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Yadav K, Bhardwaj A, Sunder Raman R. Chemical characterization, source identification and potential health effects of PM 2.5-bound non-polar organic compounds over a COALESCE network site - Bhopal, India. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 920:170957. [PMID: 38365037 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Year-long (2019) measurements of carbonaceous aerosols were performed at Bhopal, a regionally representative site as a part of the COALESCE (Carbonaceous Aerosol Emissions, Source apportionment and Climate Impacts) campaign. Aerosol-associated non-polar organic compounds (NPOCs) were analysed using thermal desorption (TD) Gas chromatography/Mass spectrometry (TD-GC/MS). The annual average of the total organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and analysed PAHs (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons), and n-alkanes were, 9.74 ± 9.47 μg m-3, 2.13 ± 3.12 μg m-3, 10.43 ± 5.49 ng m-3, and 114.93 ± 49.24 ng m-3, respectively. PAHs diagnostic ratios suggested emissions from petroleum, grass, wood, and coal combustion. Combustion derived PAHs (CombPAHs) accounted for 72.5 % of the total measured PAHs. During wintertime, based on Pyr/BaP ratio (∼0.6), gasoline exhaust emissions were higher compared to diesel exhaust emissions. The weak correlations between PAHs and meteorological parameters suggested that variations in PAH levels are primarily driven by alterations in emission sources. Total PAHs were correlated moderately with BrC (r2 = 0.60). The estimated lifetime lung cancer risk (LLCR) values on exposure to 16 USEPA priority PAHs (5 × 10-5) demonstrated that PAH levels in this region pose moderate health risks. Given observations from only campaign mode short-term measurements of NPOCs over India, this work provides a more comprehensive understanding of the concentrations, seasonal variations, and sources of n-alkanes and health risk associated with particle bound PAHs over the data-poor central Indian region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajal Yadav
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal by-pass road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Ankur Bhardwaj
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal by-pass road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Ramya Sunder Raman
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal by-pass road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India.
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Zhang L, Yang L, Kashiwakura K, Zhao L, Chen L, Han C, Nagao S, Tang N. Autumn and spring observations of PM 2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in China and Japan. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 343:123139. [PMID: 38103715 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The transboundary transport of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitro-PAHs (NPAHs) aggravated by the East Asian winter monsoon is a major atmospheric environmental issue in East Asia. To thoroughly elucidate the role of the East Asian monsoon on regional PAH and NPAH pollution in East Asia, PM2.5-bound PAHs and NPAHs were investigated concurrently at five sites in Beijing and Shenyang in China and Tsukuba, Kanazawa, and Wajima in Japan in autumn (November 2018) and spring (March 2019). During both autumn and spring sampling periods, the concentrations of PM2.5, PAHs, and NPAHs at sites in China were 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than those at sites in Japan, and showed an opposite temporal variation, with higher concentrations during the autumn sampling period due to intensive emissions and unfavourable weather conditions. During the sampling periods, PAHs at the Beijing and Shenyang sites had mixed sources of traffic emissions and coal and biomass combustion, while those at the Tsukuba, Kanazawa, and Wajima sites were mainly characterized by domestic traffic emissions. In addition, NPAHs at the five sites were jointly affected by primary combustion sources and atmospheric generation, with a greater contribution of atmospheric generation to the Beijing and Shenyang sites. Based on backwards trajectory clustering and concentration-weighted trajectory analysis, external contributions to PM2.5, PAHs, and NPAHs at each site were relatively stable during the two sampling periods, and potential source areas were mainly distributed in domestic cities and nearby sea areas. Therefore, the apparent temporal differences in the characteristics and sources of pollutants between sites in the two countries indicate that transboundary pollution dominated by the East Asian winter monsoon was unobvious in autumn and spring. The results of the study provide a time-specific solution for the effective management of regional air pollution during the East Asian winter monsoon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Zhang
- School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environment, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; Key Laboratory of Intelligent Health Perception and Ecological Restoration of Rivers and Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Lu Yang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | | | - Lixia Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Lijiang Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Chong Han
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Seiya Nagao
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Ning Tang
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; College of Energy and Power, Shenyang Institute of Engineering, Shenyang 110136, China.
