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Hassan A, Luqman A, Zhang K, Ullah M, Din AU, Xiaoling L, Wang G. Impact of Probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum ATCC 14917 on atherosclerotic plaque and its mechanism. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:198. [PMID: 38727952 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-04010-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is viewed as not just as a problem of lipid build-up in blood vessels, but also as a chronic inflammatory disease involving both innate and acquired immunity. In atherosclerosis, the inflammation of the arterial walls is the key characteristic that significantly contributes to both the instability of plaque and the occlusion of arteries by blood clots. These events ultimately lead to stroke and acute coronary syndrome. Probiotics are living microorganisms that, when consumed in the right quantities, offer advantages for one's health. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the influence of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum ATCC 14917 (ATCC 14917) on the development of atherosclerotic plaques and its underlying mechanism in Apo lipoprotein E-knockout (Apoe-/- mice). In this study, Apoe-/- mice at approximately 8 weeks of age were randomly assigned to three groups: a Normal group that received a normal chow diet, a high fat diet group that received a gavage of PBS, and a Lactiplantibacillus plantarum ATCC 14917 group that received a high fat diet and a gavage of 0.2 ml ATCC 14917 (2 × 109 CFU/mL) per day for a duration of 12 weeks. Our strain effectively reduced the size of plaques in Apoe-/- mice by regulating the expression of inflammatory markers, immune cell markers, chemokines/chemokine receptors, and tight junction proteins (TJPs). Specifically, it decreased the levels of inflammatory markers (ICAM-1, CD-60 MCP-1, F4/80, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1) in the thoracic aorta, (Ccr7, cd11c, cd4, cd80, IL-1β, TNF-α) in the colon, and increased the activity of ROS-scavenging enzymes (SOD-1 and SOD-2). It also influenced the expression of TJPs (occludin, ZO-1, claudin-3, and MUC-3). In addition, the treatment of ATCC 14917 significantly reduced the level of lipopolysaccharide in the mesenteric adipose tissue. The findings of our study demonstrated that our strain effectively decreased the size of atherosclerotic plaques by modulating inflammation, oxidative stress, intestinal integrity, and intestinal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil Hassan
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nano/Micro Composite Materials and Devices, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Ameer Luqman
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Mehtab Ullah
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Ahmad Ud Din
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Liao Xiaoling
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nano/Micro Composite Materials and Devices, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, China.
| | - Guixue Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China.
- JinFeng Laboratory, Chongqing, 401329, China.
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2
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Forteza MJ, Berg M, Edsfeldt A, Sun J, Baumgartner R, Kareinen I, Casagrande FB, Hedin U, Zhang S, Vuckovic I, Dzeja PP, Polyzos KA, Gisterå A, Trauelsen M, Schwartz TW, Dib L, Herrmann J, Monaco C, Matic L, Gonçalves I, Ketelhuth DFJ. Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase regulates vascular inflammation in atherosclerosis and increases cardiovascular risk. Cardiovasc Res 2023; 119:1524-1536. [PMID: 36866436 PMCID: PMC10318388 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvad038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Recent studies have revealed a close connection between cellular metabolism and the chronic inflammatory process of atherosclerosis. While the link between systemic metabolism and atherosclerosis is well established, the implications of altered metabolism in the artery wall are less understood. Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK)-dependent inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) has been identified as a major metabolic step regulating inflammation. Whether the PDK/PDH axis plays a role in vascular inflammation and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease remains unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS Gene profiling of human atherosclerotic plaques revealed a strong correlation between PDK1 and PDK4 transcript levels and the expression of pro-inflammatory and destabilizing genes. Remarkably, the PDK1 and PDK4 expression correlated with a more vulnerable plaque phenotype, and PDK1 expression was found to predict future major adverse cardiovascular events. Using the small-molecule PDK inhibitor dichloroacetate (DCA) that restores arterial PDH activity, we demonstrated that the PDK/PDH axis is a major immunometabolic pathway, regulating immune cell polarization, plaque development, and fibrous cap formation in Apoe-/- mice. Surprisingly, we discovered that DCA regulates succinate release and mitigates its GPR91-dependent signals promoting NLRP3 inflammasome activation and IL-1β secretion by macrophages in the plaque. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated for the first time that the PDK/PDH axis is associated with vascular inflammation in humans and particularly that the PDK1 isozyme is associated with more severe disease and could predict secondary cardiovascular events. Moreover, we demonstrate that targeting the PDK/PDH axis with DCA skews the immune system, inhibits vascular inflammation and atherogenesis, and promotes plaque stability features in Apoe-/- mice. These results point toward a promising treatment to combat atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Forteza
