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Miwa T, Yamaguchi M, Ohtsuki T, Oshima G, Wakabayashi C, Nosaka S, Hayashi K, Ikushima Y, Tarui M. Associations between Drug Use and Sexual Risk Behaviours among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Japan: Results from the Cross-Sectional LASH Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6275. [PMID: 37444124 PMCID: PMC10341636 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20136275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed drug use patterns among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Japan, and evaluated their potential associations with sexual risk behaviours. Between September and October 2016, study subjects were recruited through a cross-sectional survey (LASH: Love Life and Sexual Health) using a geosocial networking application for MSM. Of the participants, 25.4% (1756/6921) reported ever having used drugs, and 11.3% (780/6921) reported having done so in the past six months. Those who used drugs were more likely to have greater knowledge of HIV/sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Drug use in the past six months was independently associated with each of the following sexual risk behaviours in the same period: (i) six or more sexual partners (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.70, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.30-3.17); (ii) condomless anal intercourse (aOR = 2.88, 95% CI: 2.43-3.42); (iii) group sex (aOR = 2.60, 95% CI: 2.22-3.05); and (iv) sex work (aOR = 2.30, 95% CI: 1.67-3.16). These results suggest that MSM in Japan who use drugs are more likely to report sexual risk behaviours, while also having greater knowledge of HIV/STIs. Supporting MSM to minimise the harm from drug use may be helpful in reducing HIV transmission among this priority population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Miwa
- Positive Living and Community Empowerment Tokyo (PLACE TOKYO), 4-11-5-403 Takadanobaba, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0075, Japan
| | - Masazumi Yamaguchi
- Hakujikai Choju Rehabilitation Hospital, 5-13-7 Shikahama, Adachi-ku, Tokyo 123-0864, Japan
| | - Tomoko Ohtsuki
- Positive Living and Community Empowerment Tokyo (PLACE TOKYO), 4-11-5-403 Takadanobaba, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0075, Japan
| | - Gaku Oshima
- School of Information and Communication, Meiji University, 1-1 Kanda Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8301, Japan
| | - Chihiro Wakabayashi
- School of Health and Social Services, Saitama Prefectural University, 820 Sannomiya, Koshigaya-shi, Saitama 343-8540, Japan
| | - Sachiko Nosaka
- Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, 1-2 Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kanna Hayashi
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Blusson Hall, Room 11300, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Yuzuru Ikushima
- Positive Living and Community Empowerment Tokyo (PLACE TOKYO), 4-11-5-403 Takadanobaba, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0075, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Tarui
- Positive Living and Community Empowerment Tokyo (PLACE TOKYO), 4-11-5-403 Takadanobaba, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0075, Japan
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Tanaka R, Kawamura M, Hakamatsuka T, Kikura-Hanajiri R. Identification of six tryptamine derivatives as designer drugs in illegal products. Forensic Toxicol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-020-00556-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Larabi IA, Fabresse N, Etting I, Nadour L, Pfau G, Raphalen JH, Philippe P, Edel Y, Alvarez JC. Prevalence of New Psychoactive Substances (NPS) and conventional drugs of abuse (DOA) in high risk populations from Paris (France) and its suburbs: A cross sectional study by hair testing (2012-2017). Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 204:107508. [PMID: 31670189 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the present study is to describe the prevalence of NPS and conventional DOA in Paris and its suburbs over a six-year period using hair testing approach. METHOD Hair was sampled in patients admitted to different departments of Paris hospitals between 2012 and 2017. Two high-risk populations were mainly considered: 1) drug-dependent and 2) acutely intoxicated patients. Segmental hair analysis was performed by validated LC-MS/MS method to screen for DOA and 83 NPS. RESULTS 480 patients (280 M/200 F, 15-70 years) were included. 141 patients tested positive for NPS (99 M/42 F; median age: 33). NPS prevalence was 29%, that of amphetamines, cocaine and opioids were 32%, 38.5% and 52%, respectively. 27 NPS were identified, 4-MEC and mephedrone (number of cases n = 24 each) were the most detected cathinones. JWH-122 (n = 1) was the only detected synthetic cannabinoid while ketamine (n = 104) was present in numerous NPS users (67%). 3-fluorofentanyl (n = 1), furanylfentanyl (n = 1), N-ethylpentylone (n = 2), pentedrone (n = 2), mexedrone (n = 1), methcathinone (n = 3), 6-APDB (n = 2), TFMPP (n = 2), 2-CE (n = 1), 3,4-MD-αPHP (n = 1) and dextromethorphan (n = 27) were identified for the first time in hair. Users were found to have more than one NPS in 53% of cases, mostly in combination with conventional DOA. The number of detected NPS rose from 5 in 2012 to 42 in 2017. A broad range of hair concentrations (0.001-318 ng/mg) was found, but the low median concentrations seem to show an occasional exposure more than chronic use. CONCLUSION NPS screening should be assessed in routine clinical practice, especially in high-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Larabi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University, Inserm U-1173, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, AP-HP, 104, Raymond Poincaré Blvd., 92380 Garches, France