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Li Y, Bai X, Ren Y, Gao R, Ji Y, Wang Y, Li H. PAHs and nitro-PAHs in urban Beijing from 2017 to 2018: Characteristics, sources, transformation mechanism and risk assessment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 436:129143. [PMID: 35594669 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their nitrated derivatives (NPAHs) attract continuous attention due to their distinct carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. To investigate the characteristics, sources, formation mechanism and health risk assessment of PAHs and NPAHs, PM2.5 were collected at an urban site in Beijing from 2017 to 2018. The highest PAHs and NPAHs concentrations were 77.92 ± 54.62 ng/m3 and 963.71 ± 695.06 pg/m3 in the winter campaign, which were several times larger than those in other seasonal campaigns. Distinct diurnal variations of nocturnal levels higher than daytime levels were shown for PAHs and NPAHs. Source analysis indicated that besides vehicle exhaust, biomass burning and coal combustion were important sources of PAHs and NPAHs in the fall and winter campaigns. Secondary formation in atmosphere was another source of NPAHs especially in the spring and summer campaigns. NO2 and RH could positively influence the heterogeneous formation of NPAHs when RH was less than 60%. Quantum calculation results confirmed the formation pathway of 2N-FLA from the OH/NO3-initiated oxidation of FLA. The results of health risk assessment showed the potential health risks for the residents, especially in the winter campaign. These results indicated that PAHs and NPAHs still deserve attention following with the decrease concentrations of particulate matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China
| | - Xurong Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yanqin Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Rui Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yafei Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China
| | - Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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Shi W, Xu M, Liu Q, Xie S. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in seawater, surface sediment, and marine organisms of Haizhou Bay in Yellow Sea, China: Distribution, source apportionment, and health risk assessment. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 174:113280. [PMID: 35090271 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The pollution status of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in seawater, surface sediment, and marine organisms was investigated in Haizhou Bay, which is a traditional marine fish farming region in China. The total concentrations of PAHs in seawater, surface sediment, and marine organisms were 12.4-40.3 ng/L (average 24.8 ng/L), 183.2-496.6 ng/g (average 293.5 ng/g), and 228.1-679.9 ng/g (average 392.6 ng/g), respectively. Source analysis results showed that the PAH sources for seawater and marine organisms were coal and biomass combustion (66.53%), petroleum (28.94%), and traffic (4.52%), while those for the surface sediment were traffic (48.14%), coal and biomass combustion (40.56%). The lifetime cancer risk increment (ILCR) values of marine organisms in the Haizhou Bay were less than 10-6, indicating no carcinogenic risk. In the future, this study can be used as a reference to understand the distribution and interrelation of PAHs in other semi-enclosed bays in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Shi
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Min Xu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Ocean Comprehensive Development and Ecological Construction Engineering Center, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Qing Liu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Ocean Comprehensive Development and Ecological Construction Engineering Center, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Sumei Xie
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; South China Sea Institute of Planning and Environmental Research, SOA, Guangzhou 440100, China
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Zhang L, Yang L, Bi J, Liu Y, Toriba A, Hayakawa K, Nagao S, Tang N. Characteristics and unique sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM2.5 at a highland background site in northwestern China ☆. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 274:116527. [PMID: 33508715 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitro-PAHs (NPAHs) in PM2.5 were first observed at a background site (Yuzhong site: YZ site) in the northwestern highlands of China in five seasonal campaigns. Compared with major northwestern cities, PAHs and NPAHs at the YZ site were at a lower level but showed consistent seasonal differences. The PAH and NPAH concentrations peaked in the winter campaigns, which were 36.11 ± 6.54 ng/m3 and 418.11 ± 123.55 pg/m3, respectively, in winter campaign 1 and 28.97 ± 10.07 ng/m3 and 226.89 ± 133.54 pg/m3, respectively, in winter campaign 2. These values were approximately a dozen times larger those in other campaigns. The diagnostic ratios indicate that vehicle emissions were the primary source of the PAHs throughout the five campaigns, and coal and biomass combustion also contributed during the winter, summer, and fall campaigns. Among NPAHs, 2-nitrofluoranthene and 2-nitropyrene were generated through OH radical-initiated reactions during atmospheric transport, while 1-nitropyrene came from combustion sources. There is an observation worth pondering, which is that the ratio between pyrene and fluoranthene increased abnormally in the spring and fall campaigns, which is presumably caused by the burning of Tibetan barley straw in the northwestern highlands. The backward trajectories over Tibetan areas in Qinghai and southwestern Gansu are consistent with this hypothesis. In addition, this study reported for the first time that the burning of Tibetan barley straw has become a seasonal contributor to air pollution in northwestern China and is participating in the atmospheric transport of air pollutants driven by the monsoon in East Asia, which urgently requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Zhang
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Lu Yang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Jianrong Bi
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Yuzhi Liu
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Akira Toriba
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan.
