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Qigang N, Afra A, Ramírez-Coronel AA, Turki Jalil A, Mohammadi MJ, Gatea MA, Efriza, Asban P, Mousavi SK, Kanani P, Mombeni Kazemi F, Hormati M, Kiani F. The effect of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon biomarkers on cardiovascular diseases. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2023; 0:reveh-2023-0070. [PMID: 37775307 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2023-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) are part of particulate matter (PM), which is produced from incomplete combustion of organic matter. Biomarkers mean biological indicators, molecules that indicate a normal or abnormal process in the body and may be a sign of a condition or disease. Studies show that PAHs increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases through processes such as oxidative stress, inflammation and atherosclerosis. The present study focused on the evaluation of health effects PAHs biomarkers on cardiovascular diseases (CVD). In this narrative study, data were collected from databases such as Scopus, PubMed, Web of science and Google Scholar in the period 1975-2023. After screening, duplicate and irrelevant articles were removed. Finally, 68 articles related to the effect of PAHs on CVD were included in the study. In addition to the articles found through the search in databases, another 18 articles from the references of the selected articles were included. According to the finding in during the biotransformation of PAH, a number of metabolites are made, such as phenols, diols, quinones, and epoxides. Phenolic isomers have the highest percentage and biomarkers used for their detection include 2-OHNAP used to trace naphthalene from heating processed food, 3-OHPHEN used to trace phenanthrene from diesel, 2-OHFLU used to trace fluorene and 1-OHPYR used to trace pyrene from cigarette and hookah smoke. According to the result, increasing blood pressure and heart rate and causing atherosclerosis are the main complications due to exposure to PAH metabolite on cardiovascular system. The most important agents that causes this affects including increased homocysteine, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), serum biomarkers of C-reactive protein, and triglycerides. Result this study showed that cardiovascular diseases risk is increased by exposure to PAH biomarkers from smoking, car emissions, occupational exposure, and incinerators. Therefore, strict controls should be implemented for sources of PAH production and exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nie Qigang
- Physician Department of the Health Team of the 32152 Army of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, The Health Team of the 32152 Army of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Arghavan Afra
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
| | - Andrés Alexis Ramírez-Coronel
- Research group in educational statistics (GIEE), National University of Education (UNAE), Azogues, Ecuador
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Group, CES University, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Abduladheem Turki Jalil
- Medical Laboratories Techniques Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Hilla, 51001, Iraq
| | - Mohammad Javad Mohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Environmental Technologies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - M Abdulfadhil Gatea
- Technical Engineering Department College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Efriza
- Public Health Department, Faculty of Health, Fort De Kock University, Bukittinggi, Indonesia
| | - Parisa Asban
- Student of Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Seyede Kosar Mousavi
- Student of Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Parnia Kanani
- Student of Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mombeni Kazemi
- Student of Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Maryam Hormati
- Student of Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Kiani
- Student of Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Pena A, Duarte S, Pereira AMPT, Silva LJG, Laranjeiro CSM, Oliveira M, Lino C, Morais S. Human Biomonitoring of Selected Hazardous Compounds in Portugal: Part I-Lessons Learned on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Metals, Metalloids, and Pesticides. Molecules 2021; 27:242. [PMID: 35011472 PMCID: PMC8746698 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human biomonitoring (HBM) data provide information on total exposure regardless of the route and sources of exposure. HBM studies have been applied to quantify human exposure to contaminants and environmental/occupational pollutants by determining the parent compounds, their metabolites or even their reaction products in biological matrices. HBM studies performed among the Portuguese population are disperse and limited. To overcome this knowledge gap, this review gathers, for the first time, the published Portuguese HBM information concerning polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), metals, metalloids, and pesticides concentrations detected in the urine, serum, milk, hair, and nails of different groups of the Portuguese population. This integrative insight of available HBM data allows the analysis of the main determinants and patterns of exposure of the Portuguese population to these selected hazardous compounds, as well as assessment of the potential health risks. Identification of the main difficulties and challenges of HBM through analysis of the enrolled studies was also an aim. Ultimately, this study aimed to support national and European policies promoting human health and summarizes the most important outcomes and lessons learned through the HBM studies carried out in Portugal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina Pena
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Sta Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.P.); (A.M.P.T.P.); (L.J.G.S.); (C.S.M.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Sofia Duarte
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Sta Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.P.); (A.M.P.T.P.); (L.J.G.S.); (C.S.M.L.); (C.L.)