| | - N Fabresse
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University, Inserm U-1173, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, AP-HP, 104, Raymond Poincaré Blvd., 92380 Garches, France
| | - I Etting
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University, Inserm U-1173, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, AP-HP, 104, Raymond Poincaré Blvd., 92380 Garches, France
| | - L Nadour
- Talan Solutions, 21 Dumont d'Urville Street, 75016, Paris, France
| | - G Pfau
- Addiction Clinic, Pitié Salpétrière Hospital, AP-HP, 47-83 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - J H Raphalen
- Intensive Care Unit, AP-HP, Necker Hospital, 149 Sèvres Street, 75015 Paris, France
| | - P Philippe
- Intensive Care Unit, AP-HP, Necker Hospital, 149 Sèvres Street, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Y Edel
- Addiction Clinic, Pitié Salpétrière Hospital, AP-HP, 47-83 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - J C Alvarez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University, Inserm U-1173, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, AP-HP, 104, Raymond Poincaré Blvd., 92380 Garches, France.
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Murakami T, Iwamuro Y, Ishimaru R, Chinaka S, Hasegawa H, Kavthe RD, Asao N. Differentiation of o-, m-, and p-fluoro-α-pyrrolidinopropiophenones by Triton B-mediated one-pot reaction. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 302:109847. [PMID: 31300175 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Positional isomer differentiation is crucial for the analysis of forensic drugs. Presently, it is difficult to distinguish among ortho, meta, and para positional isomers of ring-fluorinated synthetic cathinones, a major class of new psychoactive substances (NPSs), because they exhibit similar chromatographic properties and mass spectral patterns. We describe herein that the ring-fluorinated synthetic cathinone positional isomers, viz. o-, m-, and p-fluoro-α-pyrrolidinopropiophenones (o-, m-, and p-FPPPs), can be discriminated by their benzyltrimethylammonium hydroxide (Triton B)-mediated one-pot reaction with methanol at ambient temperature, followed by chromatographic and mass spectral analyses of the corresponding products. For p-FPPP, fluorine was nucleophilically substituted by the methoxy group to afford p-methoxy-α-pyrrolidinopropiophenone, while o- and m-FPPPs afforded the corresponding FPPP-enamine-pyrrolidine adducts, which allowed the above positional isomers to be unambiguously differentiated by comparing the reaction product chromatograms and mass spectra. The adopted approach, which does not require excess heating or use of metallic catalysts and features the advantages of simplicity and convenience, is expected to contribute toward practical NPS identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaya Murakami
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Ishikawa Prefectural Police Headquarters, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8553, Japan; Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Yoshiaki Iwamuro
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Ishikawa Prefectural Police Headquarters, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8553, Japan
| | - Reiko Ishimaru
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Ishikawa Prefectural Police Headquarters, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8553, Japan
| | - Satoshi Chinaka
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Ishikawa Prefectural Police Headquarters, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8553, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hasegawa
- Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Rahul D Kavthe
- Division of Chemistry and Materials, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda, Nagano, 386-8567, Japan
| | - Naoki Asao
- Division of Chemistry and Materials, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda, Nagano, 386-8567, Japan
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Abstract