| | - Kazuichi Hayakawa
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Seiya Nagao
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Ning Tang
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan; Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
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Zhang L, Morisaki H, Wei Y, Li Z, Yang L, Zhou Q, Zhang X, Xing W, Hu M, Shima M, Toriba A, Hayakawa K, Tang N. PM 2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons inside and outside a primary school classroom in Beijing: Concentration, composition, and inhalation cancer risk. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 705:135840. [PMID: 31972919 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 samples were collected inside and outside a primary school classroom in Beijing in 2015 and analysed for 11 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 10 nitro-PAHs (NPAHs). In the sampling period in the heating season (namely, the heating period), the median concentrations of indoor and outdoor PAHs were 223 ng/m3 and 264 ng/m3, respectively, and those of indoor and outdoor NPAHs were 3.61 ng/m3 and 5.12 ng/m3, respectively. The concentrations of PAHs and NPAHs were consistently higher in the heating period than those (indoor PAHs: 8.75 ng/m3, outdoor PAHs: 8.95 ng/m3, indoor NPAHs: 0.25 ng/m3, outdoor NPAHs: 0.40 ng/m3) in the sampling period in the non-heating season (namely, the non-heating period). In both periods, total PAHs and total NPAHs in indoor PM2.5, as well as most individual PAHs and NPAHs, were positively correlated with the outdoor PAH and NPAH concentrations (p < 0.05). This finding suggests that indoor PAHs and NPAHs are largely dependent on outdoor inputs. It is inferred from the diagnostic ratios that PAHs and NPAHs in indoor and outdoor PM2.5 were affected jointly by coal combustion and vehicular emission in the heating period and mainly derived from vehicle exhaust in the non-heating period. Both indoor and outdoor PM2.5 showed considerable benzo[a]pyrene equivalent toxicity (BaPeq), especially in the heating period. Benzo[c]fluorene (BcFE) had relatively low concentrations but large contributions to BaPeq in both periods. This is the first report of PM2.5-bound BcFE inside and outside classrooms in Beijing. This result indicates that neglecting PAHs with low abundance but high toxicity leads to a significant underestimation of the overall PAH toxicity. The inhalation cancer risk (CR) of PAHs and NPAHs in PM2.5 during the primary school year exceeded the acceptable level as defined by the U.S. EPA, emphasizing its impact on the lifetime CR in schoolchildren.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Zhang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Morisaki
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yongjie Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environment Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Zhigang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environment Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Quanyu Zhou
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Wanli Xing
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Masayuki Shima
- Department of Public Health, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Akira Toriba
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kazuichi Hayakawa
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Ning Tang
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
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Levels, Sources and Toxicity Risks of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons at an Island Site in the Gulf of Tonkin. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17041338. [PMID: 32092965 PMCID: PMC7068605 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17041338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The varying concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at remote islands is an important indicator, demonstrating the contributions from different regional combustion sources. In this study, gaseous and particulate PAHs were measured at Weizhou Island in the Gulf of Tonkin from 15th March to 14th April, 2015. The concentrations of PAHs ranged from 116.22 to 186.74 ng/m3 and from 40.19 to 61.86 ng/m3 in gas and particulate phase, respectively, which were much higher than those of some remote sites in Asia. Phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, and chrysene, which were mainly found in diesel vehicle emissions, had relatively high concentrations in both gas and particulate phases. According to the comprehensive results of back trajectory cluster analysis and diagnostic ratios, the local vessel emission was probably the main source of PAHs, which was much more important than the coal and biomass combustion sources from remoter regions. The toxicities represented by ∑PAH7, benzo(a)pyrene-equivalent carcinogenic power, and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-based total toxicity potency are much higher in particulate phase than those in gas phase. However, the toxicities of gas phase should not be neglected from the point of view of indirect-acting mutagenicities due to the high contribution of fluoranthene.
