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Allison EY, Al-Khazraji BK. Cerebrovascular adaptations to habitual resistance exercise with aging. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2024; 326:H772-H785. [PMID: 38214906 PMCID: PMC11221804 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00625.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Resistance training (RT) is associated with improved metabolism, bone density, muscular strength, and lower risk of osteoporosis, sarcopenia, and cardiovascular disease. Although RT imparts many physiological benefits, cerebrovascular adaptations to chronic RT are not well defined. Participation in RT is associated with greater resting peripheral arterial diameters, improved endothelial function, and general cardiovascular health, whereas simultaneously linked to reductions in central arterial compliance. Rapid blood pressure fluctuations during resistance exercise, combined with reduced arterial compliance, could lead to cerebral microvasculature damage and subsequent cerebral hypoperfusion. Reductions in cerebral blood flow (CBF) accompany normal aging, where chronic reductions in CBF are associated with changes in brain structure and function, and increased risk of neurodegeneration. It remains unclear whether reductions in arterial compliance with RT relate to subclinical cerebrovascular pathology, or if such adaptations require interpretation in the context of RT specifically. The purpose of this narrative review is to synthesize literature pertaining to cerebrovascular adaptations to RT at different stages of the life span. This review also aims to identify gaps in the current understanding of the long-term impacts of RT on cerebral hemodynamics and provide a mechanistic rationale for these adaptations as they relate to aging, cerebral vasculature, and overall brain health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elric Y Allison
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Baraa K Al-Khazraji
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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McIntosh MC, Anglin DA, Robinson AT, Beck DT, Roberts MD. Making the case for resistance training in improving vascular function and skeletal muscle capillarization. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1338507. [PMID: 38405119 PMCID: PMC10884331 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1338507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Through decades of empirical data, it has become evident that resistance training (RT) can improve strength/power and skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Yet, until recently, vascular outcomes have historically been underemphasized in RT studies, which is underscored by several exercise-related reviews supporting the benefits of endurance training on vascular measures. Several lines of evidence suggest large artery diameter and blood flow velocity increase after a single bout of resistance exercise, and these events are mediated by vasoactive substances released from endothelial cells and myofibers (e.g., nitric oxide). Weeks to months of RT can also improve basal limb blood flow and arterial diameter while lowering blood pressure. Although several older investigations suggested RT reduces skeletal muscle capillary density, this is likely due to most of these studies being cross-sectional in nature. Critically, newer evidence from longitudinal studies contradicts these findings, and a growing body of mechanistic rodent and human data suggest skeletal muscle capillarity is related to mechanical overload-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy. In this review, we will discuss methods used by our laboratories and others to assess large artery size/function and skeletal muscle capillary characteristics. Next, we will discuss data by our groups and others examining large artery and capillary responses to a single bout of resistance exercise and chronic RT paradigms. Finally, we will discuss RT-induced mechanisms associated with acute and chronic vascular outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Derick A. Anglin
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | | | - Darren T. Beck
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine–Auburn Campus, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Michael D. Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine–Auburn Campus, Auburn, AL, United States
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Ipsilateral Lower-to-Upper Limb Cross-Transfer Effect on Muscle Strength, Mechanical Power, and Lean Tissue Mass after Accentuated Eccentric Loading. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 57:medicina57050445. [PMID: 34064370 PMCID: PMC8147780 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57050445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: To investigate the effects of unilateral accentuated eccentric loading (AEL) on changes in lean mass and function of leg trained (TL) and ipsilateral non-trained arm (NTA) in young men and women. Materials and Methods: In a prospective trial, 69 Physically active university students (20.2 ± 2.2 years) were randomly placed into a training group (n = 46; 27 men, 19 women) or a control group without training (n = 23; 13 men, 10 women). Participants in the training group performed unilateral AEL in the leg press exercise of the dominant leg twice a week for 10 weeks. An electric motor device-generated isotonic resistance at different intensities for both concentric (30% of 1-RM) and eccentric contractions (105% of 1-RM). Changes in thigh and arm lean tissue mass, unilateral leg press and unilateral elbow flexion maximal concentric (1-RM) and isometric strength (MVIC), and unilateral muscle power at 40, 60, and 80% 1-RM for both leg press and elbow flexion exercises before and after intervention were compared between groups, between sexes and between TL and NTA. Results: Both men and women in the training group showed increases (p < 0.05) in lean tissue mass, 1-RM, MVIC, and muscle power for TL. In NTA, 1-RM, MVIC, and muscle power increased without significant differences between sexes, but neither in men nor women changes in lean tissue mass were observed. In addition, men showed greater changes in TL, but changes in NTA were similar between sexes. No gains in any variable were found for the control group. Conclusions: AEL protocol produced similar neuromuscular changes in TL and ipsilateral NTA, which suggests that strong ipsilateral lower-to-upper limb cross-transfer effects were induced by the eccentric-overload training. However, early ipsilateral increases in muscle force and power were not associated with lean mass gains. Both men and women experienced similar changes in NTA; however, men showed greater changes in TL.
