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Hopwood HJ, Bellinger PM, Compton HR, Bourne MN, Derave W, Lievens E, Kennedy B, Minahan CL. Match Running Performance in Australian Football Is Related to Muscle Fiber Typology. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:1442-1448. [PMID: 37857382 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the association between muscle fiber typology and match running performance in professional Australian football (AF) athletes. METHODS An observational time-motion analysis was performed on 23 professional AF athletes during 224 games throughout the 2020 competitive season. Athletes were categorized by position as hybrid, small, or tall. Athlete running performance was measured using Global Navigation Satellite System devices. Mean total match running performance and maximal mean intensity values were calculated for moving mean durations between 1 and 10 minutes for speed (in meters per minute), high-speed-running distance (HSR, >4.17 m·s-1), and acceleration (in meters per second squared), while intercept and slopes were calculated using power law. Carnosine content was quantified by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the gastrocnemius and soleus and expressed as a carnosine aggregate z score (CAZ score) to estimate muscle fiber typology. Mixed linear models were used to determine the association between CAZ score and running performance. RESULTS The mean (range) CAZ score was -0.60 (-1.89 to 1.25), indicating that most athletes possessed a greater estimated proportion of type I muscle fibers. A greater estimated proportion of type I fibers (ie, lower CAZ score) was associated with a larger accumulation of HSR (>4.17 m·s-1) and an increased ability to maintain HSR as the peak period duration increased. CONCLUSION AF athletes with a greater estimated proportion of type I muscle fibers were associated with a greater capacity to accumulate distance running at high speeds, as well as a greater capacity to maintain higher output of HSR running during peak periods as duration increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry J Hopwood
- Griffith Sport Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Football Department, Gold Coast Football Club, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Heidi R Compton
- Football Department, Gold Coast Football Club, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Applied Sports Science and Exercise Testing Laboratory, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW, Australia
| | - Matthew N Bourne
- Griffith Sport Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Wim Derave
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eline Lievens
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ben Kennedy
- Mermaid Beach Radiology, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Clare L Minahan
- Griffith Sport Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Australian Institute of Sport, Australian Sports Commission, Canberra, QLD, Australia
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The Relevance of Muscle Fiber Type to Physical Characteristics and Performance in Team-Sport Athletes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:223-230. [PMID: 36750118 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this systematic review was to (1) determine the muscle fiber-type composition (or muscle fiber typology [MFT]) of team-sport athletes and (2) examine associations between MFT and the physical characteristics and performance tasks in team-sport athletes. METHODS Searches were conducted across numerous databases-PubMed, SPORTDiscus, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar-using consistent search terms. Studies were included if they examined the MFT of team-sport athletes. Included studies underwent critical appraisal using the McMasters University critical appraisal tool for quantitative research. RESULTS A total of 10 studies were included in the present review, wherein the MFT of athletes was measured from 5 different team sports (soccer, rugby union, rugby league, handball, and volleyball). There was large variability in the MFT of team-sport athletes both within (up to 27.5%) and between sports (24.0% relative difference). Male football players with a higher proportion of type II fibers had faster 10- and 30-m sprint times, achieved a greater total distance sprinting (distance at >6.67 m·s-1), and a greater peak 1-minute sprint distance. CONCLUSIONS MFT varies considerably between athletes both within and between different team sports. The results from some studies suggest that variation in MFT is associated with high-intensity running performance in a football match, as well as 10- and 30-m sprint times. Further experimental studies should focus on how determination of the MFT of team-sport athletes could be utilized to influence talent identification, team selection, and the individualization of training.
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Hicks DS, Drummond C, Williams KJ, van den Tillaar R. Force-Velocity Profiling in Club-Based Field Hockey Players: Analyzing the Relationships between Mechanical Characteristics, Sex, and Positional Demands. J Sports Sci Med 2023; 22:142-155. [PMID: 36876183 PMCID: PMC9982534 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2023.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate differences between sex and positional demands in club-based field hockey players by analyzing vertical force-velocity characteristics. Thirty-three club-based field hockey athletes (16 males - age: 24.8 ± 7.3yrs, body mass: 76.8 ± 8.2kg, height: 1.79 ± 0.05m; 17 females - age: 22.3 ± 4.2yrs, body mass: 65.2 ± 7.6kg, height: 1.66 ± 0.05m) were classified into two key positional groups (attacker or defender) based on dominant field position during gameplay. Force-velocity (F-v) profiles were established by performing countermovement jumps (CMJ) using a three-point loading protocol ranging from body mass (i.e., zero external mass, 0%) to loads corresponding to 25% and 50% of their own body mass. Across all loads, between-trial reliability of F-v and CMJ variables was determined by intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and coefficient of variation (CV) and deemed to be acceptable (ICC: 0.87-0.95, CV% 2.8-8.2). Analysis by sex identified male athletes had significantly greater differences in all F-v variables (12.81-40.58%, p ≤ 0.001, ES = 1.10-3.19), a more enhanced F-v profile (i.e., greater theoretical maximal force, velocity, and power values), plus overall stronger correlations between relative maximal power (PMAX) and jump height (r = 0.67, p ≤ 0.06) when compared to female athletes (-0.71≤ r ≥ 0.60, p = 0.08). Male attackers demonstrated a more 'velocity-oriented' F-v profile compared to defenders due to significant mean differences in theoretical maximal velocity (v0) (6.64%, p ≤ 0.05, ES: 1.11), however differences in absolute and relative theoretical force (F0) (15.43%, p ≤ 0.01, ES = 1.39) led to female attackers displaying a more 'force-oriented' profile in comparison to defenders. The observed mechanical differences identify the underpinning characteristics of position specific expression of PMAX should be reflected in training programmes. Therefore, our findings suggest F-v profiling is acceptable to differentiate between sex and positional demands in club-based field hockey players. Furthermore, it is recommended field hockey players explore a range of loads and exercises across the F-v continuum through on-field and gym-based field hockey strength and conditioning practices to account for sex and positional mechanical differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan S Hicks
