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Dowthwaite JN, Weiss DM, Thein-Nissenbaum J, Scerpella TA. A 2-yr, School-Based Resistance Exercise Pilot Program Increases Bone Accrual in Adolescent Girls. TRANSLATIONAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SPORTS MEDICINE 2019; 4:74-83. [PMID: 31673627 PMCID: PMC6822173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The current analysis evaluates cumulative benefits after year two (Y2) of a school-based resistance training intervention. METHODS Adolescent girls were enrolled and measured at the beginning of 6th grade (baseline, BL) and again at 1st follow-up (FU1: Y1 end) and 2nd follow-up (FU2: Y2 end). School gym classes met alternate school days. Site 1 had standard gym classes (CON). Site 2 gym classes included 8-12 minutes of resistance training (INT); INT girls were categorized based on observed participation effort and time (LO, HI). Measurements included: 1) height and weight; 2) questionnaires to assess extracurricular exercise and diet (calcium, vitamin D); 3) dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA, Lunar Prodigy). Whole body less head (SUB) scans yielded bone mineral content (BMC) and body composition. Lumbar spine (L1-L4) and femoral neck (FN) scans yielded BMC and areal bone mineral density (BMD); radius scans yielded ultradistal and 1/3 BMD. ANCOVA compared group means for percent gains from BL to FU2, accounting for biological maturity, BL height, height change, inter-scan interval, organized activity, calcium and vitamin D. RESULTS In 62 girls (21 CON, 41 INT), intention to treat analyses detected INT vs. CON advantages for L1-L4 BMC and BMD (4.1%, 5.6%: p<0.05). HI effort participants (n=19) demonstrated advantages for BMC and BMD at L1-L4 and FN (5.7% to 8.2%, p<0.01) vs. CON. CONCLUSIONS Over two school years, this resistance intervention yielded lumbar spine advantages; enthusiastic participation (HI) yielded lumbar spine and femoral neck advantages. Further work is warranted to evaluate benefit persistence after intervention cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi N. Dowthwaite
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, N.Y
| | - Deena M. Weiss
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health (UWSMPH), Madison, WI
| | | | - Tamara A. Scerpella
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, N.Y
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, UWSMPH, Madison, WI
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Higgins S, Sokolowski CM, Vishwanathan M, Anderson JG, Schmidt MD, Lewis RD, Evans EM. Predicting Diaphyseal Cortical Bone Status Using Measures of Muscle Force Capacity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 50:1433-1441. [PMID: 29462101 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Muscle cross-sectional area (MCSA) is often used as a surrogate for the forces applied to bones during physical activity. Although MCSA is a strong predictor of cortical bone status, its use makes assumptions about the relationship between muscle size and force that are inaccurate. Furthermore, to measure MCSA and other muscle force surrogates typically requires expensive and/or radiative laboratory equipment. Thus, this study aimed to determine whether clinical laboratory- and field-based methodologies for measuring muscular force capacity accounted for similar variance in diaphyseal cortical bone status as a commonly used muscular force surrogate, MCSA, at the midtibia in young men and women. METHODS Healthy young adults (n = 142, 19.7 ± 0.7 yr old, 52.8% female) were assessed via peripheral quantitative computed tomography at the midtibia for cortical bone status and MCSA. Muscle force capacity was measured via Biodex dynamometer, Nottingham leg extensor power rig, and Vertec vertical jump. Regression analysis compared the independent variance predicted by each muscle force measure with that of MCSA, accounting for relevant confounders. RESULTS MCSA, knee extension peak torque, and peak anaerobic power from vertical jump were independent predictors of select cortical structural outcomes (cortical thickness and area, periosteal and endosteal circumference, and estimated strength) accounting for up to 78.4% of the variance explained (all P < 0.05). However, cortical volumetric bone mineral density was unrelated to any measure or surrogate of muscle force capacity. CONCLUSIONS MCSA is a strong independent predictor of cortical bone structure; however, both laboratory- and field-based measures of peak torque and/or peak anaerobic power are promising alternatives, explaining similar and sometimes greater variance than MCSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Higgins
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.,Department of Exercise Science, Elon University, Elon, NC
| | | | | | | | | | - Richard D Lewis
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Ellen M Evans
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
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McVeigh JA, Howie EK, Zhu K, Walsh JP, Straker L. Organized Sport Participation From Childhood to Adolescence Is Associated With Bone Mass in Young Adults From the Raine Study. J Bone Miner Res 2019; 34:67-74. [PMID: 30328145 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