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The Impact of Exercise and Athletic Training on Vascular Structure and Function. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11936-020-00861-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Bell ZW, Wong V, Spitz RW, Chatakondi RN, Viana R, Abe T, Loenneke JP. The contraction history of the muscle and strength change: lessons learned from unilateral training models. Physiol Meas 2020; 41:01TR01. [PMID: 31652423 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/ab516c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Participation in resistance exercise is encouraged throughout the lifetime, offering such benefits as improved strength and muscle mass accretion. Considerable research has been completed on this topic within the past several decades, with the current narrative dictating that increased muscle size yields further increases in muscle strength. However, there remain unanswered questions relating to the observation that certain training interventions yield only one specific adaptation (strength or size). Studies investigating resistance training often include either bilateral or unilateral exercise programs. Unilateral exercise programs are often used as they allow for comparison between two separate training interventions within the same individual. This is viewed as an advantage, relating to statistical power, but a limitation insofar as one intervention could be confounded by the intervention within the opposing limb. For example, when only one limb is trained both limbs often get stronger (albeit to differing magnitudes), termed the cross-education effect. However, we propose that when both limbs are trained that the cross-education effect may not occur and that the adaptations produced are reflective of the contraction history of the muscle. Herein, we discuss ways to test the idea that strength change may be dictated by the contraction history of the muscle. If each limb responds only to the contraction history within each limb (as opposed to the opposite limb), then this would have immediate ramifications for research design. Furthermore, this would certainly be of importance among injured populations undergoing rehabilitation, seeking to find the most efficacious exercise regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary W Bell
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States of America
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Green LA, Gabriel DA. The effect of unilateral training on contralateral limb strength in young, older, and patient populations: a meta-analysis of cross education. PHYSICAL THERAPY REVIEWS 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10833196.2018.1499272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lara A. Green
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - David A. Gabriel
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
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Ocampo NV, Ramírez-Villada JF. El efecto de los programas de fuerza muscular sobre la capacidad funcional. Revisión sistemática. REVISTA DE LA FACULTAD DE MEDICINA 2018. [DOI: 10.15446/revfacmed.v66n3.62336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Introducción. El número de estudios relacionados con la fuerza muscular y la funcionalidad invitan al análisis en profundidad de sus resultados antes de su aplicación profesional.Objetivo. Desarrollar una revisión sistemática para la construcción de programas de actividad física centrados en el entrenamiento de fuerza muscular y la capacidad funcional de sedentarios entre los 19 y 79 años.Materiales y métodos. Se emplearon los parámetros PRISMA, Chocrane y de la Universidad de York para el diseño y ejecución de revisiones sistemáticas. Además, se garantizaron criterios de calidad y especificidad estrictos que permitieron identificar 14 categorías de análisis, de las cuales emergieron las pautas de programación que se informan en la revisión sistemática.Resultados. 49 estudios con nivel de evidencia 1+ (24%), 1- (33%), 2++ (4%), 2+ (29%) y 2- (10%) cumplieron con los criterios de selección establecidos y permitieron alimentar las 14 categorías propuestas y hacer una síntesis de contenido.Conclusión. Es posible elevar el efecto de los programas de actividad física sobre la fuerza muscular y la funcionalidad a partir de la identificación y consideración de unas variables de programación (categoría) básicas que se sustentan en la calidad de evidencia científica circulante.
