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Yao L, Xia Z, Tang P, Deng J, Hao E, Du Z, Jia F, Wang X, Li Z, Fan L, Hou X. Botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, edible uses, and quality control of Lablab semen Album: A systematic review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 334:118507. [PMID: 38945467 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Lablab Semen Album (lablab), the white and dried mature fruit of Lablab purpureus in the Lablab genus of the Fabaceae family, is a renowned traditional medicinal herb with a long history of use in China. In Chinese medicine, lablab is often combined with other drugs to treat conditions such as weak spleen and stomach, loss of appetite, loose stools, excessive leucorrhoea, summer dampness and diarrhea, chest tightness, and abdominal distension. MATERIALS AND METHODS Comprehensive information on lablab was gathered from databases including Web of Science, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Springer, PubMed, CNKI, Wanfang, and ancient materia medica. RESULTS Lablab, a member of the lentil family, thrives in warm and humid climates, and is distributed across tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. Traditionally, lablab is used to treat various ailments, such as spleen and stomach weakness, loss of appetite, and diarrhea. Phytochemical analyses reveal that lablab is a rich source of triterpenoid saponins, glucosides, volatile components, polysaccharides, and amino acids. Lablab extracts exhibit diverse biological activities, including hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antitumoral, antiviral properties, and more. Besides its medicinal applications, lablab is extensively used in the food industry due to its high nutrient content. Additionally, the quality of lablab can be regulated by determining the levels of key chemical components pivotal to its medicinal effects, ensuring the herb's overall quality. CONCLUSION Lablab is a promising medicinal and edible plant ingredient with diverse pharmacological effects, making it a valuable ingredient for food, pharmaceuticals, and animal husbandry. However, it has inherent toxicity if not properly prepared. Additionally, some traditional uses and pharmacological activities lack scientific validation due to incomplete methods, unclear results, and insufficient clinical data. Thus, further in vivo and in vitro studies on its pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and toxicology, along with clinical efficacy evaluations, are needed to ensure lablab's safety and effectiveness. As an important traditional Chinese medicine, lablab deserves more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihao Yao
- School of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China; Center for Research on Functional Ingredients of Agricultural Residues, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of TCM Formulas Theory and Transformation for Damp Diseases, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China
| | - Zhongshang Xia
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China; Center for Research on Functional Ingredients of Agricultural Residues, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of TCM Formulas Theory and Transformation for Damp Diseases, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China
| | - Peiling Tang
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Tunku Abdul Rahman University of Management and Technology, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jiagang Deng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China; Center for Research on Functional Ingredients of Agricultural Residues, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of TCM Formulas Theory and Transformation for Damp Diseases, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China
| | - Erwei Hao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China; Center for Research on Functional Ingredients of Agricultural Residues, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of TCM Formulas Theory and Transformation for Damp Diseases, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China
| | - Zhengcai Du
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China; Center for Research on Functional Ingredients of Agricultural Residues, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of TCM Formulas Theory and Transformation for Damp Diseases, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China
| | - Fang Jia
- School of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China; Center for Research on Functional Ingredients of Agricultural Residues, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of TCM Formulas Theory and Transformation for Damp Diseases, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China; Center for Research on Functional Ingredients of Agricultural Residues, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of TCM Formulas Theory and Transformation for Damp Diseases, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China
| | - Zihong Li
- School of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China
| | - Lili Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China; Center for Research on Functional Ingredients of Agricultural Residues, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of TCM Formulas Theory and Transformation for Damp Diseases, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China.
| | - Xiaotao Hou
- School of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China; Center for Research on Functional Ingredients of Agricultural Residues, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of TCM Formulas Theory and Transformation for Damp Diseases, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China.
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Zhang W, Li F, Cheng J, Wang Y, Zheng Y, Li H, Lin M, Ruan J, Zhang Y, Wang T. Saponins from Dolichos lablab seeds with anti-inflammatory activity. Bioorg Chem 2024; 151:107692. [PMID: 39102757 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
As one of a traditional Chinese medicine with dual applications in both medicinal treatment and dietary consumption, the mature seeds of D. lablab were reported to be rich in saponins and have a good effect on inflammatory related diseases. However, the substance basis for its anti-inflammatory activity remains unclear. Thus, a comprehensive phytochemical investigation on triterpenoid saponins from D. lablab seeds was carried out, resulting in the isolation and identification of twenty-one new triterpenoid saponins including dolilabsaponins A1-A4, B, C, D1-D3, E-M, N1, N2 and O (1-21) along with thirteen known analogs (22-34). Notably, the known saponins, 31, 32, and 34 were obtained from Leguminosae family for the first time. The 1H and 13C NMR data of saponins 24 and 28 were firstly reported here. Additionally, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells model was utilized to assess inhibitory activities of compounds 1-34 on nitric oxide (NO) production. The results revealed that compounds 1-3, 9, 10, 13-15, 18, 22, 23 and 28-34 significantly suppressed the elevation of NO levels in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells at the concentration of 30 μM, exhibiting a concentration-dependent manner at 3, 10, and 30 μM. The results suggested that compounds 1-3, 9, 10, 13-15, 18, 22, 23, and 28-34 possessed potential anti-inflammatory activity. Further western blot assay demonstrated that 1, 9, 10, 13, 14, and 18 suppressed inflammatory response via down-regulated the expression levels of inflammatory factors, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, 301617 Tianjin, China
| | - Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, 301617 Tianjin, China
| | - Jiaming Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, 301617 Tianjin, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, 301617 Tianjin, China
| | - Yinuo Zheng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, 301617 Tianjin, China
| | - Huimin Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, 301617 Tianjin, China
| | - Minghao Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, 301617 Tianjin, China
| | - Jingya Ruan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, 301617 Tianjin, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, 301617 Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, 301617 Tianjin, China.