The number of persons arrested in Japan for drug-related offenses in 2016 increased from the previous year. Especially, cannabis offenses have increased since 2014, with more than 2000 persons arrested in 2015. As a feature of the year 2017, we analyzed many cannabis concentrates, called "Cannabis wax", in the process of analyzing cannabis in the Narcotics Control Department. "Cannabis wax" refers to concentrates of the hallucinogenic component of cannabis, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Increasingly, cannabis wax containing 50 times higher THC than general dry cannabis has been confiscated. More than 2300 compounds are currently regulated as new psychoactive substances in Japan. In a recent trend, there is an increasing number of cases in which a wide range of regulated substances have been seized and confiscated, ranging from those that have been abused for a long time, to those that are newly regulated. Many structural isomers are present among these, and we are constantly developing techniques for the rapid and accurate analysis of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamoru Akutsu
- Narcotics Control Department, Kanto-Shin'etsu Regional Bureau of Health and Welfare, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare
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Murakami T, Iwamuro Y, Ishimaru R, Chinaka S, Kato N, Sakamoto Y, Sugimura N, Hasegawa H. Energy-resolved mass spectrometry for differentiation of the fluorine substitution position on the phenyl ring of fluoromethcathinones. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2019; 54:205-212. [PMID: 30471239 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A reliable method for structural analysis is crucial for the forensic investigation of new psychoactive substances (NPSs). Towards this end, mass spectrometry is one of the most efficient and facile methods for the identification of NPSs. However, the differentiation among 2-, 3-, and 4-fluoromethcathinones (o-, m-, and p-FMCs), which are ring-fluorinated positional isomers part of the major class of NPSs referred to as synthetic cathinones, remains a challenge. This is mostly due to their similar retention properties and nearly identical full scan mass spectra, which hinder their identification. In this study, we describe a novel and practical method for differentiating the fluorine substitution position on the phenyl ring of FMCs, based on energy-resolved mass spectrometry (ERMS) using an electron ionization-triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. ERMS measurements showed that the three FMC positional isomers exhibited differences in relative abundances of both the fluorophenyl cation (m/z 95) and the fluorobenzoyl cation (m/z 123). The logarithmic plots of the abundance ratio of these two cations (m/z 95 to m/z 123) as a function of the collision energy (CE) followed the order of o-FMC < p-FMC < m-FMC at each CE, which allowed the three isomers to be unambiguously and reliably differentiated. The theoretical dissociation energy calculations confirmed the relationship obtained by ERMS analyses, and additional ERMS measurements of methylmethcathinone positional isomers showed that the differences in abundance among the FMCs were attributed to the differences in their collision-induced dissociation reactivities arising from the halogen-induced resonance effects on the phenyl ring. Moreover, the method for differentiation described herein was successfully applied to the actual samples containing seized drugs. We expect that the described methodology will also contribute significantly to the reliable and accurate structural identification of NPSs in the fields of therapeutic, clinical, and forensic toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaya Murakami
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Ishikawa Prefectural Police Headquarters, Kanazawa, Japan
- Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Iwamuro
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Ishikawa Prefectural Police Headquarters, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Reiko Ishimaru
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Ishikawa Prefectural Police Headquarters, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Satoshi Chinaka
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Ishikawa Prefectural Police Headquarters, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Kato
- Scientific Crime Laboratory, Kanagawa Prefectural Police Headquarters, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Natsuhiko Sugimura
- Materials Characterization Central Laboratory, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hasegawa
- Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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Chikumoto T, Furukawa R, Kohyama E, Suenami K, Nagai H, Tada H, Kawashima H, Kadomura N, Soda M, Kitaichi K, Ito T. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry studies on the isomeric 1-fluorobenzyl-3-naphthoyl-indoles: FUB-JWH-018 and five isomers. Forensic Toxicol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-018-0442-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Nagasawa S, Saitoh H, Kasahara S, Chiba F, Torimitsu S, Abe H, Yajima D, Iwase H. Relationship between KCNQ1 (LQT1) and KCNH2 (LQT2) gene mutations and sudden death during illegal drug use. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8443. [PMID: 29855564 PMCID: PMC5981596 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26723-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Long QT syndrome (LQTS), a congenital genetic disorder, can cause torsades de pointes (TdP), and lethal cardiac arrhythmia may result from ingestion of cardiotoxic drugs. Methamphetamine (MP) and new psychoactive substances (NPSs) can trigger TdP due to QT prolongation, leading to sudden death. We therefore analysed variations in the LQTS-associated genes KCNQ1 (LQT1) and KCNH2 (LQT2) using cardiac blood and myocardial tissue from subjects having died suddenly during MP or NPS use to investigate the relationship between congenital genetic abnormalities and sudden death during illegal drug use. We amplified and sequenced all exons of these genes using samples from 20 subjects, half of whom had died taking MP and half after using NPSs. G643S, a KCNQ1 missense polymorphism, was significantly more common among sudden deaths involving NPSs (6 subjects) than those involving MP (1 subject) and healthy Japanese subjects (P = 0.001). Notably, synthetic cathinones were detected in 2 of 3 cases involving G643S carriers. Previous functional analyses have indicated that the G643S polymorphism in the KCNQ1 potassium channel gene causes mild IKs channel dysfunction. Our data suggest that use of NPSs, particularly synthetic cathinones, is associated with elevated risk of serious cardiac arrhythmia and sudden death for subjects carrying KCNQ1 G643S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Nagasawa
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba City, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.
| | - Hisako Saitoh
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba City, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Shiori Kasahara
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Fumiko Chiba
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba City, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Suguru Torimitsu
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba City, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroko Abe
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba City, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yajima
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, 4-3 Kozunomori, Narita City, Chiba, 286-8686, Japan
| | - Hirotaro Iwase
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba City, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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Assessment of types of synthetic cannabinoids in narcotic cases assessed by the Council of Forensic Medicine between 2011–2015, Ankara, Turkey. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 280:124-129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Hayashi K, Wakabayashi C, Ikushima Y, Tarui M. High prevalence of quasi-legal psychoactive substance use among male patients in HIV care in Japan: a cross-sectional study. SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT PREVENTION AND POLICY 2017; 12:11. [PMID: 28231843 PMCID: PMC5324217 DOI: 10.1186/s13011-017-0097-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Syndemics of illicit drug use and HIV remain as significant public health issues around the world. There has been increasing concern regarding the rapidly growing market of new psychoactive substances, particularly in Asia. In response, the Japanese government has increasingly banned such substances in recent years. We sought to identify the prevalence and correlates of use of quasi-legal psychoactive substances among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV) in Japan. Methods Data were derived from a nationwide survey of PLHIV conducted at nine leading HIV/AIDS care hospitals between July and December 2013. The prevalence and correlates of the use of quasi-legal psychoactive substances (e.g., synthetic cannabinoids, cathinone derivatives, etc. that had not been prohibited from using at the time of survey) among male participants were examined using multivariate survey logistic regression. Results Among 963 study participants, the majority (95.3%) were male. The most commonly used drug among men was quasi-legal psychoactive substances (55.3% ever and 12.8% in the previous year). In multivariate analysis, the lifetime use of tryptamine-type derivatives (i.e., 5-MeO-DIPT or N,N-diisopropyl-5-methoxytryptamine) (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 2.42; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.36–4.28) and methamphetamine/amphetamine (AOR: 3.59; 95% CI: 2.13–6.04) were independently associated with recent quasi-legal psychoactive substance use. Conclusions In our sample of male PLHIV in Japan, quasi-legal psychoactive substances were the most commonly used drugs. Individuals who had ever used tryptamine-type derivatives or methamphetamine/amphetamine were more likely to report recent quasi-legal psychoactive substance use, suggesting a potential shift in drug use patterns from regulated to unregulated substances among this population. These findings indicate a need for further research to examine implications for HIV care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanna Hayashi
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St. Paul's Hospital, 608-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada. .,Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Blusson Hall, Room 11300, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada. .,BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, 1026 Nelson Street, Vancouver, BC, V6E 4S7, Canada.
