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Lemineur C, Blain GM, Piche E, Gerus P. Relationship between metabolic cost, muscle moments and co-contraction during walking and running. Gait Posture 2024; 113:345-351. [PMID: 39053123 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2024.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The metabolic cost of locomotion is a key factor in walking and running performance. It has been studied by analysing the activation and co-activation of the muscles of the lower limbs. However, these measures do not comprehensively address muscle mechanics, in contrast to approaches using muscle moments and co-contraction. RESEARCH QUESTION What is the effect of speed and type of locomotion on muscle moments and co-contraction, and their relationship with metabolic cost during walking and running? METHODS Eleven recreational athletes (60.5 ± 7.1 kg; 169.0 ± 6.6 cm; 23.6 ± 3.3 years) walked and ran on a treadmill at different speeds, including a similar speed of 1.75 m.s-1. Metabolic cost was estimated from gas exchange measurements. Muscle moments and co-contraction of ankle and knee flexors and extensors during the stance and swing phases were estimated using an electromyographic-driven model. RESULTS Both the slowest and fastest walking speeds had significantly higher metabolic costs than intermediate ones (p < 0.05). The metabolic cost of walking was correlated with plantarflexors moment during swing phase (r = 0.62 at 0.5 m.s-1, r = 0.67 at 1,25 m.s-1), dorsiflexors moment during stance phase (r = 0.65 at 1.25 m.s-1, r = 0.67 at 1.5 and 1.75 m.s-1), and ankle co-contraction during the stance phase (r = 0.63 at 1.25 and 1.75 m.s-1). The metabolic cost of running at 3.25 m.s-1 during the swing phase was correlated with the dorsiflexors moment (r = 0.63), plantarflexors moment (r = 0.61) and ankle co-contraction (r = 0.60). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Fluctuations in metabolic cost of walking and running could be explained, at least in part, by increased ankle antagonist moments and co-contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elodie Piche
- Université Côte d'Azur, LAMHESS, Nice, France; Université Côte d'Azur, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Clinique Gériatrique du Cerveau et du Mouvement, Nice, France
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Finni T, Vanwanseele B. Towards modern understanding of the Achilles tendon properties in human movement research. J Biomech 2023; 152:111583. [PMID: 37086579 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
The Achilles tendon (AT) is the strongest tendon in humans, yet it often suffers from injury. The mechanical properties of the AT afford efficient movement, power amplification and power attenuation during locomotor tasks. The properties and the unique structure of the AT as a common tendon for three muscles have been studied frequently in humans using in vivo methods since 1990's. As a part of the celebration of 50 years history of the International Society of Biomechanics, this paper reviews the history of the AT research focusing on its mechanical properties in humans. The questions addressed are: What are the most important mechanical properties of the Achilles tendon, how are they studied, what is their significance to human movement, and how do they adapt? We foresee that the ongoing developments in experimental methods and modeling can provide ways to advance knowledge of the complex three-dimensional structure and properties of the Achilles tendon in vivo, and to enable monitoring of the loading and recovery for optimizing individual adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taija Finni
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Neuromuscular Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Benedicte Vanwanseele
- Faculty of Movement and Rehabilitation Science, Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, KU Leuven, Belgium
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Khair RM, Stenroth L, Cronin NJ, Reito A, Paloneva J, Finni T. Muscle-tendon morphomechanical properties of non-surgically treated Achilles tendon 1-year post-rupture. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2022; 92:105568. [PMID: 35066440 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2021.105568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Achilles tendon rupture appears to alter stiffness and length of the tendon. These alterations may affect the function of tendon in force transmission and in energy storage and recovery. We studied the mechanical properties of the Achilles' tendon post-rupture and their association with function. METHODS Twenty-four (20 males, 4 females) participants (mean age: 43 y, 176 cm, 81 kg) were recruited. Ultrasonography and dynamometry were used to assess the muscle-tendon unit morphological and mechanical properties of non-surgically treated patients 1-year post rupture. FINDINGS Injured tendons were longer with difference of 1.8 cm (95%CI: 0.5-1.9 cm; P < 0.001), and thicker by 0.2 mm (0.2-0.3 mm; P < 0.01). Medial gastrocnemius cross-sectional area was 1.0 cm2 smaller (0.8-1.1 cm2; P < 0.001), fascicles were 0.6 cm shorter (0.5-0.7 cm; P < 0.001) and pennation angle was 2.5° higher (1.3-3.6°; P < 0.001) when compared to the uninjured limb. We found no differences between injured and uninjured tendon stiffness 1-year post-rupture (mean difference: 