- Centro de Investigação Vasco da Gama-Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Escola Universitária Vasco da Gama, Av. José R. Sousa Fernandes, Campus Universitário-Bloco B, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - André M. P. T. Pereira
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Sta Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.P.); (A.M.P.T.P.); (L.J.G.S.); (C.S.M.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Liliana J. G. Silva
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Sta Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.P.); (A.M.P.T.P.); (L.J.G.S.); (C.S.M.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Célia S. M. Laranjeiro
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Sta Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.P.); (A.M.P.T.P.); (L.J.G.S.); (C.S.M.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Marta Oliveira
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal; (M.O.); (S.M.)
| | - Celeste Lino
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Sta Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.P.); (A.M.P.T.P.); (L.J.G.S.); (C.S.M.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Simone Morais
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal; (M.O.); (S.M.)
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Raponi F, Bauleo L, Ancona C, Forastiere F, Paci E, Pigini D, Tranfo G. Quantification of 1-hydroxypyrene, 1- and 2-hydroxynaphthalene, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene and 6-hydroxynitropyrene by HPLC-MS/MS in human urine as exposure biomarkers for environmental and occupational surveys. Biomarkers 2016; 22:575-583. [DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2016.1252959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Raponi
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest systems (DIBAF) Viterbo, University of Tuscia, Italy
| | - Lisa Bauleo
- Department of Epidemiology Lazio Regional Health Service, Agenzia di Sanita Pubblica Regione Lazio, Roma, Italy
| | - Carla Ancona
- Department of Epidemiology Lazio Regional Health Service, Agenzia di Sanita Pubblica Regione Lazio, Roma, Italy
| | - Francesco Forastiere
- Department of Epidemiology Lazio Regional Health Service, Agenzia di Sanita Pubblica Regione Lazio, Roma, Italy
| | - Enrico Paci
- INAIL Research, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Monte Porzio Catone (RM), Italy
| | - Daniela Pigini
- INAIL Research, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Monte Porzio Catone (RM), Italy
| | - Giovanna Tranfo
- INAIL Research, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Monte Porzio Catone (RM), Italy
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Tang C, Tan J, Fan R, Zhao B, Tang C, Ou W, Jin J, Peng X. Quasi-targeted analysis of hydroxylation-related metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in human urine by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1461:59-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Asahi M, Kawai M, Toyama T, Kumagai Y, Chuesaard T, Tang N, Kameda T, Hayakawa K, Toriba A. Identification and Quantification of in Vivo Metabolites of 9,10-Phenanthrenequinone in Human Urine Associated with Producing Reactive Oxygen Species. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:76-85. [DOI: 10.1021/tx400338t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Miki Asahi
- Institute
of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Mio Kawai
- Institute
of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takashi Toyama
- Graduate
School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yoshito Kumagai
- Graduate
School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Thanyarat Chuesaard
- Institute
of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Ning Tang
- Institute
of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kameda
- Graduate
School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuichi Hayakawa
- Institute
of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Akira Toriba
- Institute
of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
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Pham CT, Kameda T, Toriba A, Hayakawa K. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in particulates emitted by motorcycles. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 183:175-183. [PMID: 23399401 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We determined eleven PAHs and four NPAHs in particulates and regulated pollutants (CO, CO2, HC, NOx, PM) exhausted from motorcycles to figure out the characteristics of motorcycle exhausts. Fluoranthene and pyrene accounted for more than 50% of the total detected PAHs. Among four detected NPAHs, 6-nitrochrysene and 7-nitrobenz[a]anthracene were the predominant NPAHs and were highly correlated relationship with their parent PAHs (R = 0.93 and 0.97, respectively). The PM and HC emissions tended to be close to the PAH emissions. NOx and NPAHs were negatively correlated. Despite their small engine size, motorcycles emitted much more PM and PAHs, showed stronger PAH-related carcinogenicity and indirect-acting mutagenicity, but weaker NPAH-related direct-acting mutagenic potency than automobiles. This is the first study to analyze both PAHs and NPAHs emitted by motorcycles, which could provide useful information to design the emission regulations and standards for motorcycles such as PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chau Thuy Pham
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
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Ball A, Truskewycz A. Polyaromatic hydrocarbon exposure: an ecological impact ambiguity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:4311-4326. [PMID: 23529398 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1620-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) represent a fraction of petroleum hydrocarbons and are currently one of the foremost sources of generating energy in today's contemporary society. However, evidence highlighted in this review show that PAH pollution, as a result of oil spills, hazardous PAH-contaminated working environments and technologies which do not efficiently utilise fuels, as well as natural sources of emissions (e.g. forest fires) may have significant health implications for all taxa. The extent of damage to organisms from PAH exposure is dependent on numerous factors including degree and type of PAH exposure, nature of the environment contaminated (i.e. terrestrial or aquatic), the ability of an organism to relocate to pristine environments, type and sensitivity of organism to specific hydrocarbon fractions and ability of the organism to metabolise different PAH fractions. The review highlights the fact that studies on the potential damage of PAHs should be carried out using mixtures of hydrocarbons as opposed to individual hydrocarbon fractions due to the scarcity of individual fractions being a sole contaminant. Furthermore, potential damage of PAH-contaminated sites should be assessed using an entire ecological impact outlook of the affected area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Ball
- RMIT University, Plenty Road, Building: 223 Level: 1 Room: 53A, Bundoora 3083, Australia.