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Characteristics of PM 2.5-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Nitro-Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons at A Roadside Air Pollution Monitoring Station in Kanazawa, Japan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17030805. [PMID: 32012877 PMCID: PMC7037384 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17030805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitro-PAHs (NPAHs) in PM2.5 samples were collected at a roadside monitoring station in Kanazawa, Japan, in every season from 2017 to 2018. Nine PAHs and five NPAHs were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection and chemiluminescence detection, respectively. The mean concentrations of PAHs and NPAHs were highest in winter and lowest in summer. Fluoranthene and pyrene were the dominant PAHs and 1-nitropyrene was the dominant NPAH in all seasons, and these compounds were mainly emitted by diesel vehicles. The concentration ratio of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) to benzo(ghi)perylene (BgPe) ((BaP)/(BgPe)) and of indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene (IDP) to the sum of IDP and benzo(ghi)perylene (BgPe) ((IDP)/((IDP)+(BgPe0) might still be useful indicators for identifying traffic emission sources today. Moreover, our results showed that the carcinogenic risk in all seasons was below the acceptable limit set by the WHO.
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Long-Term Trends in Urban Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Nitropolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: China, Russia, and Korea from 1999 to 2014. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17020431. [PMID: 31936427 PMCID: PMC7013449 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17020431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Total suspended particulate matter (TSP) was collected during the summer and winter in five cities in China (Shenyang, Beijing, and Shanghai), Russia (Vladivostok), and Korea (Busan) from 1997 to 2014. Nine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with four to six rings, including pyrene (Pyr) and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Two nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs), 1-nitropyrene (1-NP) and 6-nitrobenzo[a]pyrene (6-NBaP), were also determined using high-performance liquid chromatography with online reduction/chemiluminescence detection. Two Chinese cities, Beijing and Shenyang, showed very high concentrations of total PAHs (ΣPAH) and total NPAHs (ΣNPAH) with a large seasonal difference (winter > summer), although the concentrations decreased over time. In both cities, maximum mean concentrations of ΣPAH over 200 ng m-3 were observed in the winter. In Beijing, an increase in the ΣPAH concentration was observed in the winter of 2010, which was after the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. The [1-NP]/[Pyr] ratio, a diagnostic parameter for source, was smaller in the winter than in the summer over the monitoring period, suggesting a large contribution of coal heating systems in the winter. In Vladivostok, concentrations of ΣPAH and ΣNPAH were lower than in the above two Chinese cities. The [1-NP]/[Pyr] ratio was larger than in the above Chinese cities even in the winter, suggesting that the contribution of coal combustion facilities, such as power plants for heating, was not very large. In Shanghai and Busan, concentrations of ΣPAH and ΣNPAH were much lower than in the above three cities. At the beginning of the monitoring periods, the [1-NP]/[Pyr] ratios, which were as large as those of Japanese commercial cities, suggested a large contribution from automobiles. After that, the contribution of automobiles decreased gradually. However, BaP concentrations were still over 1 ng m-3 in all cities monitored in China, Russia, and Korea, suggesting that the urban air pollution of PAHs and NPAHs in these regions should not be ignored.