29.8 N/mm, -7.7-67.3 N/mm; P = 0.170). The injured tendon showed 1.8 mm (1.2-2.4 mm; P < 0.01) lower elongation during maximal voluntary isometric contractions. Patient-reported functional outcome was related to the tendon resting length (β = 0.68, r(10) = 4.079, P = 0.002). Inter-limb differences in the medial gastrocnemius fascicle length were related to inter-limb differences in maximum contractions (β = 1.17, r(14) = 2.808, P = 0.014). INTERPRETATION Longer Achilles tendon resting length was associated with poorer self-evaluated functional outcome. Although the stiffness of non-surgically treated and uninjured tendons was similar 1-year post rupture, plantar flexion strength deficit was still present, possibly due to shorter medial gastrocnemius fascicle length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ra'ad M Khair
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Neuromuscular Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Lauri Stenroth
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Neil J Cronin
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Neuromuscular Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland; School of Sport & Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, UK
| | | | - Juha Paloneva
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Central Finland Health Care District, Finland
| | - Taija Finni
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Neuromuscular Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Bersotti FM, Mochizuki L, Brech GC, Soares ALDS, Soares-Junior JM, Baracat EC, Greve JMD, Alonso AC. The variability of isokinetic ankle strength is different in healthy older men and women. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2022; 77:100125. [PMID: 36327639 PMCID: PMC9636544 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinsp.2022.100125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT In the elderly, weak lower limb muscles impair functional tasks' performance. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the healthy elderly's ankle dorsiflexion and plantarflexion maximum torque and its variability in two sets of 5 RM isokinetics evaluation. METHOD 50 women (68.0 ± 4.6 years old) and 50 men (72.7 ± 8.5 years old) did two sets of ankle plantar flexor and dorsiflexor isokinetic tests at 30°/s. Peak torque, total work, and coefficient of variation were analyzed. RESULTS Men did the strongest plantarflexion torque (p < 0.05) and dorsiflexion torque (p < 0.05); their highest peak torque occurred at set 2 (p < 0.05), while the largest plantarflexion torque variability (p < 0.05), dorsiflexion torque variability (p < 0.05), and the largest plantarflexion torque variability occurred at set 1 (p < 0.05). Men did the highest plantarflexion and dorsiflexion total work (p < 0.05) at set 2 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Older men are stronger than older women. The torque variability, in men, was higher during the first set, suggesting an adaptation to the isokinetics evaluation. Clinicians and researchers should consider that different muscles might need different numbers of sets and trials to measure their maximal muscle strength.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis Mochizuki
- School of Arts Sciences and Humanities, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Carlos Brech
- Graduate Program in Aging Sciences, Universidade São Judas Tadeu, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Jose Maria Soares-Junior
- Discipline of Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP (FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Edmund Chada Baracat
- Discipline of Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP (FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Julia Maria D'Andrea Greve
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Angelica Castilho Alonso
- Graduate Program in Aging Sciences, Universidade São Judas Tadeu, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Delabastita T, Hollville E, Catteau A, Cortvriendt P, De Groote F, Vanwanseele B. Distal-to-proximal joint mechanics redistribution is a main contributor to reduced walking economy in older adults. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 31:1036-1047. [PMID: 33527504 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Age-related neural and musculoskeletal declines affect mobility and the quality of life of older adults. To date, the mechanisms underlying reduced walking economy in older adults still remain elusive. In this study, we wanted to investigate which biomechanical factors were associated with the higher energy cost of walking in older compared with young adults. Fourteen younger (24 ± 2 years) and fourteen older (74 ± 4 years) adults were tested. Plantarflexor strength and Achilles tendon stiffness were evaluated during a dynamometer test. Medial gastrocnemius fascicle length, ground reaction forces, joint kinematics, and oxygen consumption were measured during walking treadmill at 0.83 and 1.39 m.s-1 . Energy cost of walking, lower-limb joint mechanics, muscle-tendon unit, and tendinous tissues length were calculated. The energy cost of walking was higher at 0.83 m.s-1 (+16%; P = .005) and plantarflexor strength lower (-31%; P = .007) in older adults. Achilles tendon stiffness and medial gastrocnemius fascicle length changes did not differ between older and young adults. The reduction in ankle mechanics was compensated by increases in hip mechanics in older adults during walking. The hip extensor moment was the only significant predictor of the energy cost of walking (adjusted R2 : 0.35-0.38). The higher energy cost in older adults is mainly associated with their distal-to-proximal redistribution of joint mechanics during walking possibly due to plantarflexor weakness. In our study, medial gastrocnemius fascicle and tendinous tissue behavior did not explain the higher energy cost of walking in older compared to young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijs Delabastita
