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Gil-Gil T, Cuesta T, Hernando-Amado S, Reales-Calderón JA, Corona F, Linares JF, Martínez JL. Virulence and Metabolism Crosstalk: Impaired Activity of the Type Three Secretion System (T3SS) in a Pseudomonas aeruginosa Crc-Defective Mutant. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12304. [PMID: 37569678 PMCID: PMC10419072 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a ubiquitous nosocomial opportunistic pathogen that harbors many virulence determinants. Part of P. aeruginosa success colonizing a variety of habitats resides in its metabolic robustness and plasticity, which are the basis of its capability of adaptation to different nutrient sources and ecological conditions, including the infected host. Given this situation, it is conceivable that P. aeruginosa virulence might be, at least in part, under metabolic control, in such a way that virulence determinants are produced just when needed. Indeed, it has been shown that the catabolite repression control protein Crc, which together with the RNA chaperon Hfq regulates the P. aeruginosa utilization of carbon sources at the post-transcriptional level, also regulates, directly or indirectly, virulence-related processes in P. aeruginosa. Among them, Crc regulates P. aeruginosa cytotoxicity, likely by modulating the activity of the Type III Secretion System (T3SS), which directly injects toxins into eukaryotic host cells. The present work shows that the lack of Crc produces a Type III Secretion-defective phenotype in P. aeruginosa. The observed impairment is a consequence of a reduced expression of the genes encoding the T3SS, together with an impaired secretion of the proteins involved. Our results support that the impaired T3SS activity of the crc defective mutant is, at least partly, a consequence of a defective protein export, probably due to a reduced proton motive force. This work provides new information about the complex regulation of the expression and the activity of the T3SS in P. aeruginosa. Our results highlight the need of a robust bacterial metabolism, which is defective in the ∆crc mutant, to elicit complex and energetically costly virulence strategies, as that provided by the T3SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Gil-Gil
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Darwin 3, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Trinidad Cuesta
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Darwin 3, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Hernando-Amado
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Darwin 3, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Reales-Calderón
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Darwin 3, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Corona
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Darwin 3, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan F. Linares
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Darwin 3, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - José L. Martínez
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Darwin 3, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Baquero F, Martínez JL, Sánchez A, Fernández-de-Bobadilla MD, San-Millán A, Rodríguez-Beltrán J. Bacterial Subcellular Architecture, Structural Epistasis, and Antibiotic Resistance. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12050640. [PMID: 37237454 DOI: 10.3390/biology12050640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Epistasis refers to the way in which genetic interactions between some genetic loci affect phenotypes and fitness. In this study, we propose the concept of "structural epistasis" to emphasize the role of the variable physical interactions between molecules located in particular spaces inside the bacterial cell in the emergence of novel phenotypes. The architecture of the bacterial cell (typically Gram-negative), which consists of concentrical layers of membranes, particles, and molecules with differing configurations and densities (from the outer membrane to the nucleoid) determines and is in turn determined by the cell shape and size, depending on the growth phases, exposure to toxic conditions, stress responses, and the bacterial environment. Antibiotics change the bacterial cell's internal molecular topology, producing unexpected interactions among molecules. In contrast, changes in shape and size may alter antibiotic action. The mechanisms of antibiotic resistance (and their vectors, as mobile genetic elements) also influence molecular connectivity in the bacterial cell and can produce unexpected phenotypes, influencing the action of other antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Baquero
- Department of Microbiology, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
- CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Alvaro Sánchez
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel D Fernández-de-Bobadilla
- Department of Microbiology, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
- CIBER en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFECT), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alvaro San-Millán
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- CIBER en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFECT), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jerónimo Rodríguez-Beltrán
- Department of Microbiology, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
- CIBER en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFECT), 28034 Madrid, Spain
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Lian L, Li W, Xue T, Ren J, Tang F, Liu Y, Xue F, Dai J. Comparative transcriptomic analysis provides insights into transcription mechanisms of Vibrio parahaemolyticus T3SS during interaction with HeLa cells. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:289-301. [PMID: 34652743 PMCID: PMC8882520 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00627-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is an important foodborne pathogenic bacterium that harbors the type III secretion system 1 (T3SS1) as an essential virulence factor. However, the pathogenesis and infection mechanism mediated by T3SS1 are not entirely clarified. Similar to previous studies on other T3SS-positive bacteria, the T3SS1 needle is a major extracellular component in V. parahaemolyticus. We recently showed that the needle gene-deletion mutant (ΔvscF) exhibited markedly decreased cytotoxicity and effector translocation during interaction with HeLa cells. To further elucidate the pathogenesis of T3SS1 during host cell infection, bacterial RNA was extracted from wild-type POR-1 and ΔvscF mutants under infected condition for comparative RNA sequencing analysis in HeLa cell. The results showed that 120 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the ΔvscF-infected group. These encoded proteins of DEGs, such as VP2088, VP2089, and VP2091, were annotated as ABC transporter system, whereas VP0757, VP1123, and VP1289 may be new transcriptional regulators. In addition, the downregulation of T3SS1 had a positive influence on the expression of T3SS2. Moreover, the transcription of the basal body is unaffected by the needle, and there was a close relation among the tip, translocon, and needle, because bacterial adenylate cyclase two-hybrid system (BACTH system) assay indicated the interaction of VP1656, VP1670, VP1693, and VP1694 (VscF). This study provides insights into transcription mechanism of T3SS1 upon infecting HeLa cell, which is expected to better clarify the T3SS1 virulent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lele Lian