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Instutet,BioClinicum, Solnavägen 30, Solna, 17 164, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Berg
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Instutet,BioClinicum, Solnavägen 30, Solna, 17 164, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas Edsfeldt
- Cardiovascular Research Translational Studies, Clinical Research Centre, Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, 20 502, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Cardiology, Skåne University Hospital, Carl-Bertil Laurells gata 9, 21 428, Malmö, Sweden
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, 20 502, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jangming Sun
- Cardiovascular Research Translational Studies, Clinical Research Centre, Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, 20 502, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Cardiology, Skåne University Hospital, Carl-Bertil Laurells gata 9, 21 428, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Roland Baumgartner
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Instutet,BioClinicum, Solnavägen 30, Solna, 17 164, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ilona Kareinen
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Instutet,BioClinicum, Solnavägen 30, Solna, 17 164, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Felipe Beccaria Casagrande
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Instutet,BioClinicum, Solnavägen 30, Solna, 17 164, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulf Hedin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, BioClinicum, Solnavägen 30, Solna, 17 164, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Song Zhang
- Mayo Clinic Metabolomics Core, Mayo Clinic, 200, First St. SW Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200, First St. SW Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Ivan Vuckovic
- Mayo Clinic Metabolomics Core, Mayo Clinic, 200, First St. SW Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Petras P Dzeja
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200, First St. SW Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Konstantinos A Polyzos
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Instutet,BioClinicum, Solnavägen 30, Solna, 17 164, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anton Gisterå
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Instutet,BioClinicum, Solnavägen 30, Solna, 17 164, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mette Trauelsen
- Section for Metabolic Receptology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3A, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thue W Schwartz
- Section for Metabolic Receptology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3A, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lea Dib
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Dr, Headington, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Joerg Herrmann
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200, First St. SW Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Claudia Monaco
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Dr, Headington, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Ljubica Matic
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, BioClinicum, Solnavägen 30, Solna, 17 164, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Isabel Gonçalves
- Cardiovascular Research Translational Studies, Clinical Research Centre, Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, 20 502, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Cardiology, Skåne University Hospital, Carl-Bertil Laurells gata 9, 21 428, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Daniel F J Ketelhuth
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Instutet,BioClinicum, Solnavägen 30, Solna, 17 164, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløws vej 21, 5000 Odense, Denmark
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Atzeni F, Gozza F, Cafaro G, Perricone C, Bartoloni E. Cardiovascular Involvement in Sjögren’s Syndrome. Front Immunol 2022; 13:879516. [PMID: 35634284 PMCID: PMC9134348 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.879516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sjögren Syndrome (SS) seems to be associated with a greater “overall risk” of cardiovascular (CV) and cerebrovascular events. Although not conventionally considered a feature of the disease, CV events represent a major burden in SS patients. CV risk is the consequence of a complex combination of multiple factors, including traditional risk factors and disease-related mechanisms. A complex relationships between disease-related features, endothelial dysfunction and traditional risk factor has been suggested. Several drugs are available for treating the systemic manifestations of SS, however they have shown positive effects on different outcomes of the disease, but until today the data on the role of these drugs on CV events are scarse. Given these data, the aim of this review was to evaluate the risk of CV risk in primary SS and the effect of the drugs on this manifestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Atzeni