- Department of Movement Science, Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Enzo Hollville
- Department of Movement Science, Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andreas Catteau
- Department of Movement Science, Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philip Cortvriendt
- Department of Movement Science, Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Friedl De Groote
- Department of Movement Science, Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Benedicte Vanwanseele
- Department of Movement Science, Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, Leuven, Belgium
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Inhomogeneous and Anisotropic Mechanical Properties of the Triceps Surae Aponeuroses in Older Adults: Relationships With Muscle Strength and Walking Performance. J Aging Phys Act 2021; 29:642-650. [PMID: 33450727 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2020-0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated (a) site- and direction-dependent variations of passive triceps surae aponeurosis stiffness and (b) the relationships between aponeurosis stiffness and muscle strength and walking performance in older individuals. Seventy-nine healthy older adults participated in this study. Shear wave velocities of the triceps surae aponeuroses at different sites and in two orthogonal directions were obtained in a prone position at rest using supersonic shear imaging. The maximal voluntary isometric contraction torque of the plantar flexors and normal (preferred) and fast (fastest possible) walking speeds (5-m distance) were also measured. The shear wave velocities of the adjoining aponeuroses were weakly associated with plantar flexion torque (r = .23-.34), normal (r = .26), and fast walking speed (r = .25). The results show clear spatial variations and anisotropy of the triceps surae aponeuroses stiffness in vivo, and the aponeurosis stiffness was associated with physical ability in older adults.
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Lindemann I, Coombes BK, Tucker K, Hug F, Dick TJ. Age-related differences in gastrocnemii muscles and Achilles tendon mechanical properties in vivo. J Biomech 2020; 112:110067. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.110067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Hösl M, Kruse A, Tilp M, Svehlik M, Böhm H, Zehentbauer A, Arampatzis A. Impact of Altered Gastrocnemius Morphometrics and Fascicle Behavior on Walking Patterns in Children With Spastic Cerebral Palsy. Front Physiol 2020; 11:518134. [PMID: 33178029 PMCID: PMC7597072 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.518134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spastic cerebral palsy (SCP) affects neural control, deteriorates muscle morphometrics, and may progressively impair functional walking ability. Upon passive testing, gastrocnemius medialis (GM) muscle bellies or fascicles are typically shorter, thinner, and less extensible. Relationships between muscle and gait parameters might help to understand gait pathology and pathogenesis of spastic muscles. The current aim was to link resting and dynamic GM morphometrics and contractile fascicle behavior (both excursion and velocity) during walking to determinants of gait. We explored the associations between gait variables and ultrasonography of the GM muscle belly captured during rest and during gait in children with SCP [n = 15, gross motor function classification system (GMFCS) levels I and II, age: 7–16 years] and age-matched healthy peers (n = 17). The SCP children’s plantar flexors were 27% weaker. They walked 12% slower with more knee flexion produced 42% less peak ankle push-off power (all p < 0.05) and 7/15 landed on their forefoot. During the stance phase, fascicles in SCP on average operated on 9% shorter length (normalized to rest length) and displayed less and slower fascicle shortening (37 and 30.6%, respectively) during push-off (all p ≤ 0.024). Correlation analyses in SCP patients revealed that (1) longer-resting fascicles and thicker muscle bellies are positively correlated with walking speed and negatively to knee flexion (r = 0.60–0.69, p < 0.0127) but not to better ankle kinematics; (2) reduced muscle strength was associated with the extent of eccentric fascicle excursion (r = −0.57, p = 0.015); and (3) a shorter operating length of the fascicles was correlated with push-off power (r = −0.58, p = 0.013). Only in controls, a correlation (r = 0.61, p = 0.0054) between slower fascicle shortening velocity and push-off power was found. Our results indicate that a thicker gastrocnemius muscle belly and longer gastrocnemius muscle fascicles may be reasonable morphometric properties that should be targeted in interventions for individuals with SCP, since GM muscle atrophy may be related to decreases in walking speed and undesired knee flexion during gait. Furthermore, children with SCP and weaker gastrocnemius muscle may be more susceptible to chronic eccentric muscle overloading. The relationship between shorter operating length of the fascicles and push-off power may further support the idea of a compensation mechanism for the longer sarcomeres found in children with SCP. Nevertheless, more studies are needed to support our explorative findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Hösl