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MORI T, OHATA S, MORINO Y, KOIKE M, MOTEKI N, KONDO Y. Changes in black carbon and PM 2.5 in Tokyo in 2003-2017. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2020; 96:122-129. [PMID: 32161210 PMCID: PMC7167368 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.96.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) particles cause adverse health effects and contribute to the heating of the atmosphere by absorbing visible solar radiation. Efforts have been made to reduce BC emissions, especially in urban areas; however, long-term measurements of BC mass concentration (MBC) are very limited in Japan. We report MBC measurements conducted in Tokyo from 2003 to 2017, showing that MBC decreased by a factor of 3 from 2003 to 2010 and was stable from 2010 to 2017. Fine particulate concentrations (PM2.5) decreased by a much smaller factor during 2003-2010. The diurnal variations of BC size distributions suggest that the BC in Tokyo originates mainly from local sources, even after 2010. Our three-dimensional model calculations show that BC from the Asian continent contributes a small portion (about 20%) of the annual average MBC in the Kanto region of Japan, which includes Tokyo. This indicates that continued reduction of BC emissions inside Japan should be effective in further decreasing MBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiro MORI
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science Division I, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sho OHATA
- Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yu MORINO
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Makoto KOIKE
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro MOTEKI
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka KONDO
- National Institute of Polar Research, Tachikawa, Tokyo, Japan
- Correspondence should be addressed: Y. Kondo, National Institute of Polar Research, 10-3, Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan (e-mail: )
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Yang X, Liu S, Xu Y, Liu Y, Chen L, Tang N, Hayakawa K. Emission factors of polycyclic and nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from residential combustion of coal and crop residue pellets. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 231:1265-1273. [PMID: 28947317 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) are toxic pollutants mainly produced during fossil fuel combustion. Domestic coal stoves, which emit large amounts of PAHs and NPAHs, are widely used in the Chinese countryside. In this study, emission factors (Efs) for 13 PAH species and 21 NPAH species for four raw coal (three bituminous and one anthracite), one honeycomb briquette, and one crop residue pellet (peanut hulls) samples burned in a typical Chinese rural cooking stove were determined experimentally. The PAH and NPAH Efs for the six fuels were 3.15-49 mg/kg and 0.32-100 μg/kg, respectively. Peanut hulls had very high Efs for both PAHs and NPAHs, and honeycomb briquettes had the lowest Efs. 2-Nitropyrene and 2-nitrofluoranthene, which are NPAHs typically found in secondary organic aerosol, were detected in the emissions from some fuels, suggesting that chemical reactions may have occurred in the dilution tunnel between the flue gas leaving the stove and entering the sampler. The 1-nitropyrene to pyrene diagnostic ratios for coal and peanut hulls were 0.0001 ± 0.0001 and 0.0005, respectively. These were in the same order of magnitude as reference ratios for emissions during coal combustion. The 6-nitrobenzo[a]pyrene to benzo[a]pyrene ratios for the fuels were determined, and the ratios for coal and peanut hulls were 0.0010 ± 0.0001 and 0.0014, respectively. The calculated potential toxic risks indicated that peanut hull emissions were very toxic, especially in terms of NPAHs, compared with emissions from the other fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Shijie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Yisheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110036, China
| | - Lijiang Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110036, China
| | - Ning Tang
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kazuichi Hayakawa
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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12
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UETA I, ONIKATA M, FUJIMURA K, YOSHIMURA T, NARUKAMI S, MOCHIZUKI S, SASAKI T, MAEDA T. A Newly Designed Solid-Phase Extraction-type Collection Device for Precise Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Air. ANAL SCI 2017; 33:1175-1180. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.33.1175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo UETA
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Yamanashi
| | - Moe ONIKATA
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Yamanashi
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Tsuneaki MAEDA
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
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13
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Hayakawa K, Tang N, Toriba A. Recent analytical methods for atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives. Biomed Chromatogr 2016; 31. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuichi Hayakawa
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology; Kanazawa University; Japan
| | - Ning Tang
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology; Kanazawa University; Japan
| | - Akira Toriba
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences; Kanazawa University; Japan
