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Tanaka N, Takizawa R, Shimomoto Y, Tsuji D, Yonekura K, Itoh K, Akagi R, Kashiwada Y. Meroterpenes and prenylated benzoylphloroglucinol from the flowers of Hypericum formosanum. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2024; 220:114016. [PMID: 38364882 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2024.114016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Formohyperins A-F, previously undescribed meroterpenes, and grandone, a prenylated benzoylphloroglucinol being considered to be one of their biogenetic precursors, were isolated from the flowers of a Hypericaceous plant, Hypericum formosanum Maxim. Detailed spectroscopic analyses showed that formohyperins A-D were meroterpenes with an enolized 3-phenylpropane-1,3-dione moiety. Formohyperins E and F were elucidated as meroterpenes having a 4-benzoyl-5-hydroxycyclopent-4-ene-1,3-dione moiety. Formohyperins A-C and E were optically active, and their absolute configurations were deduced by comparison of the experimental and TDDFT calculated ECD spectra. In contrast, formohyperin D was concluded to be a racemate. Formohyperins A-F and grandone were found to show inhibitory activities against LPS-stimulated IL-1β production from murine microglial cells with EC50 values of 13.2, 6.6, 8.5, 24.3, 4.1, 10.9, and 3.0 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naonobu Tanaka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan.
| | - Rena Takizawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Yusei Shimomoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Daisuke Tsuji
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women's University, Hiroshima 731-0153, Japan
| | - Koji Yonekura
- Okinawa Churashima Foundation Research Institute, Motobu 905-0206, Japan
| | - Kohji Itoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Reiko Akagi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women's University, Hiroshima 731-0153, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Kashiwada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
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Li XY, Dong RR, Nan MM, Wang XL, Cao TJ, Ying P, Zheng Q, Kong LY, Xu WJ. Hyperxylones A and B, two polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols with a benzoyl substituted bicyclo[3.2.1]octane core from Hypericum beanii. Fitoterapia 2023; 165:105389. [PMID: 36586626 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2022.105389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Two new polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols (PPAPs) possessing a rare benzoyl substituted bicyclo[3.2.1]octane core, hyperxylones A (1) and B (2), along with three new dearomatized isoprenylated acylphloroglucinols (DIAPs), hyperxylones C - E (3-5), were isolated from the roots of Hypericum beanii. The structures of 1-5 were determined by high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (HRESIMS) and 1D/2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic analyses, gauge-independent atomic orbital (GIAO) NMR calculations, and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. Compounds 1 and 2 were biomimetically semi-synthesized starting from 5 and 4, respectively, enabling the correct stereochemical assignment of 5 and 4. Moreover, compounds 1 and 2 showed anti-nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) activity by inhibiting lipid deposition in L02 cells; compounds 3 and 5 exhibited nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory activity in lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Yan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Rui-Rui Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Miao-Miao Nan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Xiao-Li Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Tian-Jie Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Ping Ying
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Health Industry, Lishui University, Lishui 323000, PR China
| | - Qiang Zheng
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Health Industry, Lishui University, Lishui 323000, PR China
| | - Ling-Yi Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
| | - Wen-Jun Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
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Caldeira GI, Gouveia LP, Serrano R, Silva OD. Hypericum Genus as a Natural Source for Biologically Active Compounds. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11192509. [PMID: 36235373 PMCID: PMC9573133 DOI: 10.3390/plants11192509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hypericum L. genus plants are distributed worldwide, with numerous species identified throughout all continents, except Antarctica. These plant species are currently used in various systems of traditional medicine to treat mild depression, wounds and burns, diarrhea, pain, fevers, and their secondary metabolites previously shown, and the in vitro and/or in vivo cytotoxic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, and hepatoprotective activities, as well as the acetylcholinesterase and monoamine oxidase inhibitory activities. We conducted a systematic bibliographic search according to the Cochrane Collaboration guidelines to answer the question: "What is known about plants of Hypericum genus as a source of natural products with potential clinical biological activity?" We documented 414 different natural products with confirmed in vitro/in vivo biological activities, and 58 different Hypericum plant species as sources for these natural products. Phloroglucinols, acylphloroglucinols, xanthones, and benzophenones were the main chemical classes identified. The selective cytotoxicity against tumor cells, cell protection, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antidepressant, anti-Alzheimer's, and adipogenesis-inhibition biological activities are described. Acylphloroglucinols were the most frequent compounds with anticancer and cell-protection mechanisms. To date, no work has been published with a full descriptive list directly relating secondary metabolites to their species of origin, plant parts used, extraction methodologies, mechanisms of action, and biological activities.
