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Faulhaber M, Schneider S, Rausch LK, Dünnwald T, Menz V, Gatterer H, Kennedy MD, Schobersberger W. Repeated Short-Term Bouts of Hyperoxia Improve Aerobic Performance in Acute Hypoxia. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:2016-2022. [PMID: 37729514 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Faulhaber, M, Schneider, S, Rausch, LK, Dünnwald, T, Menz, V, Gatterer, H, Kennedy, MD, and Schobersberger, W. Repeated short-term bouts of hyperoxia improve aerobic performance in acute hypoxia. J Strength Cond Res 37(10): 2016-2022, 2023-This study aimed to test the effects of repeated short-term bouts of hyperoxia on maximal 5-minute cycling performance under acute hypoxic conditions (3,200 m). Seventeen healthy and recreationally trained individuals (7 women and 10 men) participated in this randomized placebo-controlled cross-over trial. The procedures included a maximal cycle ergometer test and 3 maximal 5-minute cycling time trials (TTs). TT1 took place in normoxia and served for habituation and reference. TT2 and TT3 were conducted in normobaric hypoxia (15.0% inspiratory fraction of oxygen). During TT2 and TT3, the subjects were breathing through a face mask during five 15-second periods. The face mask was connected through a nonrebreathing T valve to a 300-L bag filled with 100% oxygen (intermittent hyperoxia) or ambient hypoxic air (placebo). The main outcome was the mean power output during the TT. Statistical significance level was set at p < 0.05. The mean power output was higher in the intermittent hyperoxia compared with the placebo condition (255.5 ± 49.6 W vs. 247.4 ± 48.2 W, p = 0.001). Blood lactate concentration and ratings of perceived exertion were significantly lower by about 9.7 and 7.3%, respectively, in the intermittent hyperoxia compared with the placebo condition, whereas heart rate values were unchanged. IH application increased arterial oxygen saturation (82.9 ± 2.6% to 92.4 ± 3.3%, p < 0.001). Repeated 15-second bouts of hyperoxia, applied during high-intensity exercise in hypoxia, are sufficient to increase power output. Future studies should focus on potential dose-response effects and the involved mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Faulhaber
- Department of Sport Science, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Austrian Society of Alpine and High-Altitude Medicine, Mieming, Austria
| | - Sina Schneider
- Department of Sport Science, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Linda K Rausch
- Department of Sport Science, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Tobias Dünnwald
- Institute for Sport Medicine, Alpine Medicine and Health Tourism (ISAG), Private University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology (UMIT Tirol), Tirol, Austria
| | - Verena Menz
- Department of Sport Science, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hannes Gatterer
- Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Michael D Kennedy
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport and Recreation, College of Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and
| | - Wolfgang Schobersberger
- Institute for Sport Medicine, Alpine Medicine and Health Tourism (ISAG), Private University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology (UMIT Tirol), Tirol, Austria
- Institute for Sport Medicine, Alpine Medicine anad Health Tourism (ISAG), Tirol Kliniken GmbH, Innsbruck, Austria
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Netzer NC, Faulhaber M, Gatterer H, Dünnwald T, Schobersberger W, Strohl KP, Pramsohler S. The Question is Still Open: Is Supplemental Oxygen Enhancing Performance in Professional Athletes at High Altitude or Not? Sports Med 2023; 53:1101-1102. [PMID: 36719537 PMCID: PMC10115665 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01803-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus C Netzer
- Hermann Buhl Institute for Hypoxia and Sleep Research, Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Fürstenweg 185, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
- Division of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
- Institute for Mountain Emergency Medicine, Eurac Research, Via Hypatia 2, 39100, Bozen, Italy.