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- *Correspondence: Fabiola Atzeni,
| | - Francesco Gozza
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giacomo Cafaro
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Carlo Perricone
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Elena Bartoloni
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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4
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Metabolism in atherosclerotic plaques: immunoregulatory mechanisms in the arterial wall. Clin Sci (Lond) 2022; 136:435-454. [PMID: 35348183 PMCID: PMC8965849 DOI: 10.1042/cs20201293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, there has been a growing interest to understand the link between metabolism and the immune response in the context of metabolic diseases but also beyond, giving then birth to a new field of research. Termed 'immunometabolism', this interdisciplinary field explores paradigms of both immunology and metabolism to provided unique insights into different disease pathogenic processes, and the identification of new potential therapeutic targets. Similar to other inflammatory conditions, the atherosclerotic inflammatory process in the artery has been associated with a local dysregulated metabolic response. Thus, recent studies show that metabolites are more than just fuels in their metabolic pathways, and they can act as modulators of vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. In this review article, we describe the most common immunometabolic pathways characterised in innate and adaptive immune cells, and discuss how macrophages' and T cells' metabolism may influence phenotypic changes in the plaque. Moreover, we discuss the potential of targeting immunometabolism to prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases (CVDs).
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5
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McCaffrey TA, Toma I, Yang Z, Katz R, Reiner J, Mazhari R, Shah P, Tackett M, Jones D, Jepson T, Falk Z, Wargodsky R, Shtakalo D, Antonets D, Ertle J, Kim JH, Lai Y, Arslan Z, Aledort E, Alfaraidy M, Laurent GS. RNA sequencing of blood in coronary artery disease: involvement of regulatory T cell imbalance. BMC Med Genomics 2021; 14:216. [PMID: 34479557 PMCID: PMC8414682 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-021-01062-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiovascular disease had a global prevalence of 523 million cases and 18.6 million deaths in 2019. The current standard for diagnosing coronary artery disease (CAD) is coronary angiography. Surprisingly, despite well-established clinical indications, up to 40% of the one million invasive cardiac catheterizations return a result of ‘no blockage’. The present studies employed RNA sequencing of whole blood to identify an RNA signature in patients with angiographically confirmed CAD.
Methods Whole blood RNA was depleted of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and analyzed by single-molecule sequencing of RNA (RNAseq) to identify transcripts associated with CAD (TRACs) in a discovery group of 96 patients presenting for elective coronary catheterization. The resulting transcript counts were compared between groups to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs).
Results Surprisingly, 98% of DEGs/TRACs were down-regulated ~ 1.7-fold in patients with mild to severe CAD (> 20% stenosis). The TRACs were independent of comorbid risk factors for CAD, such as sex, hypertension, and smoking. Bioinformatic analysis identified an enrichment in transcripts such as FoxP1, ICOSLG, IKZF4/Eos, SMYD3, TRIM28, and TCF3/E2A that are likely markers of regulatory T cells (Treg), consistent with known reductions in Tregs in CAD. A validation cohort of 80 patients confirmed the overall pattern (92% down-regulation) and supported many of the Treg-related changes. TRACs were enriched for transcripts associated with stress granules, which sequester RNAs, and ciliary and synaptic transcripts, possibly consistent with changes in the immune synapse of developing T cells.
Conclusions These studies identify a novel mRNA signature of a Treg-like defect in CAD patients and provides a blueprint for a diagnostic test for CAD. The pattern of changes is consistent with stress-related changes in the maturation of T and Treg cells, possibly due to changes in the immune synapse. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12920-021-01062-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A McCaffrey
- Division of Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, The George Washington Medical Center, The George Washington University, 2300 I Street NW, Ross Hall 443A, Washington, DC, 20037, USA. .,The St. Laurent Institute, Vancouver, WA, USA. .,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20037, USA. .,True Bearing Diagnostics, Washington, DC, 20037, USA.