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14
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Hayakawa K. Environmental Behaviors and Toxicities of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Nitropolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2016; 64:83-94. [PMID: 26833435 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c15-00801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Airborne particulate matter (PM) has been collected at four cities in Japan starting in the late 1990s, at five or more major cities in China, Korea and Russia starting in 2001 and at the Noto Peninsula starting in 2004. Nine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and eleven nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) were determined by HPLC with fluorescence and chemiluminescence detections, respectively. Annual concentrations of PAHs and NPAHs were in the order, China>Russia≫Korea=Japan, with seasonal change (winter>summer). During the observation period, concentrations of PAHs and NPAHs in Japanese cities significantly decreased but the increases in the PAH concentration were observed in Chinese and Russian cities. Concentrations of PAHs and NPAHs were higher in the Northern China than those in the Southern China. At the Noto peninsula, which is in the main path of winter northwest winds and a year-round jet stream that blow from the Asian continent to Japan, the concentrations were high in winter and low in summer every year. A cluster analysis and back trajectory analysis indicated that PAHs and NPAHs were long-range transported from Northeastern China, where coal burning systems such as coal-heating boilers are considered to be the major contributors of PAHs and NPAHs. A dramatic change in atmospheric concentrations of PAHs and NPAHs in East Asia suggests the rapid and large change of PM2.5 pollution in East Asia. Considering the adverse health effects of PM2.5, continuous monitoring of atmospheric PAHs and NPAHs is necessary in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuichi Hayakawa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences/Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University
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15
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Ueta I, Onikata M, Fujimura K, Yoshimura T, Narukami S, Mochizuki S, Sasaki T, Maeda T. Polydimethylsiloxane-coated partitioning sample collection device for the precise quantification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in air. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:4202-4208. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo Ueta
- Department of Applied Chemistry; University of Yamanashi; Takeda Kofu Japan
| | - Moe Onikata
- Department of Applied Chemistry; University of Yamanashi; Takeda Kofu Japan
| | - Koji Fujimura
- Shinwa Chemical Industries Ltd; Kagekatsu-choFushimi-ku; Kyoto Japan
| | | | - Shoji Narukami
- HORIBA STEC, Co. Ltd.; Hokodate-cho, Kamitoba; Minami-ku Kyoto Japan
| | - Suguru Mochizuki
- HORIBA STEC, Co. Ltd.; Hokodate-cho, Kamitoba; Minami-ku Kyoto Japan
| | - Tomohiro Sasaki
- HORIBA STEC, Co. Ltd.; Hokodate-cho, Kamitoba; Minami-ku Kyoto Japan
| | - Tsuneaki Maeda
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology; Umezono Tsukuba Japan
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16
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Yang X, Geng C, Sun X, Yang W, Wang X, Chen J. Characteristics of particulate-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons emitted from industrial grade biomass boilers. J Environ Sci (China) 2016; 40:28-34. [PMID: 26969542 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are carcinogenic or mutagenic and are important toxic pollutants in the flue gas of boilers. Two industrial grade biomass boilers were selected to investigate the characteristics of particulate-bound PAHs: one biomass boiler retro-fitted from an oil boiler (BB1) and one specially designed (BB2) biomass boiler. One coal-fired boiler was also selected for comparison. By using a dilution tunnel system, particulate samples from boilers were collected and 10 PAH species were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The total emission factors (EFs) of PAHs ranged from 0.0064 to 0.0380 mg/kg, with an average of 0.0225 mg/kg, for the biomass boiler emission samples. The total PAH EFs for the tested coal-fired boiler were 1.8 times lower than the average value of the biomass boilers. The PAH diagnostic ratios for wood pellets and straw pellets were similar. The ratio of indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene/[indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene+benzo(g,h,i)perylene] for the two biomass boilers was lower than those of the reference data for other burning devices, which can probably be used as an indicator to distinguish the emission of biomass boilers from that of industrial coal-fired boilers and residential stoves. The toxic potential of the emission from wood pellet burning was higher than that from straw pellet burning, however both of them were much lower than residential stove exhausts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Chunmei Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Xuesong Sun
- Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Wen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xinhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jianhua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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17