There is a critical need for longitudinal cohort studies to consider the association of the cumulative exposure of physical activity during childhood and adolescence and bone mass. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between organized sports trajectories (that capture distinct and potentially meaningful patterns over critical developmental periods) and bone mass at age 20 years. Participation in organized sport was recorded by parental report at ages 5, 8, 10, 14, and 17 years in 984 offspring (48% female) of a pregnancy cohort (Raine Study). Latent class analysis identified three trajectory classes in each sex. In females, these were "consistent sport participators" (48%), "dropouts" (34%), and "non-participators" (18%); in males, "consistent sport participators" (55%), "dropouts" (37%), and "sport joiners" (8%). Whole-body bone mineral content (BMC) at age 20 years was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). At age 20 years, after adjustment for covariates measured at age 20 years, including height, lean mass, physical activity, calcium intake, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, alcohol, and smoking, males who were "consistent sport participators" had significantly greater whole-body and leg BMC than those who dropped out of sport (p < 0.001), whereas males who joined sports had significantly greater leg BMC than those who dropped out of sport (p = 0.002). Females in the "consistent sport participator" trajectory had significantly greater leg BMC than those who dropped out (all p = 0.004). Participation in organized sport during childhood and adolescence is associated with bone mass at age 20 years. Because attainment of optimal peak bone mass in young adulthood is protective against osteoporosis in later life, this may have long-term skeletal benefits. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne A McVeigh
- School of Occupational Therapy & Social Work, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.,Exercise Laboratory, School of Physiology, University of Witwatersand, South Africa
| | - Erin K Howie
- Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Kun Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Australia.,Medical School, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - John P Walsh
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Australia.,Medical School, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Leon Straker
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
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Gorissen BMC, Wolschrijn CF, van Vilsteren AAM, van Rietbergen B, van Weeren PR. Trabecular bone of precocials at birth; Are they prepared to run for the wolf(f)? J Morphol 2016; 277:948-56. [PMID: 27098190 PMCID: PMC5111789 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Bone is a dynamic tissue adapting to loading according to “Wolff's law of bone adaptation.” During very early life, however, such a mechanism may not be adequate enough to adapt to the dramatic change in environmental challenges in precocial species. Their neonates are required to stand and walk within hours after birth, in contrast to altricial animals that have much more time to adapt from the intrauterine environment to the outside world. In this study, trabecular bone parameters of the talus and sagittal ridge of the tibia from stillborn but full‐term precocials (calves and foals) were analyzed by micro‐CT imaging in order to identify possible anticipatory mechanisms to loading. Calculated average bone volume fraction in the Shetland pony (49–74%) was significantly higher compared to Warmblood foals (28–51%). Bovine trabecular bone was characterized by a low average bone volume fraction (22–28%), however, more directional anisotropy was found. It is concluded that anticipatory strategies in skeletal development exist in precocial species, which differ per species and are most likely related to anatomical differences in joint geometry and related loading patterns. The underlying regulatory mechanisms are still unknown, but they may be based on a genetic blueprint for the development of bone. More knowledge, both about a possible blueprint and its regulation, will be helpful in understanding developmental bone and joint diseases. J. Morphol. 277:948–956, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben M C Gorissen
- Department of Pathobiology, Anatomy and Physiology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia F Wolschrijn
- Department of Pathobiology, Anatomy and Physiology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk A M van Vilsteren
- Department of Animal Sciences, Human and Animal Physiology Division, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bert van Rietbergen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Orthopedic Biomechanics Division, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - P René van Weeren
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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The Influence of Organized Physical Activity (Including Gymnastics) on Young Adult Skeletal Traits: Is Maturity Phase Important? Pediatr Exerc Sci 2015; 27:285-96. [PMID: 25386845 PMCID: PMC4428999 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2014-0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We prospectively evaluated adolescent organized physical activity (PA) as a factor in adult female bone traits. Annual DXA scans accompanied semiannual records of anthropometry, maturity, and PA for 42 participants in this preliminary analysis (criteria: appropriately timed DXA scans at ~1 year premenarche [predictor] and ~5 years postmenarche [dependent variable]). Regression analysis evaluated total adolescent interscan PA and PA over 3 maturity subphases as predictors of young adult bone outcomes: 1) bone mineral content (BMC), geometry, and strength indices at nondominant distal radius and femoral neck; 2) subhead BMC; 3) lumbar spine BMC. Analyses accounted for baseline gynecological age (years pre- or postmenarche), baseline bone status, adult body size and interscan body size change. Gymnastics training was evaluated as a potentially independent predictor, but did not improve models for any outcomes (p > .07). Premenarcheal bone traits were strong predictors of most adult outcomes (semipartial r2 = .21-0.59, p ≤ .001). Adult 1/3 radius and subhead BMC were predicted by both total PA and PA 1-3 years postmenarche (p < .03). PA 3-5 years postmenarche predicted femoral narrow neck width, endosteal diameter, and buckling ratio (p < .05). Thus, participation in organized physical activity programs throughout middle and high school may reduce lifetime fracture risk in females.
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