) belongs to the Rubiaceae family, and its dried hooks are usually used in traditional medicine. It is effective in treating diseases related to the central nervous system. This study aimed to evaluate the safety of UR extract, investigate its antimutagenic and antioxidative activities, and elucidate its active components. Extraction and fractionation of the UR extract resulted in yields of 6.71%, 0.037%, 0.042%, 0.152%, 0.332%, and 5.132%, for hexane, ether, DCM, EtOAC, and aqueous fractions, respectively. The four indole alkaloids, total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC) of UR extract and its subfractions were measured. Alkaloid content was highest in the UR extract. TPC was the highest in the EtOAC fraction (373.7 ± 20.9 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g), whereas TFC was the highest in the UR extract (33.5 ± 2.4 mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/g). To assess the safety of UR extract mutagenicity, cytotoxicity, and oxidative stress inducibility assays were performed. The UR extract (2000 µg/plate) showed excellent antimutagenic activity (above 90%) against BaP in both TA98 and TA100 strains. The UR extract exhibited efficient DPPH (RC50 239.2 ± 16.5 µg/mL) and ABTS scavenging activity (RC50 458.7 ± 25.0 µg/mL). The UR extract (150 µg/mL) showed cytoprotective activity (65.6% ± 9.2%) against t-BHP. Among the subfractions, the EtOAC fraction possessed the strongest activities, overall. UR generally showed excellent biological activity at nontoxic concentrations (determined in vitro in current work), although the chemical composition of UR requires further investigation prior to its potential future use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heung Bin Lim
- Department of Industrial Plant Science and Technology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Hyeong Ryeol Lee
- Department of Industrial Plant Science and Technology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
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Zhang H, Wang L, Lu B, Qi W, Jiao F, Zhang H, Yuan D. Metabolite profiling and quantification of phytochemicals of Tianma-Gouteng granule in human and rat urine using ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:2762-2770. [PMID: 31207093 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tianma-Gouteng granule has been used for the treatment of hypertension, headache, and stroke in China. However, the metabolism of Tianma-Gouteng granule has not been clear. In the present study, an ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry method has been developed for rapid identification of 35 prototypes and 43 metabolites in human and rat urine after single oral administration of Tianma-Gouteng granule. The results showed that glucuronidation and sulfation were the main metabolic pathways for flavonoids, alkaloids, iridoidic glycosides, anthraquinones, phenols, and stilbenes that were found in Tianma-Gouteng granule. Moreover, a validated ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry method was applied for the quantification of 14 compounds in rat urine after an oral administration of Tianma-Gouteng granule (2.5 g/kg). During 0-48 h after dosing, the cumulative excretion rates of nine prototype components were 53% for gastrodin, 0.07∼1.6% for geniposide, baicalin and baicalein, wogonoside, rhynchophylline and isorhynchophylline, leonurine, and emodin, indicating that urinary excretion is the major way for gastrodin to eliminate from the body. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of metabolism and excretive kinetics of Tianma-Gouteng granule in human and/or rat, and helpful information for screening of its active components in vivo and clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongye Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Bin Lu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Wen Qi
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Fuying Jiao
- 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Hong Zhang
- 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Dan Yuan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
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Wei S, Luo Z, Cui S, Qiao J, Zhang Z, Zhang L, Fu J, Ma X. Molecular Identification and Targeted Quantitative Analysis of Medicinal Materials from Uncaria Species by DNA Barcoding and LC-MS/MS. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24010175. [PMID: 30621230 PMCID: PMC6337676 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24010175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Uncaria is an important source of traditional Chinese medicines with multiple therapeutic effects. The identification of the correct species and accurate determination of the contents of bioactive constituents are important for quality control of Uncaria medicinal materials. Here, an integrated evaluation system based on DNA barcoding for species identification and quantitative analysis by LC-MS/MS has been established. DNA barcoding based on the ITS2 barcode region showed sufficient discriminatory power to precisely identify 24 samples from seven Uncaria species. The length of the 24 ITS2 sequences of Uncaria samples is 227 bp, and 17 variation sites were detected. Additionally, the results of qualitative and quantitative chemical analyses by LC-MS/MS indicated that the chemical compositions of all Uncaria samples were similar; while their contents of targeted alkaloids in samples from different species and origin areas were different. The contents of rhynchophylline (RC) and isorhynchophylline (IRC) were 2.9⁻1612 mg/kg and 2.60⁻1299 mg/kg in all tested samples, respectively. This study concludes that DNA barcoding should be used as the first screening step for Uncaria medicinal materials. Then, integration of DNA barcoding with chemical analyses should be applied in quality control of Uncaria medicinal materials in the medicinal industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shugen Wei
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China.