- SHAPE Research Centre, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - Claire Drummond
- SHAPE Research Centre, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - Kym J Williams
- SHAPE Research Centre, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia
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Yuanjie Z, Xing X, Jing W, Xi G, Yanbin P, Yu M. Risk Factors for Femoral Cortical Button Malposition in Posterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Orthop J Sports Med 2022; 10:23259671221094292. [PMID: 35547612 PMCID: PMC9083064 DOI: 10.1177/23259671221094292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Femoral cortical button suspension fixation is a popular and reliable technique for posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (PCLR). Button malposition during graft fixation can lead to postoperative graft loosening. Purpose To determine the risk factors of femoral cortical button malposition in PCLR when neither direct visualization nor intraoperative fluoroscopy is used. Study Design Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods Of the 206 consecutive patients who underwent PCLR without direct visualization or intraoperative radiographs in 2019 at a single institution, 182 met the selection criteria and were included in the study. The distance from the suspension button to the femoral cortex was measured on postoperative computed tomography scans. The button was considered malpositioned if its distance to the femoral cortex was ≥2 mm. We evaluated patient-related and surgery-related variables, including age, sex, concomitant ligament reconstruction, button type, and surgeon experience. Multivariate logistic regression was conducted to evaluate the risk factors for button malposition. Results The overall prevalence of button malposition was approximately 17.0% (31/182), and the mean distance from the button to the femoral cortex was 6.11 ± 5.82 mm in the malposition group. Male sex was the most significant risk factor for button malposition (odds ratio [OR], 13.86; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.73-111.17; P = .013). Other independent risk factors were low surgical volume (completing ≤3 procedures; OR, 6.41; 95% CI, 1.89-21.72; P = .003), concomitant ligament reconstruction (OR, 5.56; 95% CI, 2.12-14.58; P < .001), and fixed-loop button (OR, 3.96; 95% CI, 1.11-14.18; P = .034). Conclusion Male sex, low surgical volume, concomitant ligament reconstruction, and fixed-loop button were independent risk factors for femoral cortical button malposition during PCLR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng Yuanjie
- Joint Surgery and Sport Medicine Department, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Hunan Province Sports Medicine Clinical Medicine Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Xie Xing
- Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wang Jing
- Joint Surgery and Sport Medicine Department, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Hunan Province Sports Medicine Clinical Medicine Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Gong Xi
- Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Pi Yanbin
- Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Yu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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Kawama R, Okudaira M, Shimasaki T, Maemura H, Tanigawa S. Sub-elite sprinters and rugby players possess different morphological characteristics of the individual hamstrings and quadriceps muscles. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259039. [PMID: 34699562 PMCID: PMC8547647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have clarified that sprinters possess unique morphological characteristics of the thigh muscles compared with non-athletes. However, little evidence is available regarding the morphological differences between sprinters and rugby players. This study aimed to examine the morphological differences in the individual hamstrings and quadriceps femoris muscles between sub-elite sprinters and rugby players. Ultrasound images were acquired from the proximal, middle, and distal regions of the thigh. From the images, the anatomical cross-sectional areas were calculated for 14 sub-elite sprinters, 14 rugby players, and 14 non-athletes. The calculated anatomical cross-sectional areas were normalized to two-thirds power of the body mass, and the normalized values of all regions were averaged as those of the individual muscles. In the hamstrings, the sizes of the biceps femoris short head and semitendinosus were greater in the sprinters than in the rugby players and/or non-athletes (all p < 0.05). In contrast, in the quadriceps femoris, the sizes of the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, and vastus intermedius were the greatest in the rugby players (all p < 0.05). In the middle region of the biceps femoris short head and the proximal-middle regions of the semitendinosus, the muscle sizes were greater in the sprinters than in the rugby players (all p < 0.05), and vice versa in the middle-distal regions of the rectus femoris (all p < 0.05). These results suggest that 1) sub-elite sprinters possess larger sizes of the biceps femoris short head and semitendinosus, whereas rugby players have larger sizes of the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, and vastus intermedius, and 2) each of the athletes has different size distributions, especially along the lengths of BFsh, ST, and RF. The findings of the present study would be helpful for rugby players in designing training regimens aimed at enhancing sprint performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raki Kawama
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Masamichi Okudaira
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Shimasaki
- Institute of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Maemura
- Institute of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Satoru Tanigawa
- Institute of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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