The Panacea of Human Aging: Calorie Restriction Versus Exercise

Towards Healthy Longevity: Comprehensive Insights from Molecular Targets and Biomarkers to Biological Clocks

Aging is a complex and time-dependent decline in physiological function that affects most organisms, leading to increased risk of age-related diseases. Investigating the molecular underpinnings of aging is crucial to identify geroprotectors, precisely quantify biological age, and propose healthy longevity approaches. This review explores pathways that are currently being investigated as intervention targets and aging biomarkers spanning molecular, cellular, and systemic dimensions. Interventions that target these hallmarks may ameliorate the aging process, with some progressing to clinical trials. Biomarkers of these hallmarks are used to estimate biological aging and risk of aging-associated disease. Utilizing aging biomarkers, biological aging clocks can be constructed that predict a state of abnormal aging, age-related diseases, and increased mortality. Biological age estimation can therefore provide the basis for a fine-grained risk stratification by predicting all-cause mortality well ahead of the onset of specific diseases, thus offering a window for intervention. Yet, despite technological advancements, challenges persist due to individual variability and the dynamic nature of these biomarkers. Addressing this requires longitudinal studies for robust biomarker identification. Overall, utilizing the hallmarks of aging to discover new drug targets and develop new biomarkers opens new frontiers in medicine. Prospects involve multi-omics integration, machine learning, and personalized approaches for targeted interventions, promising a healthier aging population.

The biological mechanism and emerging therapeutic interventions of liver aging

Research on liver aging has become prominent and has attracted considerable interest in uncovering the mechanism and therapeutic targets of aging to expand lifespan. In addition, multi-omics studies are widely used to perform further mechanistic investigations on liver aging. In this review, we illustrate the changes that occur with aging in the liver, present the current models of liver aging, and emphasize existing multi-omics studies on liver aging. We integrated the multi-omics data of enrolled studies and reanalyzed them to identify key pathways and targets of liver aging. The results indicated that C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 9 (Cxcl9) was a regulator of liver aging. In addition, we provide a flowchart for liver aging research using multi-omics analysis and molecular experiments to help researchers conduct further research. Finally, we present emerging therapeutic treatments that prolong lifespan. In summary, using cells and animal models of liver aging, we can apply a multi-omics approach to find key metabolic pathways and target genes to mitigate the adverse effects of liver aging.

The Role of Systemic Filtrating Organs in Aging and Their Potential in Rejuvenation Strategies

Advances in aging studies brought about by heterochronic parabiosis suggest that aging might be a reversable process that is affected by changes in the systemic milieu of organs and cells. Given the broadness of such a systemic approach, research to date has mainly questioned the involvement of “shared organs” versus “circulating factors”. However, in the absence of a clear understanding of the chronological development of aging and a unified platform to evaluate the successes claimed by specific rejuvenation methods, current literature on this topic remains scattered. Herein, aging is assessed from an engineering standpoint to isolate possible aging potentiators via a juxtaposition between biological and mechanical systems. Such a simplification provides a general framework for future research in the field and examines the involvement of various factors in aging. Based on this simplified overview, the kidney as a filtration organ is clearly implicated, for the first time, with the aging phenomenon, necessitating a re-evaluation of current rejuvenation studies to untangle the extent of its involvement and its possible role as a potentiator in aging. Based on these findings, the review concludes with potential translatable and long-term therapeutics for aging while offering a critical view of rejuvenation methods proposed to date.