| | - Zuliang Luo
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Shengrong Cui
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Jing Qiao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Zhonglian Zhang
- Yunnan Branch, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Jing Hong 666100, China.
| | - Lixia Zhang
- Yunnan Branch, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Jing Hong 666100, China.
| | - Jine Fu
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China.
| | - Xiaojun Ma
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
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Screening potential α-glucosidase inhibitors from Anemarrhena asphodeloides using response surface methodology coupled with grey relational analysis. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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9
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Cortés-Herrera C, Artavia G, Leiva A, Granados-Chinchilla F. Liquid Chromatography Analysis of Common Nutritional Components, in Feed and Food. Foods 2018; 8:E1. [PMID: 30577557 PMCID: PMC6352167 DOI: 10.3390/foods8010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Food and feed laboratories share several similarities when facing the implementation of liquid-chromatographic analysis. Using the experience acquired over the years, through application chemistry in food and feed research, selected analytes of relevance for both areas were discussed. This review focused on the common obstacles and peculiarities that each analyte offers (during the sample treatment or the chromatographic separation) throughout the implementation of said methods. A brief description of the techniques which we considered to be more pertinent, commonly used to assay such analytes is provided, including approaches using commonly available detectors (especially in starter labs) as well as mass detection. This manuscript consists of three sections: feed analysis (as the start of the food chain); food destined for human consumption determinations (the end of the food chain); and finally, assays shared by either matrices or laboratories. Analytes discussed consist of both those considered undesirable substances, contaminants, additives, and those related to nutritional quality. Our review is comprised of the examination of polyphenols, capsaicinoids, theobromine and caffeine, cholesterol, mycotoxins, antibiotics, amino acids, triphenylmethane dyes, nitrates/nitrites, ethanol soluble carbohydrates/sugars, organic acids, carotenoids, hydro and liposoluble vitamins. All analytes are currently assayed in our laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Cortés-Herrera
- Centro Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos (CITA), Universidad de Costa Rica, Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio 11501-2060, Costa Rica.
| | - Graciela Artavia
- Centro Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos (CITA), Universidad de Costa Rica, Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio 11501-2060, Costa Rica.
| | - Astrid Leiva
- Centro de Investigación en Nutrición Animal, Universidad de Costa Rica, Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo 11501-2060, Costa Rica.
| | - Fabio Granados-Chinchilla
- Centro de Investigación en Nutrición Animal, Universidad de Costa Rica, Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo 11501-2060, Costa Rica.