| | - Martin Faulhaber
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hannes Gatterer
- Institute for Mountain Emergency Medicine, Eurac Research, Via Hypatia 2, 39100, Bozen, Italy
| | - Tobias Dünnwald
- Department of Psychology and Sportsmedicine, University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Schobersberger
- Department of Psychology and Sportsmedicine, University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kingman P Strohl
- Department of Medicine, University Hospitals, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Stephan Pramsohler
- Hermann Buhl Institute for Hypoxia and Sleep Research, Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Fürstenweg 185, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
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3
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Burtscher J, Mallet RT, Pialoux V, Millet GP, Burtscher M. Adaptive Responses to Hypoxia and/or Hyperoxia in Humans. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 37:887-912. [PMID: 35102747 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Oxygen is indispensable for aerobic life, but its utilization exposes cells and tissues to oxidative stress; thus, tight regulation of cellular, tissue, and systemic oxygen concentrations is crucial. Here, we review the current understanding of how the human organism (mal-)adapts to low (hypoxia) and high (hyperoxia) oxygen levels and how these adaptations may be harnessed as therapeutic or performance enhancing strategies at the systemic level. Recent Advances: Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is already a cornerstone of modern medicine, and the application of mild hypoxia, that is, hypoxia conditioning (HC), to strengthen the resilience of organs or the whole body to severe hypoxic insults is an important preparation for high-altitude sojourns or to protect the cardiovascular system from hypoxic/ischemic damage. Many other applications of adaptations to hypo- and/or hyperoxia are only just emerging. HC-sometimes in combination with hyperoxic interventions-is gaining traction for the treatment of chronic diseases, including numerous neurological disorders, and for performance enhancement. Critical Issues: The dose- and intensity-dependent effects of varying oxygen concentrations render hypoxia- and/or hyperoxia-based interventions potentially highly beneficial, yet hazardous, although the risks versus benefits are as yet ill-defined. Future Directions: The field of low and high oxygen conditioning is expanding rapidly, and novel applications are increasingly recognized, for example, the modulation of aging processes, mood disorders, or metabolic diseases. To advance hypoxia/hyperoxia conditioning to clinical applications, more research on the effects of the intensity, duration, and frequency of altered oxygen concentrations, as well as on individual vulnerabilities to such interventions, is paramount. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 37, 887-912.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Burtscher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Robert T Mallet
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Vincent Pialoux
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology EA7424, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martin Burtscher
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Silva TC, Aidar FJ, Zanona ADF, Matos DG, Pereira DD, Rezende PEN, Ferreira ARP, Junior HA, dos Santos JL, Silva DDS, Barbosa FDS, Thuany M, de Souza RF. The Acute Effect of Hyperoxia on Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation (OBLA) and Performance in Female Runners during the Maximal Treadmill Test. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18094546. [PMID: 33922940 PMCID: PMC8123303 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to analyze the acute effect of hyperoxia during the maximal treadmill test (MTT) of runners. Participants included 10 female street runners who performed the MTT under two different conditions: hyperoxia (HYPX), inhaling oxygen (60% O2) every 3 min; and normoxia (NORM), without additional oxygen inhalation. Both groups performed the MTT with increases in the slope of the run every 3 min until voluntary exhaustion. The variables of lactate concentration, the onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA), peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2), heart rate (HR), and Borg scale were evaluated. It was verified after the comparison (HYPX vs. NORM) that stage 3 (p = 0.012, Cohen’s d = 1.76) and stage 4 (p < 0.001; Cohen’s d = 5.69) showed a reduction in lactate under the HYPX condition. OBLA under the HYPX condition was identified at a later stage than NORM. There were no differences in Borg scale, SpO2, and HR between the different conditions. It was concluded that the HYPX condition contributed to a reduction in lactate concentration and delayed OBLA in runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thays C. Silva
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Sergipe 49100-000, Brazil; (T.C.S.); (F.J.A.); (P.E.N.R.); (D.d.S.S.)
| | - Felipe J. Aidar
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Sergipe 49100-000, Brazil; (T.C.S.); (F.J.A.); (P.E.N.R.); (D.d.S.S.)
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports (GEPEPS), Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Sergipe 49100-000, Brazil; (D.G.M.); (D.D.P.)
- Post-Graduation Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Sergipe 49100-000, Brazil; (J.L.d.S.); (M.T.)
| | | | - Dihogo Gama Matos
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports (GEPEPS), Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Sergipe 49100-000, Brazil; (D.G.M.); (D.D.P.)
| | - Danielle D. Pereira
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports (GEPEPS), Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Sergipe 49100-000, Brazil; (D.G.M.); (D.D.P.)
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Paulo Emmanuel Nunes Rezende
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Sergipe 49100-000, Brazil; (T.C.S.); (F.J.A.); (P.E.N.R.); (D.d.S.S.)
| | | | - Heleno Almeida Junior
- Post Graduate Program in Physiology Sciences, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergi, pe—UFS, São Cristóvão 49100-000, Brazil;
| | - Jymmys Lopes dos Santos
- Post-Graduation Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Sergipe 49100-000, Brazil; (J.L.d.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Devisson dos Santos Silva
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Sergipe 49100-000, Brazil; (T.C.S.); (F.J.A.); (P.E.N.R.); (D.d.S.S.)
