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Macar O. Multiple toxic effects of tetraconazole in Allium cepa L. meristematic cells. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:10092-10099. [PMID: 33169279 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11584-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The application of pesticides to get more agricultural products is increasing day by day. The use of a huge amount of pesticides raises public concerns about safety. Tetraconazole is a widely used and successful fungicide. Possible toxic, cytotoxic, and genotoxic effects of different doses of tetraconazole (1.00 mg/L, 5.00 mg/L, and 10.00 mg/L) were evaluated on the meristematic cells of Allium cepa L. root tips by means of physiological, cytogenetic, biochemical, and anatomical parameters. EC50 value for tetraconazole in terms of growth inhibition was calculated as 6.7 mg/L. Increasing doses of tetraconazole resulted in reduced germination ratio, root length, and weight gain. Total activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzymes as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) content were increased as a result of oxidative stress. As an evidence of genotoxicity, mitotic index (MI) level decreased, while scores for micronucleus (MN) and chromosomal aberrations (CAs) rose. In addition, various meristematic cell damages were detected in root tips of tetraconazole applied bulbs. As a result, the multiple toxic, cytotoxic, and genotoxic effects of tetraconazole fungicide were demonstrated through a wide range of parameters on A. cepa, which was found to be a versatile tool for testing hazardous pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksal Macar
- Şebinkarahisar School of Applied Sciences, Department of Food Technology, Giresun University, 28400, Giresun, Turkey.
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Kalefetoğlu Macar T, Macar O, Yalçιn E, Çavuşoğlu K. Preventive efficiency of Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) fruit extract in diniconazole fungicide-treated Allium cepa L. roots. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2534. [PMID: 33510323 PMCID: PMC7844236 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82132-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) is a medicinal plant with antioxidant-rich fruits. Diniconazole, a broad-spectrum fungicide, is employed extensively. The present study was designed to evaluate the preventive efficiency of C. mas fruit extract (CME) against the toxic effects of diniconazole on a model organism, Allium cepa L. For this aim, physiological, cytogenetic and biochemical parameters as well as the meristematic cell damages were investigated in A. cepa treated with diniconazole and C. mas extract. A. cepa bulbs were divided into six groups which were treated with tap water, 0.5 g/L CME, 1.0 g/L CME, 100 mg/L diniconazole, 0.5 g/L CME + 100 mg/L diniconazole and 1.0 g/L CME + 100 mg/L diniconazole, respectively. Diniconazole application caused a significant reduction in germination percentage, root elongation and total weight gain. Mitotic index decreased, while chromosomal aberrations increased following diniconazole application. Diniconazole caused significant rises in malondialdehyde content and the total activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes. The meristematic cell damages induced by diniconazole were indistinct transmission tissue, epidermis cell deformation, thickening of the cortex cell wall and flattened cell nucleus. Aqueous C. mas extracts induced a dose-dependent prevention and amelioration in all damages arisen from diniconazole application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuğçe Kalefetoğlu Macar
- Department of Food Technology, Şebinkarahisar School of Applied Sciences, Giresun University, 28400, Giresun, Turkey
| | - Oksal Macar
- Department of Food Technology, Şebinkarahisar School of Applied Sciences, Giresun University, 28400, Giresun, Turkey.