- Gait and Motion Analysis Laboratory, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth, Germany
| | - Annika Kruse
- Department of Biomechanics, Movement and Training Sciences, Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Markus Tilp
- Department of Biomechanics, Movement and Training Sciences, Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Svehlik
- Paediatric Orthopaedics Unit, Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Harald Böhm
- Gait Laboratory, Orthopedic Children's Hospital Aschau, Aschau im Chiemgau, Germany
| | - Antonia Zehentbauer
- Human Movement Science, Faculty of Sports Science, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Adamantios Arampatzis
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Nuckols RW, Dick TJM, Beck ON, Sawicki GS. Ultrasound imaging links soleus muscle neuromechanics and energetics during human walking with elastic ankle exoskeletons. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3604. [PMID: 32109239 PMCID: PMC7046782 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60360-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Unpowered exoskeletons with springs in parallel to human plantar flexor muscle-tendons can reduce the metabolic cost of walking. We used ultrasound imaging to look 'under the skin' and measure how exoskeleton stiffness alters soleus muscle contractile dynamics and shapes the user's metabolic rate during walking. Eleven participants (4F, 7M; age: 27.7 ± 3.3 years) walked on a treadmill at 1.25 m s-1 and 0% grade with elastic ankle exoskeletons (rotational stiffness: 0-250 Nm rad-1) in one training and two testing days. Metabolic savings were maximized (4.2%) at a stiffness of 50 Nm rad-1. As exoskeleton stiffness increased, the soleus muscle operated at longer lengths and improved economy (force/activation) during early stance, but this benefit was offset by faster shortening velocity and poorer economy in late stance. Changes in soleus activation rate correlated with changes in users' metabolic rate (p = 0.038, R2 = 0.44), highlighting a crucial link between muscle neuromechanics and exoskeleton performance; perhaps informing future 'muscle-in-the loop' exoskeleton controllers designed to steer contractile dynamics toward more economical force production.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Nuckols
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, UNC Chapel Hill and NC State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
| | - T J M Dick
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, UNC Chapel Hill and NC State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - O N Beck
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - G S Sawicki
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, UNC Chapel Hill and NC State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
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Drazan JF, Hullfish TJ, Baxter JR. Muscle structure governs joint function: linking natural variation in medial gastrocnemius structure with isokinetic plantar flexor function. Biol Open 2019; 8:bio.048520. [PMID: 31784422 PMCID: PMC6918776 DOI: 10.1242/bio.048520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the robust findings linking plantar flexor muscle structure to gross function within athletes, the elderly and patients following Achilles tendon ruptures, the link between natural variation in plantar flexor structure and function in healthy adults is unclear. In this study, we determined the relationship between medial gastrocnemius structure and peak torque and total work about the ankle during maximal effort contractions. We measured resting fascicle length and pennation angle using ultrasound in healthy adults (N=12). Subjects performed maximal effort isometric and isokinetic contractions on a dynamometer. We found that longer fascicles were positively correlated with higher peak torque and total work (R2>0.41, P<0.013) across all isokinetic velocities, ranging from slow (30°/s) to fast (210°/s) contractions. Higher pennation angles were negatively correlated with peak torque and total work (R2>0.296, P<0.067). These correlations were not significant in isometric conditions. We further explored this relationship using a simple computational model to simulate isokinetic contractions. These simulations confirmed that longer fascicle lengths generate more joint torque and work throughout a greater range of motion. This study provides evidence that ankle function is strongly influenced by muscle structure in healthy adults. Summary: Using ultrasound measurements of muscle structure and dynamometer measurements of ankle function, we found that longer muscle fascicles positively correlated with increased ankle kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Drazan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Todd J Hullfish
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Josh R Baxter