The nuclear sirtuin SIRT6 protects the heart from developing aging-associated myocyte senescence and cardiac hypertrophy

Sirtuins have been shown to regulate the aging process. We have previously demonstrated that Sirt6 blocks the pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy in mice. Here, we show that Sirt6 can also mitigate aging-induced cardiomyocyte senescence and cardiac hypertrophy. We found that aging is associated with altered Sirt6 activity along with development of cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. Compared to young mice (4-months), the hearts of aged mice (24-months) showed increased levels of mitochondrial DNA damage, shortened telomere length, and increased accumulation of 8-oxo-dG adducts, which are hallmarks of aging. The aged hearts also showed reduced levels of NAD⁺ and altered levels of mitochondrial fusion-fission proteins. Similar characteristics were observed in the hearts of Sirt6 deficient mice. Additionally, we found that doxorubicin (Dox) induced cardiomyocyte senescence, as measured by expression of p16^INK4a, p53, and β-galactosidase, was associated with loss of Sirt6. However, Sirt6 overexpression protected cardiomyocytes from developing Dox-induced senescence. Further, compared to wild-type mice, the hearts of Sirt6.Tg mice showed reduced expression of aging markers, and the development of aging-associated cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. Our data suggest that Sirt6 is a critical anti-aging molecule that regulates various cellular processes associated with aging and protects the heart from developing aging-induced cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis.

Aging and age-related diseases: from mechanisms to therapeutic strategies

Aging is a physiological process mediated by numerous biological and genetic pathways, which are directly linked to lifespan and are a driving force for all age-related diseases. Human life expectancy has greatly increased in the past few decades, but this has not been accompanied by a similar increase in their healthspan. At present, research on aging biology has focused on elucidating the biochemical and genetic pathways that contribute to aging over time. Several aging mechanisms have been identified, primarily including genomic instability, telomere shortening, and cellular senescence. Aging is a driving factor of various age-related diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, immune system disorders, and musculoskeletal disorders. Efforts to find drugs that improve the healthspan by targeting the pathogenesis of aging have now become a hot topic in this field. In the present review, the status of aging research and the development of potential drugs for aging-related diseases, such as metformin, rapamycin, resveratrol, senolytics, as well as caloric restriction, are summarized. The feasibility, side effects, and future potential of these treatments are also discussed, which will provide a basis to develop novel anti-aging therapeutics for improving the healthspan and preventing aging-related diseases.

Can Blood-Circulating Factors Unveil and Delay Your Biological Aging?

According to the World Health Organization, the population of over 60 will double in the next 30 years in the developed countries, which will enforce a further raise of the retirement age and increase the burden on the healthcare system. Therefore, there is an acute issue of maintaining health and prolonging active working longevity, as well as implementation of early monitoring and prevention of premature aging and age-related disorders to avoid early disability. Traditional indicators of biological age are not always informative and often require extensive and expensive analysis. The study of blood factors is a simple and easily accessible way to assess individual health and supplement the traditional indicators of a person's biological age with new objective criteria. With age, the processes of growth and development, tissue regeneration and repair decline; they are gradually replaced by enhanced catabolism, inflammatory cell activity, and insulin resistance. The number of senescent cells supporting the inflammatory loop rises; cellular clearance by autophagy and mitophagy slows down, resulting in mitochondrial and cellular damage and dysfunction. Monitoring of circulated blood factors not only reflects these processes, but also allows suggesting medical intervention to prevent or decelerate the development of age-related diseases. We review the age-related blood factors discussed in recent publications, as well as approaches to slowing aging for healthy and active longevity.

Comparative Dynamics of Individual Ageing among the Investigative Type of Professionals Living in Russia and Russian Migrants to the EU Countries

The goal of this study was to uncover the influence of professional activity, migration, and gender on dynamics of subjective age and ageing biomarkers. We examined the representatives of investigative types of professions (ITP), 30–75 years old in Russia, (101/62 women), and Russian migrants to the European Union, (101/56 women). ITPs appeared to be ageing slower than statistical standards; men age faster than women; the pre-retirement group (51–65 years old) showed acceleration of relative biological ageing in the Russian sample (women +4.5 years, men +10.7 years) against the EU sample, suggesting a boost of pre-retirement stress in Russia; subjectively, Russian people (51–65 years old) feel close to their chronological age, while EU people perceive themselves far below their calendar age (men—lower by 20.4, women—lower by 10.9 years). The subjective ageing depends on the country of residence, while biological ageing depends on occupation, gender, and negative expectations of retirement.