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Pan H, Yao C, Yang W, Yao S, Huang Y, Zhang Y, Wu W, Guo D. An enhanced strategy integrating offline two-dimensional separation and step-wise precursor ion list-based raster-mass defect filter: Characterization of indole alkaloids in five botanical origins of Uncariae Ramulus Cum Unicis as an exemplary application. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1563:124-134. [PMID: 29880214 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Comprehensive chemical profiling is of great significance for understanding the therapeutic material basis and quality control of herbal medicines, which is challenging due to its inherent chemical diversity and complexity, as well as wide concentration range. In this study, we introduced an enhanced strategy integrating offline two-dimensional (2D) separation and the step-wise precursor ion list-based raster-mass defect filter (step-wise PIL-based raster-MDF) scan by tandem LTQ-Orbitrap mass spectrometer. A comprehensive analysis of indole alkaloids in five botanical origins of Uncariae Ramulus Cum Unicis (Gou-Teng) was used as an exemplary application. A positively charged reversed phase (PR) × conventional RP LC system in different pH conditions was constructed with the orthogonality of 74%. A theoretical step-wise PIL among 310-950 Da with the step-size of 2 Da was developed to selectively trigger fragmentations and extend the coverage of potential indole alkaloids. Simultaneously, by defining parent mass width (PMW) of the step-wise PIL to ±55 mDa, a raster-MDF screening was achieved in the acquisition process. Additionally, subtype classification and structural elucidation were facilitated by a four-step interpretation strategy. As a result, a total of 1227 indole alkaloids were efficiently exposed and characterized from five botanical origins of Gou-Teng, which showed high chemical diversity. A systematic comparison among five species was first performed and only 66 indole alkaloids were common. For method validation, three new alkaloid N-oxides were isolated and unambiguously identified by NMR. The present study provides a novel data-dependent acquisition method with improved target coverage and high selectivity. The integrated strategy is practical to efficiently expose and comprehensively characterize complex components in herbal medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqin Pan
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Haike Road 501, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Changliang Yao
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Haike Road 501, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenzhi Yang
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Haike Road 501, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Yao
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Haike Road 501, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Huang
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Haike Road 501, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Yibei Zhang
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Haike Road 501, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanying Wu
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Haike Road 501, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dean Guo
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Haike Road 501, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Long J, Wang Y, Xu C, Liu T, Duan G, Yu Y. Identification and Quantification of Alkaloid in KHR98 and Fragmentation Pathways in HPLC-Q-TOF-MS. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2018; 66:527-534. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c17-00710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiakun Long
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University
| | - Chen Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University
| | - Tingting Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University
| | - Gengli Duan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University
| | - Yingjia Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University
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12
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Zhao B, Huang Y, Chen Q, Chen Q, Miao H, Zhu S, Zeng C. Characteristic component profiling and identification of different Uncaria species based on high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detection tandem ion trap and time of flight mass spectrometry coupled with rDNA ITS sequence. Biomed Chromatogr 2017; 32. [PMID: 29034541 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Uncaria is a multi-source herb and its species identification has become a bottleneck in quality control. To study the identification method of different Uncaria species herbs through HPLC-MS coupled with rDNA Internal Transcribed Spacer (rDNA ITS) sequence, both plant morphological traits and molecular identification were used to determine the species of every collected Uncaria herb. The genetic analysis of different Uncaria species was performed using their rDNA ITS sequence as a molecular marker. Meanwhile, the phylogenetic relationships of 22 samples from six Uncaria species were divided and classified clearly. By optimizing the chromatographic conditions, a practical HPLC method to differentiate various varieties of Uncaria herbs was set up based on a set of characteristic components across each species. A high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detector tandem ion trap and time of flight mass spectrometry technique combined with reference substances was utilized to derive 21 characteristic compounds containing six groups of six Uncaria species in China. Thus, this study provides a feasible method to solve the current problem of confusion in Uncaria species, and makes a significant step forward in the appropriate clinical use, in-depth research and further utilization of different Uncaria species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqiang Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanjun Huang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiulan Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qizhao Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui Miao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuang Zhu