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Green DJ, Hopman MTE, Padilla J, Laughlin MH, Thijssen DHJ. Vascular Adaptation to Exercise in Humans: Role of Hemodynamic Stimuli. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:495-528. [PMID: 28151424 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00014.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 443] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
On the 400th anniversary of Harvey's Lumleian lectures, this review focuses on "hemodynamic" forces associated with the movement of blood through arteries in humans and the functional and structural adaptations that result from repeated episodic exposure to such stimuli. The late 20th century discovery that endothelial cells modify arterial tone via paracrine transduction provoked studies exploring the direct mechanical effects of blood flow and pressure on vascular function and adaptation in vivo. In this review, we address the impact of distinct hemodynamic signals that occur in response to exercise, the interrelationships between these signals, the nature of the adaptive responses that manifest under different physiological conditions, and the implications for human health. Exercise modifies blood flow, luminal shear stress, arterial pressure, and tangential wall stress, all of which can transduce changes in arterial function, diameter, and wall thickness. There are important clinical implications of the adaptation that occurs as a consequence of repeated hemodynamic stimulation associated with exercise training in humans, including impacts on atherosclerotic risk in conduit arteries, the control of blood pressure in resistance vessels, oxygen delivery and diffusion, and microvascular health. Exercise training studies have demonstrated that direct hemodynamic impacts on the health of the artery wall contribute to the well-established decrease in cardiovascular risk attributed to physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Green
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia; Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Maria T E Hopman
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia; Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jaume Padilla
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia; Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - M Harold Laughlin
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia; Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Dick H J Thijssen
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia; Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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Influence of exercise training mode on arterial diameter: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sci Med Sport 2016; 19:74-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Silpanisong J, Pearce WJ. Vasotrophic regulation of age-dependent hypoxic cerebrovascular remodeling. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2014; 11:544-63. [PMID: 24063376 DOI: 10.2174/1570161111311050002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia can induce functional and structural vascular remodeling by changing the expression of trophic factors to promote homeostasis. While most experimental approaches have been focused on functional remodeling, structural remodeling can reflect changes in the abundance and organization of vascular proteins that determine functional remodeling. Better understanding of age-dependent hypoxic macrovascular remodeling processes of the cerebral vasculature and its clinical implications require knowledge of the vasotrophic factors that influence arterial structure and function. Hypoxia can affect the expression of transcription factors, classical receptor tyrosine kinase factors, non-classical G-protein coupled factors, catecholamines, and purines. Hypoxia's remodeling effects can be mediated by Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF) upregulation in most vascular beds, but alterations in the expression of growth factors can also be independent of HIF. PPARγ is another transcription factor involved in hypoxic remodeling. Expression of classical receptor tyrosine kinase ligands, including vascular endothelial growth factor, platelet derived growth factor, fibroblast growth factor and angiopoietins, can be altered by hypoxia which can act simultaneously to affect remodeling. Tyrosine kinase-independent factors, such as transforming growth factor, nitric oxide, endothelin, angiotensin II, catecholamines, and purines also participate in the remodeling process. This adaptation to hypoxic stress can fundamentally change with age, resulting in different responses between fetuses and adults. Overall, these mechanisms integrate to assure that blood flow and metabolic demand are closely matched in all vascular beds and emphasize the view that the vascular wall is a highly dynamic and heterogeneous tissue with multiple cell types undergoing regular phenotypic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjutha Silpanisong
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