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MORISAKI H, NAKAMURA S, TANG N, TORIBA A, HAYAKAWA K. Benzo[ c]fluorene in Urban Air: HPLC Determination and Mutagenic Contribution Relative to Benzo[ a]pyrene. ANAL SCI 2016; 32:233-6. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.32.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi MORISAKI
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University
| | - Shiho NAKAMURA
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University
| | - Ning TANG
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University
| | - Akira TORIBA
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University
| | - Kazuichi HAYAKAWA
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University
- Institute of Natural and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University
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18
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Hayakawa K, Makino F, Yasuma M, Yoshida S, Chondo Y, Toriba A, Kameda T, Tang N, Kunugi M, Nakase H, Kinoshita C, Kawanishi T, Zhou Z, Qing W, Mishukov V, Tishchenko P, Lobanov VB, Chizhova T, Koudryashova Y. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Surface Water of the Southeastern Japan Sea. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2016; 64:625-31. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c16-00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuichi Hayakawa
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University
| | - Fumiya Makino
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University
| | - Mari Yasuma
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University
| | - Shota Yoshida
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University
| | - Yvonne Chondo
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University
| | - Akira Toriba
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University
| | - Takayuki Kameda
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University
| | - Ning Tang
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University
| | - Masayuki Kunugi
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University
| | | | | | | | | | - Wu Qing
- School of Public Health, Fudan University
| | - Vassily Mishukov
- Pacific Oceanological Institute of Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Science
| | - Pavel Tishchenko
- Pacific Oceanological Institute of Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Science
| | | | - Tatiana Chizhova
- Pacific Oceanological Institute of Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Science
| | - Yulia Koudryashova
- Pacific Oceanological Institute of Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Science
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19
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UETA I, ONIKATA M, FUJIMURA K, SASAKI T, YOSHIMURA T, MOCHIZUKI S, MAEDA T. Determination of Airborne Semi-Volatile Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Partitioning-Type Extraction Device Packed with Octadecyl-Derivatized Macroporous Silica. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2016. [DOI: 10.15583/jpchrom.2015.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo UETA
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Yamanashi
| | - Moe ONIKATA
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Yamanashi
| | | | | | | | | | - Tsuneaki MAEDA
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
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20
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Yamada M, Nakamura K, Kameda T, Kobayashi F, Matsuki A, Tsuiki H, Higaki S, Iwasaka Y, Hayakawa K. Function of rayon fibers with metallophthalocyanine derivatives: potential of low-molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon removal and Bacillus sp. removal. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2015; 63:38-42. [PMID: 25743193 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c14-00542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are known as carcinogenic and/or mutagenic substances, and are present at high concentration in polluted environments. It has recently been reported that spore-forming bacteria (e.g., Bacillus spp.) can be transported long distances alive in the atmosphere, which raises the possibility that some of the transported bacteria could have adverse effects on human health. There is thus a need for filters that can remove gaseous PAHs from the air that people breathe and that can inhibit bacterial growth on the filters. We focused on metallophthalocyanine derivatives (M-Pc) which are known to adsorb PAHs as well as to inhibit the growth of bacteria as a potential filtering agent. In this study, we developed different types of M-Pc-supported rayon fibers by changing central metals, functional groups, concentrations of M-Pc and rayon types, and evaluated their removal effects by measuring adsorption rates of 3- and 4-ring PAHs with a HPLC and growth curves of Bacillus sp. with a spectrophotometer. The results showed that both the effects depended on functional groups and concentrations of M-Pc, and rayon types. The most effective combination was observed in Fe-Pc with sulfo group supported on cationized rayon fiber at the concentration of 2 to 3.3 wt%. Central metal species of M-Pc were influenced only on the antibacterial properties. This fiber would be applicable to filtering agents and textiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maromu Yamada
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, 6–21–1 Nagao, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8585, Japan; Center for Innovation, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Ishikawa 920–1192, Japan.