| | - Ian Toma
- Division of Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, The George Washington Medical Center, The George Washington University, 2300 I Street NW, Ross Hall 443A, Washington, DC, 20037, USA.,Department of Clinical Research and Leadership, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20037, USA.,True Bearing Diagnostics, Washington, DC, 20037, USA
| | - Zhaoquing Yang
- Division of Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, The George Washington Medical Center, The George Washington University, 2300 I Street NW, Ross Hall 443A, Washington, DC, 20037, USA
| | - Richard Katz
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The George Washington University , Washington, DC, 20037, USA
| | - Jonathan Reiner
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The George Washington University , Washington, DC, 20037, USA
| | - Ramesh Mazhari
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The George Washington University , Washington, DC, 20037, USA
| | - Palak Shah
- Inova Heart and Vascular Institute, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | | | | | - Tisha Jepson
- SeqLL, Inc., Woburn, MA, USA.,The St. Laurent Institute, Vancouver, WA, USA.,True Bearing Diagnostics, Washington, DC, 20037, USA
| | - Zachary Falk
- Division of Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, The George Washington Medical Center, The George Washington University, 2300 I Street NW, Ross Hall 443A, Washington, DC, 20037, USA
| | - Richard Wargodsky
- Division of Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, The George Washington Medical Center, The George Washington University, 2300 I Street NW, Ross Hall 443A, Washington, DC, 20037, USA
| | - Dmitry Shtakalo
- A.P. Ershov Institute of Informatics Systems SB RAS, 6, Acad. Lavrentjeva Ave, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630090
| | - Denis Antonets
- A.P. Ershov Institute of Informatics Systems SB RAS, 6, Acad. Lavrentjeva Ave, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630090
| | - Justin Ertle
- Division of Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, The George Washington Medical Center, The George Washington University, 2300 I Street NW, Ross Hall 443A, Washington, DC, 20037, USA
| | - Ju H Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The George Washington University , Washington, DC, 20037, USA
| | - Yinglei Lai
- Department of Statistics, Biostatistics Center, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20037, USA
| | - Zeynep Arslan
- Division of Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, The George Washington Medical Center, The George Washington University, 2300 I Street NW, Ross Hall 443A, Washington, DC, 20037, USA
| | - Emily Aledort
- Division of Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, The George Washington Medical Center, The George Washington University, 2300 I Street NW, Ross Hall 443A, Washington, DC, 20037, USA
| | - Maha Alfaraidy
- Division of Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, The George Washington Medical Center, The George Washington University, 2300 I Street NW, Ross Hall 443A, Washington, DC, 20037, USA
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Berg M, Polyzos KA, Agardh H, Baumgartner R, Forteza MJ, Kareinen I, Gisterå A, Bottcher G, Hurt-Camejo E, Hansson GK, Ketelhuth DFJ. 3-Hydroxyanthralinic acid metabolism controls the hepatic SREBP/lipoprotein axis, inhibits inflammasome activation in macrophages, and decreases atherosclerosis in Ldlr-/- mice. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 116:1948-1957. [PMID: 31589306 PMCID: PMC7519886 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease involving immunological and metabolic processes. Metabolism of tryptophan (Trp) via the kynurenine pathway has shown immunomodulatory properties and the ability to modulate atherosclerosis. We identified 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-HAA) as a key metabolite of Trp modulating vascular inflammation and lipid metabolism. The molecular mechanisms driven by 3-HAA in atherosclerosis have not been completely elucidated. In this study, we investigated whether two major signalling pathways, activation of SREBPs and inflammasome, are associated with the 3-HAA-dependent regulation of lipoprotein synthesis and inflammation in the atherogenesis process. Moreover, we examined whether inhibition of endogenous 3-HAA degradation affects hyperlipidaemia and plaque formation. Methods and results In vitro, we showed that 3-HAA reduces SREBP-2 expression and nuclear translocation and apolipoprotein B secretion in HepG2 cell cultures, and inhibits inflammasome activation and IL-1β production by macrophages. Using Ldlr−/− mice, we showed that inhibition of 3-HAA 3,4-dioxygenase (HAAO), which increases the endogenous levels of 3-HAA, decreases plasma lipids and atherosclerosis. Notably, HAAO inhibition led to decreased hepatic SREBP-2 mRNA levels and lipid accumulation, and improved liver pathology scores. Conclusions We show that the activity of SREBP-2 and the inflammasome can be regulated by 3-HAA metabolism. Moreover, our study highlights that targeting HAAO is a promising strategy to prevent and treat hypercholesterolaemia and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Berg