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports (GEPEPS), Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Sergipe 49100-000, Brazil; (D.G.M.); (D.D.P.)
- Post-Graduation Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Sergipe 49100-000, Brazil; (J.L.d.S.); (M.T.)
| | | | - Mabliny Thuany
- Post-Graduation Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Sergipe 49100-000, Brazil; (J.L.d.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Raphael F. de Souza
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Sergipe 49100-000, Brazil; (T.C.S.); (F.J.A.); (P.E.N.R.); (D.d.S.S.)
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports (GEPEPS), Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Sergipe 49100-000, Brazil; (D.G.M.); (D.D.P.)
- Post-Graduation Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Sergipe 49100-000, Brazil; (J.L.d.S.); (M.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-79-3194-6537
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Morawetz D, Dünnwald T, Faulhaber M, Gatterer H, Höllrigl L, Raschner C, Schobersberger W. Can Hyperoxic Preconditioning in Normobaric Hypoxia (3500 m) Improve All-Out Exercise Performance in Highly Skilled Skiers? A Randomized Crossover Study. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:346-353. [PMID: 31188681 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The altering effects of hypoxia on aerobic/anaerobic performance are well documented and form the basis of this study. Application of hyperoxic gases (inspiratory fraction of oxygen [FiO2] > 0.2095) prior to competition or training (hyperoxic preconditioning) can compensate for the negative influence of acute hypoxia. PURPOSE To investigate whether oxygen supplementation immediately prior to exercise (FiO2 = 1.0) improves all-out exercise performance in normobaric hypoxia (3500 m) in highly skilled skiers. METHODS In this single-blind, randomized, crossover study, 17 subjects performed a 60-second constant-load, all-out test in a normobaric hypoxic chamber. After a short period of adaptation to hypoxia (60 min), they received either pure oxygen or chamber air for 5 minutes prior to the all-out test (hyperoxic preconditioning vs nonhyperoxic preconditioning). Capillary blood was collected 3 times, and muscle oxygenation was assessed with near-infrared spectroscopy. RESULTS Absolute and relative peak power (P = .073 vs P = .103) as well as mean power (P = .330 vs P = .569) did not significantly differ after the hyperoxic preconditioning phase. PaO2 increased from 51.3 (3) to 451.9 (89.0) mm Hg, and SaO2 increased from 88.2% (1.7%) to 100% (0.2%) and dropped to 83.8% (4.2%) after the all-out test. Deoxygenation (P = .700) and reoxygenation rates (P = .185) did not significantly differ for both preconditioned settings. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, the authors conclude that hyperoxic preconditioning did not enhance 60-second all-out exercise performance in acute hypoxia (3500 m).
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Porter MS, Fenton J, Reed KE. The effects of hyperoxia on repeated sprint cycling performance & muscle fatigue. J Sci Med Sport 2019; 22:1344-1348. [PMID: 31337587 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hyperoxia (>21% oxygen) can evoke performance improvements in aerobic and anaerobic exercise. The aims of the current study were to determine the effects of breathing hyperoxic gas (fraction of inspired oxygen [FiO2] 1.00) on repeated cycle performance, and to assess the nature and extent of fatigue after intermittent sprinting. DESIGN & METHODS Testing (n=14 males) comprised two visits to the laboratory. Each session involved 10×15s repeated cycle sprints breathing FiO2 1.00 (hyperoxia) or FiO2 0.21 (normoxia). Muscle fatigue was measured pre and post sprints using Maximal Voluntary Contraction (MVC), voluntary activation (VA) and potentiated doublet twitch (PTF). Blood lactate (BLa) was taken between sprints. Paired samples t-tests were used to examine difference between conditions in power output (peak and mean Watts) and BLa. Two-way ANOVA was used to examine fatigue variables pre and post sprints according to condition. RESULTS Mean power output was 4% greater in hyperoxia (p<0.01), with no difference in peak power (p>0.05). There was a significant increase in BLa in hyperoxia compared with normoxia (p<0.01) in sprints 4 and 8, as well as meaningful difference in sprints 4-10. There was no significant difference in fatigue factors (MVC, VA and PTF) (p>0.05) in response to the cycling, although a large drop in PTF occurred in both conditions. CONCLUSION Hyperoxia can elicit improvements in mean cycling power, with no significant change in post exercise muscle fatigue. Hyperoxia as a training aid may provide performance enhancing effects during repeated sprint cycling by reducing concurrent muscle fatigue, primarily via peripheral factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Porter
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation & Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, United Kingdom
| | - Jordan Fenton
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation & Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, United Kingdom
| | - Katharine E Reed
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation & Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, United Kingdom.