| | - Chihiro Wakabayashi
- Department of Health Sciences, Saitama Prefectural University, 820 Sannomiya, Koshigaya-shi, Saitama, 343-8540, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Ikushima
- Positive Living and Community Empowerment Tokyo (Place Tokyo), 4-11-5-403 Takadanobaba, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-0075, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Tarui
- Faculty of Letters, Keio University, 2-15-45 Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8345, Japan
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Neurotoxicity induced by alkyl nitrites: Impairment in learning/memory and motor coordination. Neurosci Lett 2016; 619:79-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Uchiyama N, Kikura-Hanajiri R, Hakamatsuka T. [Evaluation of an on-site drug-testing device for the detection of synthetic cannabinoids in illegal herbal products]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2015; 135:535-41. [PMID: 25759062 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.14-00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recently, illegal herbal or liquid products containing psychoactive compounds have been a serious problem damaging human health and causing numerous traffic accidents. Reports indicate that most of those herbal products contain various types of synthetic cannabinoids. There are many on-site drug-testing devices; however, synthetic cannabinoids are not targeted compounds for such devices. In this study, we evaluated the on-site drug-testing device "K2/Spice Test" for the detection of 12 different types of 38 synthetic cannabinoids (including 13 naphthoylindole-type synthetic cannabinoids) and a natural cannabinoid (Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol). Although this device is primarily used for the detection of metabolites of naphthoylindole-type synthetic cannabinoids in urine samples, we applied it to detect synthetic cannabinoids in illegal herbal products for rapid screening analyses. As a result of the on-site examination of synthetic cannabinoids, 10 naphthoylindole-type synthetic cannabinoids [five narcotics (JWH-018, JWH-073, AM-2201, MAM-2201, and JWH-122); five designated substances (JWH-015, JWH-200, AM-1220, JWH-019, and JWH-020)], and two other types of synthetic cannabinoid [designated substances (a benzoylindole AM-694 and a naphthoylnaphthalene CB-13)] showed positive results (the limit of detection ranged from 50 to 250 μg/mL). Furthermore, MeOH extracts of illegal herbal products containing naphthoylindole-type synthetic cannabinoids also showed positive results (the limit of detection ranged from 2.5 to 10 mg herbal products/mL). Therefore, we found that this device may be useful for the on-site examination of some naphthoylindole-type synthetic cannabinoids not only in urine samples but also in illegal herbal products.