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Konstantinos A Polyzos
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hanna Agardh
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roland Baumgartner
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria J Forteza
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ilona Kareinen
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anton Gisterå
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gerhard Bottcher
- Pathology, Drug Safety and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, SE-43189 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eva Hurt-Camejo
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, SE-43183 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Göran K Hansson
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel F J Ketelhuth
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
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Lee J, Choi JH. Deciphering Macrophage Phenotypes upon Lipid Uptake and Atherosclerosis. Immune Netw 2020; 20:e22. [PMID: 32655970 PMCID: PMC7327152 DOI: 10.4110/in.2020.20.e22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the progression of atherosclerosis, macrophages are the key immune cells for foam cell formation. During hyperlipidemic condition, phagocytic cells such as monocytes and macrophages uptake oxidized low-density lipoproteins (oxLDLs) accumulated in subintimal space, and lipid droplets are accumulated in their cytosols. In this review, we discussed the characteristics and phenotypic changes of macrophages in atherosclerosis and the effect of cytosolic lipid accumulation on macrophage phenotype. Due to macrophage plasticity, the inflammatory phenotypes triggered by oxLDL can be re-programmed by cytosolic lipid accumulation, showing downregulation of NF-κB activation followed by activation of anti-inflammatory genes, leading to tissue repair and homeostasis. We also discuss about various in vivo and in vitro models for atherosclerosis research and next generation sequencing technologies for foam cell gene expression profiling. Analysis of the phenotypic changes of macrophages during the progression of atherosclerosis with adequate approach may lead to exact understandings of the cellular mechanisms and hint therapeutic targets for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Lee
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Choi
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
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8
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Ketelhuth DFJ. The immunometabolic role of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: immune homeostatic mechanisms in the artery wall. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 115:1408-1415. [PMID: 30847484 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronary heart disease and stroke, the two most common cardiovascular diseases worldwide, are triggered by complications of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerotic plaques are initiated by a maladaptive immune response triggered by accumulation of lipids in the artery wall. Hence, disease is influenced by several non-modifiable and modifiable risk factors, including dyslipidaemia, hypertension, smoking, and diabetes. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), the rate-limiting enzyme in the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan (Trp) degradation, is modulated by inflammation and regarded as a key molecule driving immunotolerance and immunosuppressive mechanisms. A large body of evidence indicates that IDO-mediated Trp metabolism is involved directly or indirectly in atherogenesis. This review summarizes evidence from basic and clinical research showing that IDO is a major regulatory enzyme involved in the maintenance of immunohomeostasis in the vascular wall, as well as current knowledge about promising targets for the development of new anti-atherosclerotic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F J Ketelhuth
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Univ. of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winsløws Vej 21(3), Odense C, Denmark
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9
