1
|
Kee CL, Ge X, Low MY, Gilard V, Malet-Martino M. Analytical methods for the detection and characterization of unapproved phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE-5i) used in adulteration of dietary supplements- a review. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023; 40:1495-1530. [PMID: 38011602 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2279567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
This article is an up-to-date review of 112 unapproved phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE-5i) found as adulterants in sexual enhancement dietary supplements and other products from 2003 to July 2023. Seventy-five of these unapproved PDE-5i are analogues of sildenafil (67%), followed by 26 analogues of tadalafil (23%), 9 analogues of vardenafil (8%) and 2 other type of compounds (2%). The products have been formulated in various packaging, primarily in capsule, tablet, and powder forms. Common screening techniques allowing detection of such analogues include high performance or ultra-high performance liquid chromatography in tandem with ultra-violet detector (HPLC-UV or UPLC-UV) (50%) and thin-layer chromatography in tandem with ultra-violet detection (TLC-UV) (7%). Screening by mass spectrometry (MS) is relatively less common with the use of single-, triple-quadrupole or time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometers (9%). Meanwhile, the combined detection by UV-MS has been recorded at 10% usage. Screening by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) (11%) has also been applied. For compound characterization, i.e. structural elucidation, NMR spectroscopy has been preferred (100 out of 112 compounds), followed by high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) (74 out of 112 compounds) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) (44 out of 112 compounds). Over the past two decades, analytical technology has been evolving with enhanced sensitivity and resolution. Despite this, structural elucidation of the new emerging analogues in adulterated dietary supplements remains a challenge, especially when the analogues involve complex structural modification. Therefore, the above-mentioned techniques may not be adequate to characterize the analogues. Additional work involving chiroptical methods, two-dimensional (2D) NMR experiments and X-ray crystallography are likely to be required in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chee-Leong Kee
- Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Applied Sciences Group, Health Sciences Authority, Singapore
| | - Xiaowei Ge
- Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Applied Sciences Group, Health Sciences Authority, Singapore
| | - Min-Yong Low
- Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Applied Sciences Group, Health Sciences Authority, Singapore
| | - Véronique Gilard
- Laboratoire IMRCP (UMR CNRS 5623), Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse cedex, France
| | - Myriam Malet-Martino
- Laboratoire SPCMIB (UMR CNRS 5068), Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yang JY, Xie MC, Tan XC, Tian YX, Wang H, Xu ZL, Yuan TT, Xiao YM, Shen YD. Improved molecular softness of tadalafil hapten enhancing antibody performance in immunoassay: Evidence from computational chemistry. J Food Sci 2022; 87:1342-1354. [PMID: 35166370 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The tadalafil-like compounds have appeared recently as adulterants in drinks and healthcare dietary supplements sourced from medicinal and edible food, which may cause illness and even death. In this work, the rationality of haptens was explored by computational chemistry and molecular simulation theories such as frontier molecular orbital (FMO)-based softness (S), three-dimensional (3D) structure, surface electrostatic potential (ESP), and lipophilic potential (LP). An antiserum from hapten H5 with the highest softness and maintaining the appropriate three-dimensional (3D) structure showed the optimal immunoassay performance, indicating an increasing softness was a critical factor for effective hapten. Based on the antibody induced by hapten H5, an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (icELISA) method for detecting multiple tadalafil-like adulterants was established. The icELISA showed a limit of detection (LOD), 50% inhibition concentration (IC50 ), and a working range of 0.004-0.396, 0.89-4.27, and 0.094-16.71 ng/ml for tadalafil, amino tadalafil, acetamino tadalafil, nortadalafil, and N-desmethyl ent-tadalafil, respectively. The spiked recoveries of tadalafil-like adulterants in samples ranged from 84.9% to 116.2%. The results of the icELISA and HPLC-MS/MS methods had a good correlation for real samples with the R2 of 0.9955. Specially, this work not only provided a convenient immunoassay method for measuring tadalafil-like adulterants in spirit drinks and dietary supplements in group-screening manner, but also suggested that softness was likely to be a general theory for rational hapten design. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Rapid monitoring of tadalafil-like adulterants in food samples is very necessary and important for consumers, regulatory agencies, and the food industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yi Yang
- College of Food Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mei-Chan Xie
- College of Food Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue-Cai Tan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, China
| | - Yuan-Xin Tian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Wang
- College of Food Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen-Lin Xu