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Takayama T, Suzuki M, Todoroki K, Inoue K, Min JZ, Kikura-Hanajiri R, Goda Y, Toyo'oka T. UPLC/ESI-MS/MS-based determination of metabolism of several new illicit drugs, ADB-FUBINACA, AB-FUBINACA, AB-PINACA, QUPIC, 5F-QUPIC and α-PVT, by human liver microsome. Biomed Chromatogr 2015; 28:831-8. [PMID: 24861751 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The metabolism by human liver microsomes of several new illicit drugs, that is, N-(1-amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1H-indazole-3- carboxamide (ADB-FUBINACA), N-(1-amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1- (4-fluorobenzyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (AB-FUBINACA), N-(1-amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-pentyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (AB-PINACA), quinolin-8-yl 1-pentyl-(1H-indole)-3-carboxylate (QUPIC), quinolin-8-yl 1-(5-fluoropentyl)-(1H-indole)-3-carboxylate (5 F-QUPIC) and α-pyrrolidinovalerothiophenone (α-PVT), which have indole, indazole, quinolinol ester and thiophene structures, was investigated using reversed-phase chromatography and mass spectrometry. The present method is based upon the oxidation by cytochrome p450 superfamily enzymes in the microsomes. The oxidation of ADB-FUBINACA and AB-FUBINACA mainly occurred on the N-(1-amino-alkyl-1-oxobutan) moiety. However, the oxidation of AB-PINACA seemed to occur on the 1-pentyl moiety. On the other hand, QUPIC and 5 F-QUPIC, which have a quinolinol ester structure, predominantly underwent a cleavage reaction to produce indoleacetic acid type metabolites. In contrast, the metabolism reaction of α-PVT was different from that of the other tested drugs, and various oxidation products were observed on the chromatograms. The obtained metabolites are not in conflict with the results predicted by MetaboLynx software. However, the exact structures of the metabolites, except for 1-pentyl-1H-indole-3-carboxylic acid (QUPIC metabolite) and 1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indole-3-carboxylic acid (5 F-QUPIC metabolite), are currently not proven, because we have no authentic compounds for comparison. The proposed approach using human liver microsome seems to provide a new technology for the prediction of possible metabolites occuring in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Takayama
- Laboratory of Analytical and Bio-Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
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Analysis of synthetic cathinones and associated psychoactive substances by ion mobility spectrometry. Forensic Sci Int 2014; 244:196-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Smolianitski E, Wolf E, Almog J. Proactive forensic science: A novel class of cathinone precursors. Forensic Sci Int 2014; 242:219-227. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Addiction aux drogues stimulantes (cocaïne, méthamphétamine et nouveaux produits de synthèse). MEDECINE INTENSIVE REANIMATION 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13546-014-0913-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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17
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Barnes AJ, Young S, Spinelli E, Martin TM, Klette KL, Huestis MA. Evaluation of a homogenous enzyme immunoassay for the detection of synthetic cannabinoids in urine. Forensic Sci Int 2014; 241:27-34. [PMID: 24845968 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The recent emergence and widespread availability of many new synthetic cannabinoids support the need for an accurate and high-throughput urine screen for these new designer drugs. We evaluated performance of the immunalysis homogeneous enzyme immunoassay (HEIA) to sensitively, selectively, and rapidly identify urinary synthetic cannabinoids. METHODS 2443 authentic urine samples were analyzed with the HEIA that targets JWH-018 N-pentanoic acid, and a validated LC-MS/MS method for 29 synthetic cannabinoids and metabolites. Semi-quantitative HEIA results were obtained, permitting performance evaluation at and around three cutoffs (5, 10 and 20 μg/L), and diagnostic sensitivity, specificity and efficiency determination. Performance challenges at ±25 and ±50% of each cutoff level, cross-reactivity and interferences also were evaluated. RESULTS Sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency of the immunalysis HEIA K2 Spice kit with the manufacturer's recommended 10 μg/L cutoff were 75.6%, 99.6% and 96.8%, respectively, as compared to the reference LC-MS/MS method with limits of detection of 0.1-10 μg/L. Performance at 5 μg/L was 92.2%, 98.1% and 97.4%, and for the 20 μg/L cutoff were 62.9%, 99.7% and 95.4%. Semi-quantitative results for in-house prepared standards were obtained from 2.5-30 μg/L, and documented acceptable linearity from 5-25 μg/L, with inter-day imprecision <30% (n = 17). Thirteen of 74 synthetic cannabinoids evaluated were classified as highly cross-reactive (≥50% at 10 μg/L); 4 showed moderate cross-reactivity (10-50% at 10 μg/L), 30 low cross-reactivity (<10% at 500 μg/L), and 27 <1% cross-reactivity at 500 μg/L. There was no interference from 102 investigated compounds. Only a mixture containing 1000 μg/L each of buprenorphine/norbuprenorphine produced a positive result above our proposed cutoff (5 μg/L) but below the manufacturer's recommended cutoff concentration (10 μg/L). CONCLUSION The Immunalysis HEIA K2 Spice kit required no sample preparation, had a high-throughput, and acceptable sensitivity, specificity and efficiency, offering a viable method for screening synthetic cannabinoids in urine that cross-react with JWH-018 N-pentanoic acid antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan J Barnes