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Satta N, Frias MA, Vuilleumier N, Pagano S. Humoral Immunity Against HDL Particle: A New Perspective in Cardiovascular Diseases? Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:3128-3146. [PMID: 31470782 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190830164917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoimmune diseases are closely associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Over the last decades, the comprehension of atherosclerosis, the principal initiator of CVD, evolved from a lipidcentered disease to a predominant inflammatory and immune response-driven disease displaying features of autoimmunity against a broad range of auto-antigens, including lipoproteins. Among them, high density lipoproteins (HDL) are important actors of cholesterol transport and bear several anti-atherogenic properties, raising a growing interest as therapeutic targets to decrease atherosclerosis and CVD burden, with nevertheless rather disappointing results so far. Reflecting HDL composition complexity, autoimmune responses and autoantibodies against various HDL components have been reported. RESULTS In this review, we addressed the important complexity of humoral autoimmunity towards HDL and particularly how this autoimmune response could help improving our understanding of HDL biological implication in atherosclerosis and CVD. We also discussed several issues related to specific HDL autoantibody subclasses characteristics, including etiology, prognosis and pathological mechanisms according to Rose criteria. CONCLUSION Finally, we addressed the possible clinical value of using these antibodies not only as potential biomarkers of atherogenesis and CVD, but also as a factor potentially mitigating the benefit of HDL-raising therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Satta
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Diagnostic, Geneva University Hospitals, 4 rue Gabrielle Perret-Gentil, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1 rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Miguel A Frias
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Diagnostic, Geneva University Hospitals, 4 rue Gabrielle Perret-Gentil, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1 rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Vuilleumier
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Diagnostic, Geneva University Hospitals, 4 rue Gabrielle Perret-Gentil, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1 rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Pagano
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Diagnostic, Geneva University Hospitals, 4 rue Gabrielle Perret-Gentil, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1 rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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10
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Fan Q, Yin X, Rababa'h A, Diaz Diaz A, Wijaya CS, Singh S, Suryavanshi SV, Vo HH, Saeed M, Zhang Y, McConnell BK. Absence of gravin-mediated signaling inhibits development of high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 317:H793-H810. [PMID: 31441691 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00215.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Gravin, an A-kinase anchoring protein, is known to play a role in regulating key processes that lead to inflammation and atherosclerosis development, namely, cell migration, proliferation, and apoptosis. We investigated the role of gravin in the development of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced atherosclerosis and hyperlipidemia. Five-week-old male wild-type (WT) and gravin-t/t mice were fed a normal diet or an HFD for 16 wk. Gravin-t/t mice showed significantly lower liver-to-body-weight ratio, cholesterol, triglyceride, and very low-density lipoprotein levels in serum as compared with WT mice on HFD. Furthermore, there was less aortic plaque formation coupled with decreased lipid accumulation and liver damage, as the gravin-t/t mice had lower levels of serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase. Additionally, gravin-t/t HFD-fed mice had decreased expression of liver 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase, an essential enzyme for cholesterol synthesis and lower fatty acid synthase expression. Gravin-t/t HFD-fed mice also exhibited inhibition of sterol regulatory element binding protein-2 (SREBP-2) expression, a liver transcription factor associated with the regulation of lipid transportation. In response to platelet-derived growth factor receptor treatment, gravin-t/t vascular smooth muscle cells exhibited lower intracellular calcium transients and decreased protein kinase A- and protein kinase C-dependent substrate phosphorylation, notably involving the Erk1/2 signaling pathway. Collectively, these results suggest the involvement of gravin-dependent regulation of lipid metabolism via the reduction of SREBP-2 expression. The absence of gravin-mediated signaling lowers blood pressure, reduces plaque formation in the aorta, and decreases lipid accumulation and damage in the liver of HFD mice. Through these processes, the absence of gravin-mediated signaling complex delays the HFD-induced hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The gravin scaffolding protein plays a key role in the multiple enzymatic pathways of lipid metabolism. We have shown for the first time the novel role of gravin in regulating the pathways related to the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Specifically, an absence of gravin-mediated signaling decreases the lipid levels (cholesterol, triglyceride, and VLDL) that are associated with sterol regulatory element binding protein-2 downregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiying Fan