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Abstract
Desymmetrization of easily available disubstituted malonic esters is a rewarding strategy to access structurally diverse quaternary stereocenters. Particularly, asymmetric reduction of malonic esters would generate a functional group with a lower oxidation state than the remaining ester, thus allowing for more chemoselective derivatization. Here, we report a new set of conditions for the zinc-catalyzed desymmetric hydrosilylation of malonic esters that afford aldehydes as the major product. Compared with alcohol-selective desymmetrization, the partial reduction uses a higher concentration of silanes and new pipecolinol-derived tetradentate ligands, proposedly to switch the pathway of zinc hemiacetal intermediates from elimination to silylation. As a result, high aldehyde-to-alcohol ratios and enantioselectivity of aldehydes are obtained from malonic esters with a large collection of substituents. Together with the abundant reactivity of aldehydes, the partial reduction has enabled an expeditious synthesis of bioactive compounds and natural metabolites containing a quaternary stereocenter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengwei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 00000, China
| | - Shihao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 00000, China
| | - Zhongxing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 00000, China
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Tanaka N, Kashiwada Y. Characteristic metabolites of Hypericum plants: their chemical structures and biological activities. J Nat Med 2021; 75:423-433. [PMID: 33555487 PMCID: PMC8159811 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-021-01489-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Plants belonging to the genus Hypericum (Hypericaceae) are recognized as an abundant source of natural products with interesting chemical structures and intriguing biological activities. In the course of our continuing study on constituents of Hypericum plants, aiming at searching natural product-based lead compounds for therapeutic agents, we have isolated more than 100 new characteristic metabolites classified as prenylated acylphloroglucinols, meroterpenes, ketides, dibenzo-1,4-dioxane derivatives, and xanthones including prenylated xanthones, phenylxanthones, and xanthonolignoids from 11 Hypericum plants and one Triadenum plant collected in Japan, China, and Uzbekistan or cultivated in Japan. This review summarizes their chemical structures and biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naonobu Tanaka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan.
| | - Yoshiki Kashiwada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan
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Marrelli M, Statti G, Conforti F. Hypericum spp.: An Update on the Biological Activities and Metabolic Profiles. Mini Rev Med Chem 2020; 20:66-87. [PMID: 31556858 DOI: 10.2174/1389557519666190926120211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Plants from the genus Hypericum, one genus of the Hypericaceae family, have attracted a lot of attention for their potential pharmaceutical applications. Most of the studies in the literature focus on H. perforatum L. (common St. John's wort), whose complex spectrum of bioactive compounds makes this species one of the top herbal remedies and supplements in the world. It is also important to compare the studies on other Hypericum species, both from the phytochemical and biological point of view. The aim of this review was to provide an update of most recent studies about biological investigations of plants belonging to Hypericum genus. The metabolic profiles of Hypericum spp. were also discussed in order to present a spectrum of secondary metabolites not previously identified in this genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Marrelli
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, I-87036 Rende, (CS), Italy
| | - Giancarlo Statti
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, I-87036 Rende, (CS), Italy
| | - Filomena Conforti
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, I-87036 Rende, (CS), Italy
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Synthesis and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Phloroglucinol-Based Derivatives. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23123232. [PMID: 30544542 PMCID: PMC6321231 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural product phloroglucinol-based derivatives representing monoacyl-, diacyl-, dimeric acyl-, alkylated monoacyl-, and the nitrogen-containing alkylated monoacylphloro- glucinols were synthesized and evaluated for inhibitory activities against the inflammatory mediators such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB). The diacylphloroglucinol compound 2 and the alkylated acylphloroglucinol compound 4 inhibited iNOS with IC50 values of 19.0 and 19.5 µM, respectively, and NF-κB with IC50 values of 34.0 and 37.5 µM, respectively. These compounds may serve as leads for the synthesis of more potent anti-inflammatory compounds for future drug discovery.
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Yang XW, Grossman RB, Xu G. Research Progress of Polycyclic Polyprenylated Acylphloroglucinols. Chem Rev 2018; 118:3508-3558. [PMID: 29461053 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols (PPAPs) are a class of hybrid natural products sharing the mevalonate/methylerythritol phosphate and polyketide biosynthetic pathways and showing considerable structure and bioactivity diversity. This review discusses the progress of research into the chemistry and biological activity of 421 natural PPAPs in the past 11 years as well as in-depth studies of biological activities and total synthesis of some PPAPs isolated before 2006. We created an online database of all PPAPs known to date at http://www.chem.uky.edu/research/grossman/PPAPs . Two subclasses of biosynthetically related metabolites, spirocyclic PPAPs with octahydrospiro[cyclohexan-1,5'-indene]-2,4,6-trione core and complicated PPAPs produced by intramolecular [4 + 2] cycloadditions of MPAPs, are brought into the PPAP family. Some PPAPs' relative or absolute configurations are reassigned or critically discussed, and the confusing trivial names in PPAPs investigations are clarified. Pharmacologic studies have revealed a new molecular mechanism whereby hyperforin and its derivatives regulate neurotransmitter levels by activating TRPC6 as well as the antitumor mechanism of garcinol and its analogues. The antineoplastic potential of some type B PPAPs such as oblongifolin C and guttiferone K has increased significantly. As a result of the recent appearances of innovative synthetic methods and strategies, the total syntheses of 22 natural PPAPs including hyperforin, garcinol, and plukenetione A have been accomplished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Wei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China , Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry , Kunming 650201 , People's Republic of China
| | - Robert B Grossman
- Department of Chemistry , University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky 40506-0055 , United States
| | - Gang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China , Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry , Kunming 650201 , People's Republic of China
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Tanaka N, Jia Y, Niwa K, Imabayashi K, Tatano Y, Yagi H, Kashiwada Y. Phloroglucinol derivatives and a chromone glucoside from the leaves of Myrtus communis. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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