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Nader GA, von Walden F, Liu C, Lindvall J, Gutmann L, Pistilli EE, Gordon PM. Resistance exercise training modulates acute gene expression during human skeletal muscle hypertrophy. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 116:693-702. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01366.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We sought to determine whether acute resistance exercise (RE)-induced gene expression is modified by RE training. We studied the expression patterns of a select group of genes following an acute bout of RE in naïve and hypertrophying muscle. Thirteen untrained subjects underwent supervised RE training for 12 wk of the nondominant arm and performed an acute bout of RE 1 wk after the last bout of the training program ( training+acute). The dominant arm was either unexercised ( control) or subjected to the same acute exercise bout as the trained arm ( acute RE). Following training, men (14.8 ± 2.8%; P < 0.05) and women (12.6 ± 2.4%; P < 0.05) underwent muscle hypertrophy with increases in dynamic strength in the trained arm (48.2 ± 5.4% and 72.1 ± 9.1%, respectively; P < 0.01). RE training resulted in attenuated anabolic signaling as reflected by a reduction in rpS6 phosphorylation following acute RE. Changes in mRNA levels of genes involved in hypertrophic growth, protein degradation, angiogenesis, and metabolism commonly expressed in both men and women was determined 4 h following acute RE. We show that RE training can modify acute RE-induced gene expression in a divergent and gene-specific manner even in genes belonging to the same ontology. Changes in gene expression following acute RE are multidimensional, and may not necessarily reflect the actual adaptive response taking place during the training process. Thus RE training can selectively modify the acute response to RE, thereby challenging the use of gene expression as a marker of exercise-induced adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. A. Nader
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - F. von Walden
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C. Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J. Lindvall
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - L. Gutmann
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - E. E. Pistilli
- Byrd Health Science Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia; and
| | - P. M. Gordon
- School of Education, Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, Texas
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Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation is not affected by pregnancy or regular exercise participation. Clin Sci (Lond) 2011; 121:355-65. [PMID: 21564020 DOI: 10.1042/cs20110008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Whether brachial artery FMD (flow-mediated dilation) is altered in pregnancy by 28-35 weeks compared with non-pregnant women remains controversial. The controversy may be due to limitations of previous studies that include failing to: (i) test non-pregnant controls in the mid-late luteal phase, (ii) account for effects of pregnancy on the dilatory shear stimulus, (iii) account for physical activity or (iv) control for inter-individual variation in the time to peak FMD. In the present study, brachial artery FMD was measured in 17 active and eight sedentary pregnant women (34.1±1.6 weeks of gestation), and in 19 active and 11 sedentary non-pregnant women (mid-late luteal phase). Decreased vascular tone secondary to increased shear stress contributes minimally to pregnancy-induced increases in baseline brachial artery diameter, as shear stress removal during distal cuff inflation in pregnant women did not reduce diameter to baseline levels observed in non-pregnant controls. Neither the shear stimulus nor the percentage FMD was affected by pregnancy or regular exercise. Continuous diameter measurements are required to control for delayed peak dilation during pregnancy (57±15 compared with 46±15 s; P=0.012), as post-release diameter measured at 60 or 55-65 s post-release underestimated FMD to a greater extent in non-pregnant than in pregnant women.
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Leskinen T, Usenius JP, Alen M, Kainulainen H, Kaprio J, Kujala UM. Leisure-time physical activity and artery lumen diameters: a monozygotic co-twin control study. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2010; 21:e208-14. [PMID: 21129037 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01250.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Exercise is thought to increase the diameter of the conduit arteries supplying the muscles involved. We studied the effects of a physically active vs inactive lifestyle on artery diameters in monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs discordant over 30 years for leisure-time physical activity habits. In a population-based co-twin control study design, six middle-aged (50-65 years) same-sex MZ twin pairs with long-term discordance for physical activity were comprehensively identified from the Finnish Twin Cohort (TWINACTIVE study). Discordance was initially defined in 1975 and the same co-twin remained significantly more active during the 32-year follow-up. The main outcomes were arterial lumen diameters measured from maximal intensity projections of contrast-enhanced MR angiography images. Paired differences between active and inactive co-twins were studied. Compared with inactive members, active members of MZ twin pairs had larger diameters for the distal aorta and iliac and femoral arteries (P<0.05 for all comparisons). The mean intrapair differences in the diameters of the arteries in these locations were 19% or larger. No significant differences between active and inactive co-twins (P>0.2 for all comparisons) were found in the dimensions of the carotid arteries. Our genetically controlled study confirms that habitual physical activity during adulthood enlarges arteries in a site-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Leskinen
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Greater forearm venous compliance in resistance-trained men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 110:769-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1557-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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