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Xing Yin
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Abeer Rababa'h
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Andrea Diaz Diaz
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Cori S Wijaya
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Sonal Singh
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Santosh V Suryavanshi
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Henry Hiep Vo
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Moawiz Saeed
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Bradley K McConnell
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
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11
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Oliveira AND, Simões MM, Simões R, Malachias MVB, Rezende BA. Cardiovascular Risk in Psoriasis Patients: Clinical, Functional and Morphological Parameters. Arq Bras Cardiol 2019; 113:242-249. [PMID: 31340236 PMCID: PMC6777896 DOI: 10.5935/abc.20190123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psoriasis correlates with metabolic disorders, early atheromatosis and increased cardiovascular risk. OBJECTIVES To assess markers of cardiovascular disease in psoriatic patients. METHODS Cross-sectional, observational study involving 11 psoriatic participants and 33 controls. Anthropometric, biochemical, hemodynamic and imaging parameters were evaluated. Arterial stiffness was assessed by oscillometric measurement of the brachial artery. Intima-media thickness (IMT) and left ventricular diastolic function were assessed by Doppler echography and echocardiography. Between-group comparisons of numerical variables were performed by the Student's t-test or Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney test for independent samples. Significance level was set at 5%. RESULTS Psoriatic patients showed increased pulse wave velocity (PWV) (9.1 ± 1.8 vs 8.0 ± 2 m/s, p = 0.033), IMT of the left common carotid artery (p = 0.018) and a higher percentage of patients above the 75th percentile according to the ELSA table when compared with controls (54.5 vs 18.2%, p = 0.045). Psoriatic patients also showed an increase in peripheral/central systolic blood pressure (137.1 ± 13.2 vs 122.3 ± 11.6 mmHg, p = 0.004)/(127 ± 13 vs 112.5 ± 10.4 mmHg, p = 0.005), peripheral/central diastolic blood pressure (89.9 ± 8.9 vs 82.2 ± 8, p = 0.022)/(91 ± 9.3 vs 82.2 ± 8.3, p = 0.014), total cholesterol (252 ± 43.5 vs 198 ± 39.8 mg/dL, p < 0.001), LDL cholesterol (167 ± 24 vs 118 ± 40.8 mg/dL, p < 0.001) and C-reactive protein (7.6 ± 35.4 vs 1 ± 1.2 mg/L p < 0.001) compared with controls. CONCLUSION Psoriasis patients show increased PWV, IMT, peripheral and central blood pressures, and serum cholesterol and C-reactive protein levels, denoting a higher cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcela M Simões
- Faculdade de Ciências Medicas de Minas Gerais - Instituto de Pós-Graduação, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil
| | - Ricardo Simões
- Faculdade de Ciências Medicas de Minas Gerais - Instituto de Pós-Graduação, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Almeida Rezende
- Faculdade de Ciências Medicas de Minas Gerais - Instituto de Pós-Graduação, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil
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12
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Non-Linear Relationship between Anti-Apolipoprotein A-1 IgGs and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8071002. [PMID: 31324073 PMCID: PMC6679072 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8071002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoantibodies against apolipoprotein A-I (anti-apoA-I IgGs) are prevalent in atherosclerosis-related conditions. It remains elusive whether they improve the prognostic accuracy of the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) score 2.0 (GS) in acute coronary syndromes (ACS). In this prospective multicenter registry, 1713 ACS patients were included and followed for 1 year. The primary endpoint (major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE)) was defined as the composite of myocardial infarction, stroke (including transient ischemic attack), or cardiovascular (CV) death with individual events independently adjudicated. Plasma levels of anti-apoA-I IgGs upon study inclusion were assessed using ELISA. The association between anti-apoA-I IgGs and incident MACE was assessed using Cox models with splines and C-statistics. One-year MACE incidence was 8.4% (144/1713). Anti-apoA-I IgG levels were associated with MACE with a non-linear relationship (p = 0.01), which remained unchanged after adjusting for the GS (p = 0.04). The hazard increased progressively across the two first anti-apoA-I IgG quartiles before decreasing thereafter. Anti-apoA-I IgGs marginally improved the prognostic accuracy of the GS (c-statistics increased from 0.68 to 0.70). In this multicenter study, anti-apoA-I IgGs were predictive of incident MACE in ACS independently of the GS but in a nonlinear manner. The practical implications of these findings remain to be defined.