| | - Emine Yalçιn
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Art, Giresun University, 28049, Giresun, Turkey
| | - Kültiğin Çavuşoğlu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Art, Giresun University, 28049, Giresun, Turkey
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Rasoulzadeh F, Amjadi M, Ghorbani M. A highly sensitive chemiluminescence assay for diniconazole by using CuInS2 quantum dots. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Huang JP, Cheng L, Huang Y, Song XY, Kang NQ, Nie XL. Crystal structure of dichloro-tetrakis[(E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pent-1-en-3-ol-κN]cadmium (II), C60H74CdCl6N12O4. Z KRIST-NEW CRYST ST 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/ncrs-2018-0236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractC60H74CdCl6N12O4, triclinic, P1̄ (no. 2), a = 9.1036(18) Å, b = 13.197(3) Å, c = 15.035(3) Å, α = 93.716(2)°, β = 99.904(2)°, γ = 104.928(2)°, V = 1708.0(6) Å3, Z = 2, Rgt(F) = 0.0258, wRref(F2) = 0.0684, T = 296(2) K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ping Huang
- Institute of Functional Materials and Agricultural Applied Chemistry, Jiangxi Agricultural University/Nanchang Jiangteng Parmaceutial Co., Ltd, Nanchang 330045, P.R. China
| | - Li Cheng
- College of Sciences, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, P.R. China
| | - Ying Huang
- College of Sciences, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, P.R. China
| | - Xiu-Ying Song
- College of Sciences, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, P.R. China
| | - Nian-Qian Kang
- College of Sciences, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, P.R. China
| | - Xu-Liang Nie
- College of Sciences, Jiangxi Agricultural University/Nanchang Jiangteng Parmaceutial Co., Ltd, Nanchang 330045, P.R. China
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Zhang X, Zhao Y, Cui X, Wang X, Shen H, Chen Z, Huang C, Meruva N, Zhou L, Wang F, Wu L, Luo F. Application and enantiomeric residue determination of diniconazole in tea and grape and apple by supercritical fluid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1581-1582:144-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Kania J, Mączyńska A, Głazek M, Krawczyk T, Gillner DM. The influence of chosen fungicides on the activity of aminopeptidases in winter oilseed rape during pods development. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 148:166-174. [PMID: 29891369 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cultivation of oilseed rape requires application of specific fungicides. Besides their protective role, they can potentially influence the expression and activity of crucial enzymes in the plant. Among the large number of enzymes expressed in plants, aminopeptidases play a key role in all crucial physiological processes during the whole life cycle (e.g. storage protein mobilization and thus supplying plant with needed amino acids, as well as plant aging, protection and defense responses). In the present paper, we evaluate for the first time, the influence of the treatment of winter oilseed rape with commercially available fungicides (Pictor 400 SC, Propulse 250 SE and Symetra 325 SC), on the activity of aminopeptidases expressed in each plant organ (flowers, leaves, stems and pods separately). Fungicides were applied once, at one of the three stages of oilseed rape development (BBCH 59-61, BBCH 63-65 and BBCH 67-69). The aminopeptidase activity was determined using six different amino acid p-nitroanilides as substrates. The results have shown, that in control plants, at the beginning of intensive pods development and seeds production, hydrophobic amino acids with bulky side chains (Phe, Leu) were preferentially hydrolysed. In control plants, the activity was ~3.5 times higher in stems and pods, compared to leaves. The treatment with all pesticides caused significant increase in aminopeptidases hydrolytic activity toward small amino acids Gly, Ala as well as proline, mostly in flowers and leaves. These amino acids are proven to be crucial in the mechanisms of delaying of plant aging, development of better resistance to stress and plant defense. It can be suggested, that studied fungicides enhance such mechanisms, by activating the expression of genes coding for aminopeptidases, which are active in hydrolysis of N-terminal amino acids such as Gly, Ala, Pro from storage peptides and proteins. Depending on fungicide, the major increase of aminopeptidase activity was observed after application at BBCH 67-69 (Pictor 400 SC and Symetra 325 SC) and BBCH 63-65 (Propulse 250 SE) stages of development. Our study revealed, that agrochemical treatment and time of application, influenced the expression and activity of aminopeptidases, even though they were not molecular targets of applied fungicides. Since aminopeptidases are widely distributed throughout all organisms and are crucial in many key physiological processes, it can be expected, that factors influencing their expression and activity in plants, can also influence these enzymes in other organisms, especially humans and other mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kania
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Mączyńska
- Institute of Plant Protection, National Research Institute, Sosnicowice Branch, 44-153 Sosnicowice, Poland.