- College of Bioscience and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Changqing Zeng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Digital Quality Evaluation Technology, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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13
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Chen L, Wei ML, Zhao JJ, Hong H, Qu W, Feng F, Liu WY. GTS40, an active fraction of Gou Teng-San (GTS), protects PC12 from H 2O 2-induced cell injury through antioxidative properties. Chin J Nat Med 2017; 15:495-504. [PMID: 28807223 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(17)30075-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress, a predominant cause of apoptosis cascades triggered in neurodegenerative disorders, has been regarded as a critical inducement in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Gou Teng-San (GTS) is a traditional Chinese herbs preparation commonly utilized to alleviate cognitive dysfunction and psychological symptoms of patients with dementia. The present study aimed to investigate the protective effects of GTS40, an active fraction of GTS, on H2O2-induced oxidative damage and identify the potential active ingredients. Our results revealed that GTS40 exhibited radical scavenging activity, elevated cell viability, decreased the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and stabilized mitochondrial transmembrane potential (MMP) in H2O2-treated PC12 cells. In addition, GTS40 blocked the apoptotic cascade by reversing the imbalance of Bcl-2/Bax and inhibiting the activity of caspase-3. Furthermore, an HPLC-QTOFMS method was developed to characterize major chemical constituents in GTS40. Our results revealed twenty-seven identified or tentatively characterized compounds through comparing their retention time (tR) and MS spectra with reference standards. These results suggested that GTS40 was a promising active fraction that may be beneficial in the prevention and treatment of oxidative stress-mediated neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Meng-Lin Wei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jiao-Jiao Zhao
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hao Hong
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wei Qu
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Feng Feng
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Wen-Yuan Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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14
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Metabolic Profile of Isocorynoxeine in Rats Obtained by Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography/Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2017; 41:615-26. [PMID: 26077124 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-015-0287-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Isocorynoxeine (IC), a major alkaloid found in Uncaria rhynchophylla, exhibits wide beneficial effects on the cardiovascular and cardiocerebral vascular systems. Its metabolic pathway, however, has not been well studied yet. In this study, an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (U-HPLC/Q-TOFMS) method was developed to investigate IC metabolism in plasma, urine and bile in rats given IC orally at 40 mg/kg. METHODS Nine male Wistar rats were given IC 40 mg/kg orally. Blood, urine and bile samples were collected at pre-specified times to measure the concentration of IC. RESULTS A total of 35 metabolites were tentatively identified by the co-chromatography of biosamples and comparison of the retention time, characteristic molecular ions and fragment ions with those of the authentic standards or tentatively identified by MS/MS determination along with MassFragment software. Among them, 18, 33 and 18 metabolites were found in plasma, urine and bile samples, respectively. The relative percentage area of each metabolite was also determined to better understand the major metabolic pathways of IC in rats. CONCLUSIONS The result indicates that IC undergoes extensive metabolism in vivo, mainly including hydrolysis, oxidation, isomerization, demethylation, epoxidation, reduction, glucuronidation, hydroxylation and N-oxidation, which is helpful for the further pharmacokinetic study of IC in vivo.
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15
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Zhang JG, Geng CA, Huang XY, Chen XL, Ma YB, Zhang XM, Chen JJ. Chemical and biological comparison of different sections of Uncaria rhynchophylla (Gou-Teng). EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2017; 23:11-21. [PMID: 28657449 DOI: 10.1177/1469066717694044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Uncaria rhynchophylla (Gou-Teng in Chinese) is officially documented in Chinese pharmacopoeia as one of the authentic sources for the crude drug of Gou-Teng which has long been used for mental and cardiovascular diseases. Indole alkaloids are the characteristic constituents responsible for the desired hypotensive effect; however, the psychiatric active constituents of Gou-Teng are still unclear. According to traditional Chinese medicine theory, only the hook-bearing stems of U. rhynchophylla are used as the crude materials for Gou-Teng, while its leaves and fruits are scarcely used. The present study aimed to compare the metabolic fingerprints of different parts (hooks, stems, leaves and fruits) of U. rhynchophylla by LC-DAD-MS/MS analysis and further evaluate their psychiatric activities on HEK293 cell line in vitro. A total of 38 constituents including 26 alkaloids, six flavonoids, two triterpenoids, two chlorogenic acid analogs and two other compounds were characterized. The different parts of U. rhynchophylla can be well differentiated from their chemical profiles. Leaves displayed the most potent activity on both MT1 and MT2 receptors, with agonistic rates of 39.7% and 97.6%. For 5-HT1A and 5-HT2C receptors, hooks showed the strongest activity with agonistic rates of 92.6% and 83.1%, respectively. This investigation provided valuable information for understanding the chemical divergence between different parts of U. rhynchophylla, and their substantial bases for psychiatric purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Gang Zhang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, PR China