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Sheena Young
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Eliani Spinelli
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; School of Pharmacy, Fluminense Federal University, CAPES Foundation, BEX 1534/12-2, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thomas M Martin
- Drug Testing and Program Policy, Office of the Secretary of Defense, Operational Readiness and Safety, Washington DC, USA
| | - Kevin L Klette
- Drug Testing and Program Policy, Office of the Secretary of Defense, Operational Readiness and Safety, Washington DC, USA
| | - Marilyn A Huestis
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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Uchiyama N, Matsuda S, Kawamura M, Shimokawa Y, Kikura-Hanajiri R, Aritake K, Urade Y, Goda Y. Characterization of four new designer drugs, 5-chloro-NNEI, NNEI indazole analog, α-PHPP and α-POP, with 11 newly distributed designer drugs in illegal products. Forensic Sci Int 2014; 243:1-13. [PMID: 24769262 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Our continuous survey of illegal products in Japan revealed the new distribution of 15 designer drugs. We identified four synthetic cannabinoids, i.e., NNEI (1), 5-fluoro-NNEI (2), 5-chloro-NNEI (3) and NNEI indazole analog (4), and seven cathinone derivatives, i.e., MPHP (5), α-PHPP (6), α-POP (7), 3,4-dimethoxy-α-PVP (8), 4-fluoro-α-PVP (9), α-ethylaminopentiophenone (10) and N-ethyl-4-methylpentedrone (11). We also determined LY-2183240 (12) and its 2'-isomer (13), which were reported to inhibit endocannabinoid uptake, a methylphenidate analog, 3,4-dichloromethylphenidate (14), and an MDA analog, 5-APDB (15). No chemical and pharmaceutical data for compounds 3, 4, 6 and 7 had been reported, making this the first report on these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahoko Uchiyama
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan.
| | - Satoru Matsuda
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Maiko Kawamura
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Shimokawa
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Ruri Kikura-Hanajiri
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Kosuke Aritake
- Department of Molecular Behavioral Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, 6-2-4 Furuedai, Suita-City, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Urade
- Department of Molecular Behavioral Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, 6-2-4 Furuedai, Suita-City, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Goda
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
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Changes in the prevalence of new psychoactive substances before and after the introduction of the generic scheduling of synthetic cannabinoids in Japan. Drug Test Anal 2013; 6:832-9. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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20
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Uchiyama N, Shimokawa Y, Matsuda S, Kawamura M, Kikura-Hanajiri R, Goda Y. Two new synthetic cannabinoids, AM-2201 benzimidazole analog (FUBIMINA) and (4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)(1-pentyl-1H-indol-3-yl)methanone (MEPIRAPIM), and three phenethylamine derivatives, 25H-NBOMe 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl analog, 25B-NBOMe, and 2C-N-NBOMe, identified in illegal products. Forensic Toxicol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-013-0217-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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21
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Two new-type cannabimimetic quinolinyl carboxylates, QUPIC and QUCHIC, two new cannabimimetic carboxamide derivatives, ADB-FUBINACA and ADBICA, and five synthetic cannabinoids detected with a thiophene derivative α-PVT and an opioid receptor agonist AH-7921 identified in illegal products. Forensic Toxicol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-013-0182-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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New cannabimimetic indazole derivatives, N-(1-amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-pentyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (AB-PINACA) and N-(1-amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (AB-FUBINACA) identified as designer drugs in illegal products. Forensic Toxicol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-012-0171-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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23
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Kikura-Hanajiri R, Uchiyama N, Kawamura M, Goda Y. Changes in the prevalence of synthetic cannabinoids and cathinone derivatives in Japan until early 2012. Forensic Toxicol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-012-0165-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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