| | - Mariola Głazek
- Institute of Plant Protection, National Research Institute, Sosnicowice Branch, 44-153 Sosnicowice, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Krawczyk
- Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Petrochemistry, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Danuta M Gillner
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
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Asakura T, Kitamura M, Seki W, Iida T, Nakazato M, Yasuda K, Nemoto S. Determination of Diniconazole in Agricultural Products, Livestock and Marine Products by LC-MS/MS. Food Hygiene and Safety Science (Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi) 2017; 58:195-200. [PMID: 28855474 DOI: 10.3358/shokueishi.58.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An LC-MS/MS method for the determination of diniconazole in agricultural products, livestock and marine products was developed. Diniconazole in agricultural products was extracted with acetone. The extract was concentrated and partitioned with n-hexane and 10% sodium chloride solution. Agricultural products such as grains and beans were defatted using n-hexane-acetonitrile. Livestock and marine products were extracted with a mixture of acetone and n-hexane, and the organic layer was evaporated to dryness. The residue was defatted using n-hexane-acetonitrile. Cleanup was carried out using a Florisil cartridge column and a graphitized carbon cartridge column for these samples. The LC separation was carried out on an Inertsil ODS-3 column with a linear gradient of 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile containing 0.1% formic acid. MS was carried out in the positive ion electrospray ionization mode. The calibration curve was linear between 0.00125 to 0.00750 mg/L. Average recoveries (n=5) of diniconazole from 16 kinds of agricultural products, livestock and marine products fortified at the MRLs (0.01 ppm) were 88.3-108%, and the relative standard deviations were 0.5-5.1%. The limits of quantitation were 0.01 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Asakura
- Institute for Food and Environment Sciences, Incorporated Foundation Tokyo Kenbikyo-in
| | - Mariko Kitamura
- Institute for Food and Environment Sciences, Incorporated Foundation Tokyo Kenbikyo-in
| | - Wataru Seki
- Institute for Food and Environment Sciences, Incorporated Foundation Tokyo Kenbikyo-in
| | - Tomonari Iida
- Institute for Food and Environment Sciences, Incorporated Foundation Tokyo Kenbikyo-in
| | - Mitsuo Nakazato
- Institute for Food and Environment Sciences, Incorporated Foundation Tokyo Kenbikyo-in
| | - Kazuo Yasuda
- Institute for Food and Environment Sciences, Incorporated Foundation Tokyo Kenbikyo-in
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Cao S, Zhou X, Li X, Tang B, Ding X, Xi C, Hu J, Chen Z. Determination of 17 Plant Growth Regulator Residues by Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Triple Quadrupole Linear Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry Based on Modified QuEChERS Method. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-017-0885-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Li JL, Sun DW, Pu H, Jayas DS. Determination of trace thiophanate-methyl and its metabolite carbendazim with teratogenic risk in red bell pepper (Capsicumannuum L.) by surface-enhanced Raman imaging technique. Food Chem 2017; 218:543-552. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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LIU S, WU Y, FANG C, CUI Y, JIANG N, WANG H. Simultaneous Determination of 19 Plant Growth Regulator Residues in Plant-originated Foods by QuEChERS and Stable Isotope Dilution–Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. ANAL SCI 2017; 33:1047-1052. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.33.1047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sijie LIU
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Jilin Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control
| | - Yongning WU
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment
| | - Chiguang FANG
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Jilin Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control
| | - Yong CUI
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Jilin Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control
| | - Nan JIANG
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Jilin Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control
| | - Hui WANG
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Jilin Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control
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Sułowicz S, Cycoń M, Piotrowska-Seget Z. Non-target impact of fungicide tetraconazole on microbial communities in soils with different agricultural management. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2016; 25:1047-60. [PMID: 27106012 PMCID: PMC4921116 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-016-1661-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Effect of the fungicide tetraconazole on microbial community in silt loam soils from orchard with long history of triazole application and from grassland with no known history of fungicide usage was investigated. Triazole tetraconazole that had never been used on these soils before was applied at the field rate and at tenfold the FR. Response of microbial communities to tetraconazole was investigated during 28-day laboratory experiment by determination of changes in their biomass and structure (phospholipid fatty acids method-PLFA), activity (fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis-FDA) as well as changes in genetic (DGGE) and functional (Biolog) diversity. Obtained results indicated that the response of soil microorganisms to tetraconazole depended on the management of the soils. DGGE patterns revealed that both dosages of fungicide affected the structure of bacterial community and the impact on genetic diversity and richness was more prominent in orchard soil. Values of stress indices-the saturated/monounsaturated PLFAs ratio and the cyclo/monounsaturated precursors ratio, were almost twice as high and the Gram-negative/Gram-positive ratio was significantly lower in the orchard soil compared with the grassland soil. Results of principal component analysis of PLFA and Biolog profiles revealed significant impact of tetraconazole in orchard soil on day 28, whereas changes in these profiles obtained for grassland soil were insignificant or transient. Obtained results indicated that orchards soil seems to be more vulnerable to tetraconazole application compared to grassland soil. History of pesticide application and agricultural management should be taken into account in assessing of environmental impact of studied pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sławomir Sułowicz