- College of Food Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting-Ting Yuan
- Shenzhen Care-green Agriculture Products Testing & Certification Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Yi-Mei Xiao
- Shenzhen Care-green Agriculture Products Testing & Certification Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Yu-Dong Shen
- College of Food Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Efficacy and Safety of Common Ingredients in Aphrodisiacs Used for Erectile Dysfunction: A Review. Sex Med Rev 2020; 8:431-442. [PMID: 32139335 DOI: 10.1016/j.sxmr.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Erectile dysfunction (ED) is the inability to attain or sustain an erection for sexual intercourse. Affected men endorse difficulties with intimacy and feelings of guilt and shame. Although medical treatments are available, patients are reluctant to discuss ED with physicians and often use dietary supplements to attempt to treat their ED. As such, there is a need to better understand the effects of ingredients used in nutraceuticals for ED treatment. OBJECTIVES To summarize the literature on the efficacy and safety of the most common ingredients used in ED supplements. METHODS 10 of the most common ingredients in ED supplements were reviewed using PubMed-indexed literature to assess their efficacy and safety in treating ED. Key findings were summarized to include historical use, active ingredients, prior animal studies, human studies, and toxicity. RESULTS Nutraceuticals used in ED treatment include a variety of ingredients. Although L-arginine is a safe supplement with clinical data supporting improved erectile function, limited data exist on the efficacy of other ingredients in the treatment of ED. CONCLUSION Despite the growing use of supplements for treatment of sexual dysfunction, ED supplements remain poorly studied, with limited data demonstrating efficacy of individual ingredients. Further study is required to definitively determine the efficacy of nutraceuticals in ED treatment. Srivatsav A, Balasubramanian A, Pathak UI, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Common Ingredients in Aphrodisiacs Used for Erectile Dysfunction: A Review. J Sex Med 2020;8:431-442.
Collapse
|
4
|
Kee CL, Chin LC, Cheah NP, Ge X, Low MY. Elucidation of the absolute configuration of a tadalafil analogue found as adulterant in a health supplement by mass spectrometry, chiroptical methods and NMR spectroscopy. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 173:47-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
5
|
Lee JH, Park HN, Park S, Lee YM, Kang H. Development of a specific fragment pattern-based quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometry method to screen adulterated products of phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors and their analogues. Sci Justice 2019; 59:433-441. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
6
|
Balasubramanian A, Thirumavalavan N, Srivatsav A, Yu J, Hotaling JM, Lipshultz LI, Pastuszak AW. An Analysis of Popular Online Erectile Dysfunction Supplements. J Sex Med 2019; 16:843-852. [PMID: 31036522 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2019.03.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Erectile dysfunction supplements (ED-Ss) are featured on online marketplaces like Amazon.com, with dedicated pages and claims that they naturally treat ED. However, their efficacy and safety are largely unknown, limiting the ability to counsel patients regarding their use. AIM To evaluate the highest rated and most frequently reviewed ED-Ss on Amazon.com to facilitate patient counseling regarding marketing myths, ingredient profiles, and evidence for product efficacy and safety. METHODS The Amazon marketplace was queried using the key term "erectile dysfunction" with default search settings and ranking items based on relevance. The top 6 ED-S products identified on September 29, 2018, were reviewed based on price, ratings, reviews, manufacturer, and ingredients. Consumer reviews were categorized using subtopics within the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) questionnaire to better understand ED-S efficacy and then reanalyzed following filtration of untrustworthy comments using ReviewMeta.com, a proprietary Amazon review analysis software. OUTCOMES Quantitative and qualitative evaluation of ED-S products sold on Amazon.com. RESULTS The top 6 ED-Ss had an average of 2,121 ± 1,282 reviews and a mean rating of 3.92 ± 0.42 stars. A total of 21 ingredients were identified in these ED-Ss. Ginseng, horny goat weed, L-arginine, and tongkat ali were the most popular ingredients included in the analyzed products. Our literature review identified 413 studies involving the 21 identified ingredients, of which 59 (16%) involved human subjects. Among these 69 human studies, only 12 (17%) investigated supplement ingredients individually and reported improvement in ED. Analysis of top-ranked customer reviews from the first 2 pages of reviews for each supplement revealed differences in IIEF scores before and after ReviewMeta.com filtration. After filtration, we observed a 77% decrease in reviews reporting improved erection strength, an 83% decrease in reviews reporting improved ability to maintain erection, a 90% decrease in reviews reporting increased sexual satisfaction, an 88% decrease in reviews reporting increased enjoyment with intercourse, and an 89% decrease in reviews reporting increased erection confidence. STRENGTHS & LIMITATIONS Study strengths include a novel approach to ascertaining consumers' perceptions and satisfaction with ED-Ss and practical summary information that clinicians can provide to patients. Limitations include selection bias, the small number of supplements analyzed, and the proprietary nature of the Amazon review analysis software. CONCLUSIONS Our investigation revealed that human studies evaluating the efficacy of ED-S ingredients are limited and have yielded no definitive findings of the effects on ED. Patients considering ED-S use should receive appropriate counseling, given the prevalence of disingenuous reviews and the ready availability of Food and Drug Administration-approved drug therapies. Balasubramanian A, Thirumavalavan N, Srivatsav A, et al. An Analysis of Popular Online Erectile Dysfunction Supplements. J Sex Med 2019;16:843-852.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nannan Thirumavalavan
- Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Center for Reproductive Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Justin Yu
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - James M Hotaling
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Larry I Lipshultz
- Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Center for Reproductive Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alexander W Pastuszak
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li D, Guan T, He Y, Liu F, Yang A, He Q, Shen Z, Xin M. A chiral sensor based on weak measurement for the determination of Proline enantiomers in diverse measuring circumstances. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 110:103-109. [PMID: 29604518 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A new chiral sensor based on weak measurement to accurately measure the optical rotation (OR) has been developed for the estimation of a trace amount of chiral molecule. With the principle of optical weak measurement in frequency domain, the central wavelength shift of output spectra is quantitatively relative to the angle of preselected polarization. Hence, a chiral molecule (e.g., L-amino acid, or D-amino acid) can be enantioselectively determined by modifying the preselection angle with the OR, which will cause the rotation of a polarization plane. The concentration of the chiral sample, corresponding to its optical activity, is quantitatively analyzed with the central wavelength shift of output spectra, which can be collected in real time. Immune to the refractive index change, the proposed chiral sensor is valid in complicated measuring circumstance. The detections of Proline enantiomer concentration in different solvents were implemented. The results demonstrated that weak measurement acted as a reliable method to chiral recognition of Proline enantiomers in diverse circumstance with the merits of high precision and good robustness. In addition, this real-time monitoring approach plays a crucial part in asymmetric synthesis and biological systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Li
- Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Minimal Invasive Medical Technologies, Institute of Optical imaging and Sensing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Tian Guan
- Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Minimal Invasive Medical Technologies, Institute of Optical imaging and Sensing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yonghong He
- Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Minimal Invasive Medical Technologies, Institute of Optical imaging and Sensing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Fang Liu
- School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, Guangdong, China
| | - Anping Yang
- School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, Guangdong, China
| | - Qinghua He
- Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Minimal Invasive Medical Technologies, Institute of Optical imaging and Sensing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhiyuan Shen
- Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Minimal Invasive Medical Technologies, Institute of Optical imaging and Sensing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Meiguo Xin
- School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
2-Formyl-komarovicine promotes adiponectin production in human mesenchymal stem cells through PPARγ partial agonism. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:1069-1075. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
9
|
Ganganna B, Lu TN, Hwang J, Hwang J, Mandava S, Jang Y, Samala M, Park H, Lee J. First Syntheses of (±)-Butesuperins A and B. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bogonda Ganganna
- College of Pharmacy; Kangwon National University; Chuncheon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Thien Nhan Lu
- College of Pharmacy; Kangwon National University; Chuncheon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Jiho Hwang
- College of Pharmacy; Kangwon National University; Chuncheon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Jungjoong Hwang
- College of Pharmacy; Kangwon National University; Chuncheon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Suresh Mandava
- College of Pharmacy; Kangwon National University; Chuncheon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonchang Jang
- College of Pharmacy; Kangwon National University; Chuncheon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Mallesham Samala
- College of Pharmacy; Kangwon National University; Chuncheon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Haeil Park
- College of Pharmacy; Kangwon National University; Chuncheon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Jongkook Lee
- College of Pharmacy; Kangwon National University; Chuncheon 24341 Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|