- 2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Chang-An Geng
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, PR China
| | - Xiao-Yan Huang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, PR China
| | - Xing-Long Chen
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, PR China
- 2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Yun-Bao Ma
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, PR China
| | - Xue-Mei Zhang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, PR China
| | - Ji-Jun Chen
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, PR China
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16
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Li W, Sun X, Liu B, Zhang L, Fan Z, Ji Y. Screening and identification of hepatotoxic component inEvodia rutaecarpabased on spectrum-effect relationship and UPLC-Q-TOFMS. Biomed Chromatogr 2016; 30:1975-1983. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenlan Li
- College of Pharmacy; Harbin University of Commerce; Harbin 150076 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangming Sun
- Research Center on Life Sciences and Environmental Sciences; Harbin University of Commerce; Harbin 150076 People's Republic of China
| | - Bingmei Liu
- Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital; Harbin 150001 People's Republic of China
| | - Lihui Zhang
- Research Center on Life Sciences and Environmental Sciences; Harbin University of Commerce; Harbin 150076 People's Republic of China
| | - Ziquan Fan
- Waters (Shanghai) Co., LTD; Shanghai 201206 People's Republic of China
| | - Yubin Ji
- Research Center on Life Sciences and Environmental Sciences; Harbin University of Commerce; Harbin 150076 People's Republic of China
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17
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Pharmacokinetic study of isocorynoxeine metabolites mediated by cytochrome P450 enzymes in rat and human liver microsomes. Fitoterapia 2016; 111:49-57. [PMID: 27094112 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Isocorynoxeine (ICN) is one of the major bioactive tetracyclic oxindole alkaloids found in Uncaria rhynchophylla (Miq.) Jacks. that is widely used for the treatment of hypertension, vascular dementia, and stroke. The present study was undertaken to assess the plasma pharmacokinetic characteristics of major ICN metabolites, and the role of simulated gastric and intestinal fluid (SGF and SIF), human and rat liver microsomes (HLMs and RLMs), and seven recombinant human CYP enzymes in the major metabolic pathway of ICN. A rapid, sensitive and accurate UHPLC/Q-TOF MS method was validated for the simultaneous determination of ICN and its seven metabolites in rat plasma after oral administration of ICN at 40mg/kg. It was found that 18.19-dehydrocorynoxinic acid (DCA) and 5-oxoisocorynoxeinic acid (5-O-ICA) were both key and predominant metabolites, rather than ICN itself, due to the rapid and extensive metabolism of ICN in vivo. The further study indicated that ICN was mainly metabolized in human or rat liver, and CYPs 2C19, 3A4 and 2D6 were the major enzymes responsible for the biotransformation of ICN to DCA and 5-O-ICA in human. These findings are of significance in understanding of the pharmacokinetic nature of tetracyclic oxindole alkaloids, and provide helpful information for the clinical co-administration of the herbal preparations containing U. rhynchophylla with antihypertensive drugs that are mainly metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2C19.
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An integrated strategy for the systematic characterization and discovery of new indole alkaloids from Uncaria rhynchophylla by UHPLC/DAD/LTQ-Orbitrap-MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:6057-70. [PMID: 26055881 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8777-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The exploration of new chemical entities from herbal medicines may provide candidates for the in silico screening of drug leads. However, this significant work is hindered by the presence of multiple classes of plant metabolites and many re-discovered structures. This study presents an integrated strategy that uses ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography/linear ion-trap quadrupole/Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC/LTQ-Orbitrap-MS) coupled with in-house library data for the systematic characterization and discovery of new potentially bioactive molecules. Exploration of the indole alkaloids from Uncaria rhynchophylla (UR) is presented as a model study. Initially, the primary characterization of alkaloids was achieved using mass defect filtering and neutral loss filtering. Subsequently, phytochemical isolation obtained 14 alkaloid compounds as reference standards, including a new one identified as 16,17-dihydro-O-demethylhirsuteine by NMR analyses. The direct-infusion fragmentation behaviors of these isolated alkaloids were studied to provide diagnostic structural information facilitating the rapid differentiation and characterization of four different alkaloid subtypes. Ultimately, after combining the experimental results with a survey of an in-house library containing 129 alkaloids isolated from the Uncaria genus, a total of 92 alkaloids (60 free alkaloids and 32 alkaloid O-glycosides) were identified or tentatively characterized, 56 of which are potential new alkaloids for the Uncaria genus. Hydroxylation on ring A, broad variations in the C-15 side chain, new N-oxides, and numerous O-glycosides, represent the novel features of the newly discovered indole alkaloid structures. These results greatly expand our knowledge of UR chemistry and are useful for the computational screening of potentially bioactive molecules from indole alkaloids. Graphical Abstract A four-step integrated strategy for the systematic characterization and efficient discovery of new indole alkaloids from Uncaria rhynchophylla.
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