- Department of Microbiology, University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 28, 40-032, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Mariusz Cycoń
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Zofia Piotrowska-Seget
- Department of Microbiology, University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 28, 40-032, Katowice, Poland
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Sułowicz S, Piotrowska-Seget Z. Response of microbial communities from an apple orchard and grassland soils to the first-time application of the fungicide tetraconazole. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 124:193-201. [PMID: 26524652 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess the impact of the triazole fungicide tetraconazole applied at the field rate (FR) and at ten-fold the FR (10FR) on microorganisms in orchard soil with a long-term history of fungicides application and in grassland soil that had not previously been treated with pesticides. To ascertain this impact, the microbial activity determined by fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis, the culturable number of bacteria, fungi and tetraconazole-resistant fungi, and the phospholipid microbial biomass and the structural and functional biodiversity assessed by the PLFA and Biolog approaches, respectively, were examined under laboratory conditions during 28-day experiment. The response of soil microorganisms to the fungicide tetraconazole, which had never been used before in these soils, depended on the management of the soils. In apple orchard soil that had been treated with FR or 10FR tetraconazole, a decrease in microbial activity was still observed on the 28th day after the application of the fungicide. In contrast, a significant impact of tetraconazole on the number of bacteria was still observed at the end of experiment in grassland soil. Results of principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that the application of tetraconazole significantly changed the structure of the microbial communities in the orchard soil. In addition, analysis of the Biolog profiles revealed a decrease in the catabolic activity of the microbial communities in grassland soil that had been treated with tetraconazole at both rates over time. The evaluation of the structural and functional diversity of microbial communities using PCA appears to be the most valuable monitoring tool for assessing the impact of tetraconazole application on soil microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sławomir Sułowicz
- Department of Microbiology, University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Zofia Piotrowska-Seget
- Department of Microbiology, University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland.
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Alam S, Sengupta D, Kole RK, Bhattacharyya A. Dissipation kinetics of tetraconazole in three types of soil and water under laboratory condition. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2013; 185:9819-9824. [PMID: 23813125 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-013-3294-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory experiment was conducted to understand the persistence behavior of tetraconazole in three soils of West Bengal (alluvial, red lateritic, and coastal saline) and also in water maintained at three different pH (4.0, 7.0, and 9.2) conditions. Processed soil samples (100 g) were spiked at two treatment doses: 2.5 μg/g (T₁) and 5.0 μg/g (T₂). Double distilled buffered water (200 ml) was spiked at two treatment doses: 1.0 μg/ml (T₁) and 2.00 μg/ml (T₂). The tetraconazole dissipation followed first-order reaction kinetics and the residual half-life (T₁/₂) values in soil were found to be in the range of 66.9-77.2 days for T₁ and 73.4-86.0 days for T₂. The persistence increased in the order red lateritic > new alluvial > coastal saline. Interestingly, the red lateritic soil exhibited the lowest pH (5.56) and organic carbon (0.52%) content as compared to other two soils. However, the dissipation of tetraconazole in case of water was not pH dependant. The T₁/₂ values in water were in the range of 94 to 125 days. The study indicated the persistent nature of tetraconazole in soil and water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samsul Alam
- Institute of Pesticide Formulation Technology, Sector-20, Udyog Vihar, Gurgaon, 122016, Haryana, India
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Fantke P, Juraske R. Variability of pesticide dissipation half-lives in plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:3548-62. [PMID: 23521068 DOI: 10.1021/es303525x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Information on dissipation kinetics of pesticides in food crops and other plants is a key aspect in current risk and impact assessment practice. This is because human exposure to pesticides is predominantly caused by residues in agricultural crops grown for human and animal consumption. However, modeling dissipation of pesticides in plants is highly uncertain and therefore strongly relies on experimental data. Unfortunately, available information on pesticide dissipation in plants from experimental studies only covers a small fraction of possible combinations of substances authorized for use on food and fodder crops. Additionally, aspects and processes influencing dissipation kinetics are still not fully understood. Therefore, we systematically reviewed 811 scientific literature sources providing 4513 dissipation half-lives of 346 pesticides measured in 183 plant species. We focused on the variability across substances, plant species and harvested plant components and finally discuss different substance, plant and environmental aspects influencing pesticide dissipation. Measured half-lives in harvested plant materials range from around 1 hour for pyrethrins in leaves of tomato and pepper fruit to 918 days for pyriproxyfen in pepper fruits under cold storage conditions. Ninety-five percent of all half-lives fall within the range between 0.6 and 29 days. Our results emphasize that future experiments are required to analyze pesticide-plant species combinations that have so far not been covered and that are relevant for human exposure. In addition, prediction models would help to assess all possible pesticide-plant species combinations in the context of comparative studies. The combination of both would finally reduce uncertainty and improve assumptions in current risk and impact assessment practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Fantke
- Department of Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Produktionstorvet 426, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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