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, 301617 Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, 301617 Tianjin, China.
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Zhou J, Wang W, Zhang Z, Zhu G, Qiao J, Guo S, Bai Y, Zhao C, Teng C, Qin P, Zhang L, Ren G. An underutilized bean: hyacinth bean [Lablab purpureus (L.) sweet]: bioactive compounds, functional activity, and future food prospect and applications. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024. [PMID: 38961686 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Hyacinth bean [Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet], a plant belonging to the leguminous family and traditionally used for medicinal purposes in China, is a valuable resource with a wide range of health benefits. This review examines the bioactive compounds, health-promoting properties and functional food potential of hyacinth bean, highlighting its role in protecting against metabolic diseases and the underlying molecular mechanisms. According to existing research, hyacinth bean contains a diverse array of bioactive compounds, Consumption of hyacinth beans and hyacinth bean-related processed food products, as well as their use in medicines, is associated with a variety of health benefits that are increasingly favoured by the scientific community. In light of these findings, we posit that hyacinth bean holds great promise for further research and food application. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiankang Zhou
- School of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenting Wang
- School of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- School of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gege Zhu
- Wuhan No. 23 Middle School in Hanyang District, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiawei Qiao
- School of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Shengyuan Guo
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Bai
- School of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Chaofan Zhao
- School of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Cong Teng
- Institute of Agro-product Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Peiyou Qin
- School of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lizhen Zhang
- School of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Guixing Ren
- School of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Zhang W, Cheng J, Ruan J, Cao X, Wu Y, Wang D, Zhang Y, Wang T. Aromatic compounds from the seeds of Dolichos lablab L. with anti-inflammatory activity. Fitoterapia 2023; 171:105694. [PMID: 37778669 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-four aromatic compounds including five novel ones, dolilabphenosides A (1), B1 (2), B2 (3), C1 (4), and C2 (5) were obtained from the seeds of Dolichos lablab L. Their structures were established based on spectroscopic analyses and chemical reactions. Among the known compounds, 9, 10, 14, 17, 19, and 22-24 were gained from the family Leguminosae for the first time, and 6, 8, 11-13, 15, 16, 18, 20, as well as 21 were firstly identified from Dolichos genus. Moreover, the inhibitory effect evaluation of all the isolates against LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW264.7 macrophages suggested that compounds 1-3, 6, 7, 11-15, 17, 20, 21, 23, 24 exhibited anti-inflammatory activity in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, the novel compounds, dolilabphenosides A (1), B1 (2), B2 (3) were found to inhibit the secretion of inflammatory cytokine IL-1β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Jiaming Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Jingya Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xiaoyan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yuzheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Dan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, China.
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Novel Oleanane-Type Triterpene Glycosides from the Saponaria officinalis L. Seeds and Apoptosis-Inducing Activity via Mitochondria. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042047. [PMID: 35216169 PMCID: PMC8877789 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Saponaria officinalis L., commonly known as “Soapwort”, is a rich source of triterpene glycosides; however, the chemical constituents of S. officinalis seeds have not been fully identified. In this study, we conducted a systematic phytochemical investigation of the seeds of S. officinalis and obtained 17 oleanane-type triterpene glycosides (1–17), including seven new glycosides (1–7). The structures of 1–7 were determined based on a detailed analysis of NMR spectroscopic data and chromatographic and spectroscopic analyses following specific chemical transformation. The cytotoxicities of the isolated compounds were evaluated against HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells, A549 human adenocarcinoma lung cancer cells, and SBC-3 human small-cell lung cancer cells. The cytotoxicities of 1, 4, and 10 toward HL-60 cells and SBC-3 cells were nearly as potent as that of cisplatin. Compound 1, a bisdesmosidic triterpene glycoside obtained in good yield, arrested the cell cycle of SBC-3 cells at the G2/M phase, and induced apoptosis through an intrinsic pathway, accompanied by ROS generation. As a result of the mitochondrial dysfunction induced by 1, mitochondria selective autophagy, termed mitophagy, occurred in SBC-3 cells.
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Bando M, Kawasaki Y, Nagata O, Okada Y, Ikuta D, Ikeuchi K, Yamada H. β-Selective Glycosylation Using Axial-Rich and 2-O-Rhamnosylated Glucosyl Donors Controlled by the Protecting Pattern of the Second Sugar. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2021; 69:124-140. [PMID: 33390514 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c20-00733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we describe two counterexamples of the previously reported β/α-selectivity of 96/4 for glycosylation using ethyl 2-O-[2,3,4-tris-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl (TBS)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl]-3,4,6-tris-O-TBS-thio-β-D-glucopyranoside as the glycosyl donor. Furthermore, we investigated the effects of protecting group on the rhamnose moieties in the glycosylation with cholestanol and revealed that β-selectivity originated from the two TBS groups at the 3-O and 4-O positions of rhamnose. In contrast, the TBS group at the 2-O position of rhamnose hampered the β-selectivity. Finally, the β/α-selectivity during the glycosylation was enhanced to ≥99/1. The results obtained herein suggest that the protecting groups on the sugar connected to the 2-O of a glycosyl donor with axial-rich conformation can control the stereoselectivity of glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Bando
- School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University
| | - Yuri Kawasaki
- School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University
| | - Osamu Nagata
- School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University
| | - Yasunori Okada
- School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University
| | - Daiki Ikuta
- School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University
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