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21
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Morgott DA. Factors and Trends Affecting the Identification of a Reliable Biomarker for Diesel Exhaust Exposure. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2014; 44:1795-1864. [PMID: 25170242 PMCID: PMC4118891 DOI: 10.1080/10643389.2013.790748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The monitoring of human exposures to diesel exhaust continues to be a vexing problem for specialists seeking information on the potential health effects of this ubiquitous combustion product. Exposure biomarkers have yielded a potential solution to this problem by providing a direct measure of an individual's contact with key components in the exhaust stream. Spurred by the advent of new, highly sensitive, analytical methods capable of detecting substances at very low levels, there have been numerous attempts at identifying a stable and specific biomarker. Despite these new techniques, there is currently no foolproof method for unambiguously separating diesel exhaust exposures from those arising from other combustion sources. Diesel exhaust is a highly complex mixture of solid, liquid, and gaseous components whose exact composition can be affected by many variables, including engine technology, fuel composition, operating conditions, and photochemical aging. These factors together with those related to exposure methodology, epidemiological necessity, and regulatory reform can have a decided impact on the success or failure of future research aimed at identifying a suitable biomarker of exposure. The objective of this review is to examine existing information on exposure biomarkers for diesel exhaust and to identify those factors and trends that have had an impact on the successful identification of metrics for both occupational and community settings. The information will provide interested parties with a template for more thoroughly understanding those factors affecting diesel exhaust emissions and for identifying those substances and research approaches holding the greatest promise for future success.
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22
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Asahi M, Kawai M, Toyama T, Kumagai Y, Chuesaard T, Tang N, Kameda T, Hayakawa K, Toriba A. Identification and Quantification of in Vivo Metabolites of 9,10-Phenanthrenequinone in Human Urine Associated with Producing Reactive Oxygen Species. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:76-85. [DOI: 10.1021/tx400338t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Miki Asahi
- Institute
of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Mio Kawai
- Institute
of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takashi Toyama
- Graduate
School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yoshito Kumagai
- Graduate
School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Thanyarat Chuesaard
- Institute
of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Ning Tang
- Institute
of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kameda
- Graduate
School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuichi Hayakawa
- Institute
of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Akira Toriba
- Institute
of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
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23
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Barrado AI, García S, Sevillano ML, Rodríguez JA, Barrado E. Vapor-phase concentrations of PAHs and their derivatives determined in a large city: correlations with their atmospheric aerosol concentrations. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 93:1678-84. [PMID: 23816454 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Thirteen PAHs, five nitro-PAHs and two hydroxy-PAHs were determined in 55 vapor-phase samples collected in a suburban area of a large city (Madrid, Spain), from January 2008 to February 2009. The data obtained revealed correlations between the concentrations of these compounds and a series of meteorological factors (e.g., temperature, atmospheric pressure) and physical-chemical factors (e.g., nitrogen and sulfur oxides). As a consequence, seasonal trends were observed in the atmospheric pollutants. A "mean sample" for the 14-month period would contain a total PAH concentration of 13835±1625 pg m(-3) and 122±17 pg m(-3) of nitro-PAHs. When the data were stratified by season, it emerged that a representative sample of the coldest months would contain 18900±2140 pg m(-3) of PAHs and 150±97 pg m(-3) of nitro-PAHs, while in an average sample collected in the warmest months, these values drop to 9293±1178 pg m(-3) for the PAHs and to 97±13 pg m(-3) for the nitro-PAHs. Total vapor phase concentrations of PAHs were one order of magnitude higher than concentrations detected in atmospheric aerosol samples collected on the same dates. Total nitro-PAH concentrations were comparable to their aerosol concentrations whereas vapor phase OH-PAHs were below their limits of the detection, indicating these were trapped in airborne particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabel Barrado
- CIEMAT/Department of Chemistry, Avda. Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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24
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MORIMOTO NAO, OTSUKA YASUTAMI, NISHI SHUJI, KOBAYASHI ASAO, KAKEHI KAZUAKI. Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in F-15J, C-130H, and F-4EJ Aircraft Exhaust. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2012.667500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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25
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SINGH DP, GADI RANU, Mandal TK. Characterization of Gaseous and Particulate Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Ambient Air of Delhi, India. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2012.683230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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26
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THUY PHAMCHAU, KAMEDA TAKAYUKI, TORIBA AKIRA, TANG NING, HAYAKAWA KAZUICHI. Characteristics of Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Nitropolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Hanoi-Vietnam, as a Typical Motorbike City. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2012.679015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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27
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BEKKI K, TAKIGAMI H, SUZUKI G, TANG N, TORIBA A, KAMEDA T, HAYAKAWA K. The Contributions of PAHs and Dioxins to Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Binding Activity of Airborne Particles in Beijing, China and Kanazawa, Japan. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.5985/jec.21.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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