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Meurisse GM, Bastien GJ, Schepens B. Effect of age and speed on the step-to-step transition phase during walking. J Biomech 2019; 83:253-259. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Moura BMD, Sakugawa RL, Orssatto LBDR, de Lima LAP, Pinto RS, Walker S, Diefenthaeler F. Functional capacity improves in-line with neuromuscular performance after 12 weeks of non-linear periodization strength training in the elderly. Aging Clin Exp Res 2018; 30:959-968. [PMID: 29214519 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-017-0873-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While it is accepted that resistance training can improve functional capacity in older individuals, the neuromuscular source of this improvement has yet to be identified. AIM This study investigated the link between improved neuromuscular performance and functional capacity after a 12-week resistance training period in untrained healthy older individuals. METHODS Fifteen older men and women (60-71 years) adhered to a 4-week control period, followed by 12 weeks of non-linear resistance training for the lower limbs. Maximum dynamic leg press strength (1-RM), maximum isometric knee extension torque and rate of torque development (RTD) were evaluated at - 4, 0, 4, 8, and 12 weeks, and muscle activity was assessed at 0, 4, 8, and 12 weeks. Functional capacity tests (chair rise, stair ascent and descent, and timed up and go) were performed at - 4, 0, and 12 weeks. RESULTS No changes occurred during the control period, but the group increased their 1-RM strength (from 142 ± 53 to 198 ± 43 kg, p = 0.001), which was accompanied by an increase in vastus lateralis activation (p = 0.008) during the intervention. Increase was observed at all RTD time intervals at week 8 (p < 0.05). Significant improvements in all the functional capacity tests were observed at week 12 (p < 0.05). DISCUSSION Despite the expected increase in strength, RTD, muscle activity, and functional capacity, there was no significant relationship between the changes in neuromuscular performance and functional capacity. While resistance training elicits various positive improvements in healthy older individuals, actual strength gain did not influence the gain in functional capacity. CONCLUSION The present study highlights the exact cause that improved the functional capabilities during resistance training are currently unknown.
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Malatesta D, Canepa M, Menendez Fernandez A. The effect of treadmill and overground walking on preferred walking speed and gait kinematics in healthy, physically active older adults. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:1833-1843. [PMID: 28687953 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3672-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Preferred walking speed (PWS) represents a performance measure of mobility in older individuals. PWS is usually assessed during overground (via a 2-40 m walkway) or treadmill walking in older adults. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of treadmill and overground walking on preferred walking speed, spatiotemporal parameters and foot kinematics in healthy, physically active older and young adults after adequate treadmill familiarization. METHODS PWS and spatiotemporal parameters were assessed during overground (PWSO) and treadmill (PWST) walking using two wearable inertial sensor systems and were compared between 25 older (72.2 ± 4.0, range 66-80 years) and 20 young (24.4 ± 2.1, range 20-30 years) adults. RESULTS In the two groups, PWSO (older: 1.45 ± 0.17 m.s-1; young: 1.37 ± 0.16 m.s-1) was significantly faster than PWST (older: 1.31 ± 0.15 m.s-1; young: 1.25 ± 0.17 m.s-1; P < 0.001), with no significant difference between the groups in either walking condition (P = 0.11). The older adults walked with a significantly greater stride frequency (+8%; P ≤ 0.001) and lower plantarflexion angle (-5%; P ≤ 0.001) than the young participants under both walking conditions. In both groups, treadmill walking was characterized by significantly increased stance (+1%; P = 0.02) and double support (+1%; P = 0.04) duration, as well as reduced swing duration (-1%; P = 0.02) and heel-strike pitch angle (-8%; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Our findings showed that healthy and physically active older and young adults who were adequately familiarized to the treadmill selected a slower PWS on the treadmill than during overground walking with small "safety-related" gait kinematic adaptations. Therefore, treadmill can be used for assessing PWS and gait kinematics in physically active older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Malatesta
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences of University of Lausanne (ISSUL), University of Lausanne (UNIL), Bâtiment Géopolis, Bureau no. 5885, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Mosè Canepa
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences of University of Lausanne (ISSUL), University of Lausanne (UNIL), Bâtiment Géopolis, Bureau no. 5885, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aitor Menendez Fernandez
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences of University of Lausanne (ISSUL), University of Lausanne (UNIL), Bâtiment Géopolis, Bureau no. 5885, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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