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wanjun Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Tingyue Xue
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jianluan Ren
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Fang Tang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yongjie Liu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Feng Xue
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Jianjun Dai
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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Gazi AD, Kokkinidis M, Fadouloglou VE. α-Helices in the Type III Secretion Effectors: A Prevalent Feature with Versatile Roles. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115412. [PMID: 34063760 PMCID: PMC8196651 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Type III Secretion Systems (T3SSs) are multicomponent nanomachines located at the cell envelope of Gram-negative bacteria. Their main function is to transport bacterial proteins either extracellularly or directly into the eukaryotic host cell cytoplasm. Type III Secretion effectors (T3SEs), latest to be secreted T3S substrates, are destined to act at the eukaryotic host cell cytoplasm and occasionally at the nucleus, hijacking cellular processes through mimicking eukaryotic proteins. A broad range of functions is attributed to T3SEs, ranging from the manipulation of the host cell's metabolism for the benefit of the bacterium to bypassing the host's defense mechanisms. To perform this broad range of manipulations, T3SEs have evolved numerous novel folds that are compatible with some basic requirements: they should be able to easily unfold, pass through the narrow T3SS channel, and refold to an active form when on the other side. In this review, the various folds of T3SEs are presented with the emphasis placed on the functional and structural importance of α-helices and helical domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia D. Gazi
- Unit of Technology & Service Ultrastructural Bio-Imaging (UTechS UBI), Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (A.D.G.); (V.E.F.)
| | - Michael Kokkinidis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Nikolaou Plastira 100, Heraklion, 70013 Crete, Greece;
- Department of Biology, Voutes University Campus, University of Crete, Heraklion, 70013 Crete, Greece
| | - Vasiliki E. Fadouloglou
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
- Correspondence: (A.D.G.); (V.E.F.)
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Bajunaid W, Haidar-Ahmad N, Kottarampatel AH, Ourida Manigat F, Silué N, F. Tchagang C, Tomaro K, Campbell-Valois FX. The T3SS of Shigella: Expression, Structure, Function, and Role in Vacuole Escape. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8121933. [PMID: 33291504 PMCID: PMC7762205 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8121933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigella spp. are one of the leading causes of infectious diarrheal diseases. They are Escherichia coli pathovars that are characterized by the harboring of a large plasmid that encodes most virulence genes, including a type III secretion system (T3SS). The archetypal element of the T3SS is the injectisome, a syringe-like nanomachine composed of approximately 20 proteins, spanning both bacterial membranes and the cell wall, and topped with a needle. Upon contact of the tip of the needle with the plasma membrane, the injectisome secretes its protein substrates into host cells. Some of these substrates act as translocators or effectors whose functions are key to the invasion of the cytosol and the cell-to-cell spread characterizing the lifestyle of Shigella spp. Here, we review the structure, assembly, function, and methods to measure the activity of the injectisome with a focus on Shigella, but complemented with data from other T3SS if required. We also present the regulatory cascade that controls the expression of T3SS genes in Shigella. Finally, we describe the function of translocators and effectors during cell-to-cell spread, particularly during escape from the vacuole, a key element of Shigella’s pathogenesis that has yet to reveal all of its secrets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waad Bajunaid
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; (W.B.); (N.H.-A.); (A.H.K.); (F.O.M.); (N.S.); (C.F.T.); (K.T.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Nathaline Haidar-Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; (W.B.); (N.H.-A.); (A.H.K.); (F.O.M.); (N.S.); (C.F.T.); (K.T.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Anwer Hasil Kottarampatel
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; (W.B.); (N.H.-A.); (A.H.K.); (F.O.M.); (N.S.); (C.F.T.); (K.T.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - France Ourida Manigat
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; (W.B.); (N.H.-A.); (A.H.K.); (F.O.M.); (N.S.); (C.F.T.); (K.T.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Navoun Silué
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; (W.B.); (N.H.-A.); (A.H.K.); (F.O.M.); (N.S.); (C.F.T.); (K.T.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Caetanie F. Tchagang
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; (W.B.); (N.H.-A.); (A.H.K.); (F.O.M.); (N.S.); (C.F.T.); (K.T.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Kyle Tomaro
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; (W.B.); (N.H.-A.); (A.H.K.); (F.O.M.); (N.S.); (C.F.T.); (K.T.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - François-Xavier Campbell-Valois
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; (W.B.); (N.H.-A.); (A.H.K.); (F.O.M.); (N.S.); (C.F.T.); (K.T.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
- Correspondence:
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