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Impact of Hyperoxic Preconditioning in Normobaric Hypoxia (3500 m) on Balance Ability in Highly Skilled Skiers: A Randomized, Crossover Study. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2019; 14:934-940. [PMID: 30676819 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that acute hypoxia has negative effects on balance performance. An attempt to compensate for the influence of hypoxia on competition performance was made by the application of hyperoxic gases (inspiratory fraction of oxygen > 0.2095) prior to exercise. PURPOSE To investigate whether hyperoxic preconditioning (pure-oxygen supplementation prior to exercise) improves balance ability and postural stability during normobaric hypoxia (3500 m) in highly skilled skiers. METHODS In this single-blind randomized, crossover study, 19 subjects performed a 60-s balance test (MFT S3-Check) in a normobaric hypoxic chamber. After a short period of adaptation to hypoxia (60 min), they received either pure oxygen or chamber air for 5 min prior to a balance test (hyperoxic preconditioning vs nonhyperoxic preconditioning). Capillary blood was collected 3 times. RESULTS Balance performance, indexed by sensory (P = .097), stability (P = .937), and symmetry (P = .202) scores, was not significantly different after the hyperoxic preconditioning phase. Balance performance decreased over time (no group difference). After hyperoxic preconditioning, arterial partial pressure of oxygen increased from 52.7 (4.5) mm Hg to 212.5 (75.8) mm Hg, and oxygen saturation of hemoglobin increased from 85.8% (3.5%) to 98.9% (0.7%) and remained significantly elevated to 90.1% (2.0%) after the balance test. CONCLUSION A hyperoxic preconditioning phase does not affect balance performance under hypoxic environmental conditions. A performance-enhancing effect, at least in terms of coordinative functions, was not supported by this study.
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Hausken K. Evolutions in the physiology of skiing, skating and running in the Olympics. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2018; 59:1175-1194. [PMID: 30317836 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.18.08977-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cross-country skiing, biathlon, Nordic combined, short track speed skating, and speed skating (12+11+3+8+14=48 events), i.e. five of the 15 disciplines in the 2018 Winter Olympics, require participants to reach the finish line in minimum time, while exerting mechanical propulsion power through flat terrain, uphill, and downhill. This article compares distances and times for these disciplines systematically with each other and with running, walking, and swimming in the Summer Olympics. Regarding physiological implications, the absence of distances below 6 km in biathlon, 5 km in Nordic combined, 1.2-1.5 km in cross-country skiing, and 0.5 km in speed skating means recruiting fewer competitors with sprint characteristics (type IIx fast isoforms muscles, etc.). The absence of distances above 10 km in speed skating and Nordic combined, and 20 km in biathlon, means recruiting fewer or other kinds of competitors with long distance characteristics. For example, high anaerobic threshold is important at greater distances, and high VO2max is important above intermediate distances. A new recruitment criterion for Olympic events is proposed, argued to recruit athletes fairly and be fair to spectators. The new criterion supplements current criteria such as popularity, relevance, and cooperation. The article recommends assessing 26 new events for future Winter Olympics within the five disciplines, equivalently for men and women. Formats are specified for the new events. Regarding equal distances for men and women, women use 8.7-13.6% more time than men in most events, except when upper-body power is important (above 13.6%) and in ultraendurance events (below 5.3%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjell Hausken
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway -
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Abstract
Hyperoxia results from the inhalation of mixtures of gas containing higher partial pressures of oxygen (O2) than normal air at sea level. Exercise in hyperoxia affects the cardiorespiratory, neural and hormonal systems, as well as energy metabolism in humans. In contrast to short-term exposure to hypoxia (i.e. a reduced partial pressure of oxygen), acute hyperoxia may enhance endurance and sprint interval performance by accelerating recovery processes. This narrative literature review, covering 89 studies published between 1975 and 2016, identifies the acute ergogenic effects and health concerns associated with hyperoxia during exercise; however, long-term adaptation to hyperoxia and exercise remain inconclusive. The complexity of the biological responses to hyperoxia, as well as the variations in (1) experimental designs (e.g. exercise intensity and modality, level of oxygen, number of participants), (2) muscles involved (arms and legs) and (3) training status of the participants may account for the discrepancies.