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Adetona O, Li Z, Sjödin A, Romanoff LC, Aguilar-Villalobos M, Needham LL, Hall DB, Cassidy BE, Naeher LP. Biomonitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure in pregnant women in Trujillo, Peru--comparison of different fuel types used for cooking. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2013; 53:1-8. [PMID: 23314038 PMCID: PMC5129745 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2012.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Women and children in developing countries are often exposed to high levels of air pollution including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which may negatively impact their health, due to household combustion of biomass fuel for cooking and heating. We compared creatinine adjusted hydroxy-PAH (OH-PAH) concentrations in pregnant women in Trujillo, Peru who cook with wood to levels measured in those who cook with kerosene, liquefied petroleum gas or a combination of fuels. Seventy-nine women were recruited for the study between May and July 2004 in the first trimester of their pregnancy. Urine samples were collected from the subjects in the first, second and third trimesters for OH-PAH analyses. The concentrations of the OH-PAHs were compared across the type of fuel used for cooking and pregnancy trimesters. The relationships between OH-PAHs levels in the first trimester and concurrently measured personal exposures to PM₂.₅, carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide together with their indoor and outdoor air concentrations were also investigated. Women cooking with wood or kerosene had the highest creatinine adjusted OH-PAH concentrations compared with those using gas, coal briquette or a combination of fuels. Concentrations of creatinine adjusted 2-hydroxy-fluorene, 3-hydroxy-fluorene, 1-hydroxy-fluorene, 2-hydroxy-phenanthrene and 4-hydroxy-phenanthrene were significantly higher (p<0.05) in women who used wood or kerosene alone compared with women who used liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), coal briquette or a combination of fuels. An increase in the concentrations of creatinine adjusted 9-hydroxy-fluorene, 1-hydroxy-phenanthrene, 2-hydroxy-phenanthrene, 4-hydroxy-phenanthrene and 1-hydroxy-pyrene in the third trimesters was also observed. Weak positive correlation (Spearman correlation coefficient, ρ<0.4; p<0.05) was observed between all first trimester creatinine adjusted OH-PAHs and indoor (kitchen and living room), and personal 48-h TWA PM₂.₅. Women who cooked exclusively with wood or kerosene had higher creatinine adjusted OH-PAH levels in their urine samples compared to women who cooked with LPG or coal briquette.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olorunfemi Adetona
- The University of Georgia, College of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Science, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Zheng Li
- The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Andreas Sjödin
- The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lovisa C. Romanoff
- The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Larry L. Needham
- The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Daniel B. Hall
- The University of Georgia, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, Department of Statistics, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Brandon E. Cassidy
- The University of Georgia, College of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Science, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Luke P. Naeher
- The University of Georgia, College of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Science, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 706 542 4104; fax: +1 706 542 7472. (L.P. Naeher)
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Determination of 1-hydroxypyrene in human urine by HPLC with electrochemical detection at a boron-doped diamond film electrode. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:693-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6140-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2011] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Yosypchuk O, Barek J, Vyskočil V. Voltammetric Determination of Carcinogenic Derivatives of Pyrene Using a Boron-Doped Diamond Film Electrode. ANAL LETT 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2011.649455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Adetona O, Sjodin A, Zheng L, Romanoff LC, Aguilar-Villalobos M, Needham LL, Hall DB, Luis A, Cassidy BE, Simpson CD, Naeher LP. Personal exposure to PM(2.5) and urinary hydroxy-PAH levels in bus drivers exposed to traffic exhaust, in Trujillo, Peru. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2012; 9:217-229. [PMID: 22455670 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2012.666142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Public transport vehicle drivers, especially in highly polluted or trafficked areas, are exposed to high levels of air pollutants. In this study, we assessed the influence of traffic on levels of hydroxy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OH-PAHs) in commercial bus drivers in Trujillo, Peru, by measuring the within-shift changes in the urinary whole weight and creatinine-corrected concentrations of the PAH metabolites. We measured personal PM(2.5) as a proxy of exposure to traffic emission. Urine samples were collected daily from two bus drivers and three minivan drivers in Trujillo, pre-, mid-, post-work shift and on days when the drivers were off work (total n = 144). Ten OH-PAH metabolites were measured in the urine samples. Drivers were also monitored for exposure to PM(2.5) (n = 41). Daily work shift (mean = 13.1 ± 1.3 hr) integrated PM(2.5) was measured in the breathing zones of the drivers for an average of 10.5 days per driver. The differences across shift in OH-PAH concentrations were not statistically significant except for urinary 2-hydroxyfluorene (2-FLU) (p = 0.04) and 4-hydroxyphenanthrene (4-PHE) (p = 0.01) and creatinine-corrected 4-hydroxyphenanthrene (p = 0.01). Correlation between pairs of hydroxy-PAHs (ρ = 0.50 to 0.93) were highest for mid-shift samples. Concentrations of PM(2.5) (geometric mean = 64 μg/m(3); 95% confidence limits = 52 μg/m(3), 78 μg/m(3)) is similar to those measured in many other studies of traffic exposure. There was significant change across work shift for concentrations of only two of the OH-PAHs (2-FLU and 4-PHE). Results indicate that the drivers may have had limited time for clearance of PAH exposure from the body between work shifts. Comparisons of the concentrations of creatinine-corrected hydroxy-PAH to those reported in other studies indicate that exposure of public transport drivers to PAH could be similar. By following the subjects over multiple days, this study gives an indication of appropriate exposure situations for the use of hydroxy-PAHs and will be beneficial in designing future occupational studies of PAH exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olorunfemi Adetona
- The University of Georgia, College of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Science, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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Lim D, Ikeda A, Vu KKT, Yamaguchi KT, Tyner TR, Hasson AS. Method development for the measurement of quinone levels in urine. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:3592-8. [PMID: 22024390 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A method was developed for the quantification of 1-4 ring quinones in urine samples using liquid-liquid extraction followed by analysis with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Detection limits for the ten quinones analyzed are in the range 1-2 nmol dm(-3). The potential use of this approach to monitor urinary quinone levels was then evaluated in urine samples from both Sprague-Dawley rats and human subjects. Rats were exposed to 9,10-phenanthraquinone (PQ) by both injection and ingestion (mixed with solid food and dissolved in drinking water). Urinary levels of PQ were found to increase by up to a factor of ten compared to control samples, and the levels were found to depend on both the dose and duration of exposure. Samples were also collected and analyzed periodically from human subjects over the course of six months. Eight quinones were detected in the samples, with levels varying from below the detection limit up to 3 μmol dm(-3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianne Lim
- Department of Chemistry, California State University, Fresno, CA 93740, USA
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Riojas-Rodriguez H, Schilmann A, Marron-Mares AT, Masera O, Li Z, Romanoff L, Sjödin A, Rojas-Bracho L, Needham LL, Romieu I. Impact of the improved patsari biomass stove on urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon biomarkers and carbon monoxide exposures in rural Mexican women. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2011; 119:1301-7. [PMID: 21622083 PMCID: PMC3230393 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1002927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cooking with biomass fuels on open fires results in exposure to health-damaging pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and particulate matter. OBJECTIVE We compared CO exposures and urinary PAH biomarkers pre- and postintervention with an improved biomass stove, the Patsari stove. METHODS In a subsample of 63 women participating in a randomized controlled trial in central Mexico, we measured personal CO exposure for 8 hr during the day using continuous monitors and passive samplers. In addition, first-morning urine samples obtained the next day were analyzed for monohydroxylated PAH metabolites by gas chromatography/isotope dilution/high-resolution mass spectrometry. Exposure data were collected during the use of an open fire (preintervention) and after installation of the improved stove (postintervention) for 47 women, enabling paired comparisons. RESULTS Median pre- and postintervention values were 4 and 1 ppm for continuous personal CO and 3 and 1 ppm for passive sampler CO, respectively. Postintervention measurements indicated an average reduction of 42% for hydroxylated metabolites of naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene, and pyrene on a whole-weight concentration basis (micrograms per liter of urine), and a 34% reduction on a creatinine-adjusted basis (micrograms per gram of creatinine). Pre- and postintervention geometric mean values for 1-hydroxypyrene were 3.2 and 2.0 μg/g creatinine, respectively. CONCLUSION Use of the Patsari stove significantly reduced CO and PAH exposures in women. However, levels of many PAH biomarkers remained higher than those reported among smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horacio Riojas-Rodriguez
- Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
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