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10
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Sperlich B, Calbet JAL, Boushel R, Holmberg HC. Is the use of hyperoxia in sports effective, safe and ethical? Scand J Med Sci Sports 2016; 26:1268-1272. [PMID: 27539548 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B Sperlich
- Integrative and Experimental Training Science, Institute for Sport Sciences, Julius-Maximilians University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - J A L Calbet
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.,Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.,School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - R Boushel
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - H-C Holmberg
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden.,School of Sport Sciences, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Zinner C, Krueger M, Reed JL, Kohl-Bareis M, Holmberg HC, Sperlich B. Exposure to a combination of heat and hyperoxia during cycling at submaximal intensity does not alter thermoregulatory responses. Biol Sport 2016; 33:71-6. [PMID: 26929473 PMCID: PMC4763545 DOI: 10.5604/20831862.1192041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we tested the hypothesis that breathing hyperoxic air (FinO2 = 0.40) while exercising in a hot environment exerts negative effects on the total tissue level of haemoglobin concentration (tHb); core (Tcore) and skin (Tskin) temperatures; muscle activity; heart rate; blood concentration of lactate; pH; partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) and carbon dioxide; arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2); and perceptual responses. Ten well-trained male athletes cycled at submaximal intensity at 21°C or 33°C in randomized order: first for 20 min while breathing normal air (FinO2 = 0.21) and then 10 min with FinO2 = 0.40 (HOX). At both temperatures, SaO2 and PaO2, but not tHb, were increased by HOX. Tskin and perception of exertion and thermal discomfort were higher at 33°C than 21°C (p < 0.01), but independent of FinO2. Tcore and muscle activity were the same under all conditions (p > 0.07). Blood lactate and heart rate were higher at 33°C than 21°C. In conclusion, during 30 min of submaximal cycling at 21°C or 33°C, Tcore, Tskin and Tbody, tHb, muscle activity and ratings of perceived exertion and thermal discomfort were the same under normoxic and hyperoxic conditions. Accordingly, breathing hyperoxic air (FinO2 = 0.40) did not affect thermoregulation under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Zinner
- Department of Sport Science, University of Würzburg, Judenbühlweg 11, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - M Krueger
- Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany; The German Research Centre of Elite Sport, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - J L Reed
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - M Kohl-Bareis
- University of Applied Sciences Koblenz, RheinAhrCampus Remagen, Germany
| | - H-C Holmberg
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - B Sperlich
- Department of Sport Science, University of Würzburg, Judenbühlweg 11, 97082 Würzburg, Germany; Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
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12
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Influence of Hypoxic Interval Training and Hyperoxic Recovery on Muscle Activation and Oxygenation in Connection with Double-Poling Exercise. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140616. [PMID: 26468885 PMCID: PMC4607305 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we evaluated the influence of breathing oxygen at different partial pressures during recovery from exercise on performance at sea-level and a simulated altitude of 1800 m, as reflected in activation of different upper body muscles, and oxygenation of the m. triceps brachii. Ten well-trained, male endurance athletes (25.3±4.1 yrs; 179.2±4.5 cm; 74.2±3.4 kg) performed four test trials, each involving three 3-min sessions on a double-poling ergometer with 3-min intervals of recovery. One trial was conducted entirely under normoxic (No) and another under hypoxic conditions (Ho; FiO2 = 0.165). In the third and fourth trials, the exercise was performed in normoxia and hypoxia, respectively, with hyperoxic recovery (HOX; FiO2 = 1.00) in both cases. Arterial hemoglobin saturation was higher under the two HOX conditions than without HOX (p<0.05). Integrated muscle electrical activity was not influenced by the oxygen content (best d = 0.51). Furthermore, the only difference in tissue saturation index measured via near-infrared spectroscopy observed was between the recovery periods during the NoNo and HoHOX interventions (P<0.05, d = 0.93). In the case of HoHo the athletes’ Pmean declined from the first to the third interval (P < 0.05), whereas Pmean was unaltered under the HoHOX, NoHOX and NoNo conditions. We conclude that the less pronounced decline in Pmean during 3 x 3-min double-poling sprints in normoxia and hypoxia with hyperoxic recovery is not related to changes in muscle activity or oxygenation. Moreover, we conclude that hyperoxia (FiO2 = 1.00) used in conjunction with hypoxic or normoxic work intervals may serve as an effective aid when inhaled during the subsequent recovery intervals.
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