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13
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Oliveira MS, Torquato BGS, da Silveira LAM, Juliano GR, Aguiar LS, Juliano GR, Oliveira LF, Espindula AP, Ramalho LS, Cavellani CL, da Silva ACS, de Aquino Favarato GKN, de Paula Antunes Teixeira V, da Fonseca Ferraz ML. Evaluation of aortic changes in elderly people autopsied with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. SURGICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1186/s42047-018-0025-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
To verify the distribution of the degree of fat deposits and percentage of collagen and elastic fibers in the intimal and medial layers of the aorta of elderly patients autopsied, with and without Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS).
Methods
Twenty-six fragments of the aorta from elderly patients autopsied in the period from 1982 to 2014, were collected and, divided into two groups, being 13 with AIDS and 13 without AIDS. The intensity of the atherosclerosis was macroscopically evaluated in a semi-quantitative way. To quantify the elastic and collagen fibers, it was used the Leica Qwin Plus® software.
Results
In the comparison of the macroscopic intensity of atherosclerosis, the AIDS group (t = 0.6969, p = 0.4992). Regarding elastic fibers, there was a significant increase in the AIDS group (U = 115,800; p < 0.0001). Comparing the groups, there was a significant increase of the collagen fibers in the aortic layers in the AIDS group (U = 114,100; p < 0.0001).
Conclusion
The infection by the HIV influence in the amount of fibers in the extracellular matrix and the intensity of lipid deposit, demonstrating that it may be a risk factor to be considered for the development of atherosclerosis.
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14
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15
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Archakova TV, Nedosugova LV, Nikitina NA, Melnichenko AA, Sobenin IA. Immunogenic lipid markers of atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetic patients on program haemodialysis. TERAPEVT ARKH 2018. [DOI: 10.26442/terarkh201890104-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aim. Determination of desialized apolipoprotein-B-100 (apoB-100) and lipoprotein-containing circulating immune complexes in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in program hemodialysis with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Materials and methods. We examined 81 patients with CKD (50 men / 31 women) treated with program hemodialysis, of which 36 (17/19) with type 2 diabetes mellitus, 45 (33/12) non-diabetic patients. The levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides and desialylated apoB-100 in blood plasma and lipoprotein-containing circulating immune complexes. A color duplex scan of brachiocephalic arteries was used to assess the extent of development of atherosclerosis with the determination of the thickness of the intima-medial complex. Results and discussion. Patients with diabetes had high values of total cholesterol, triglycerides (p
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16
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Systemic Inflammatory Response and Atherosclerosis: The Paradigm of Chronic Inflammatory Rheumatic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19071890. [PMID: 29954107 PMCID: PMC6073407 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with Chronic Inflammatory Rheumatic diseases (CIRD) are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), ascribed not only to classical risk factors, but also to the presence of chronic systemic inflammatory response. Αtherosclerosis, the cornerstone of CVD, is known to be accelerated in CIRD; rheumatoid arthritis promotes atheromatosis and associates with preclinical atherosclerosis equivalent to Diabetes Mellitus, which also seems to apply for systemic lupus erythematosus. Data on ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis, albeit more limited, also support an increased CV risk in these patients. The association between inflammation and atherosclerosis, has been thoroughly investigated in the last three decades and the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis and progression of atherogenesis has been well established. Endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress in vascular endothelial cells and macrophage accumulation, toll-like receptor signaling, NLPR-3 formation and subsequent pro-inflammatory cytokine production, such as TNFa, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-like cytokine 1A, are few of the mechanisms implicated in the atherogenic process. Moreover, there is evidence that anti-inflammatory biologic drugs, such as anti-TNF and anti-IL1β agents, can decelerate the atherogenic process, thus setting new therapeutic targets for early and effective disease control and suppression of inflammation, in addition to aggressive management of classical CV risk factors.
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17
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Forteza MJ, Polyzos KA, Baumgartner R, Suur BE, Mussbacher M, Johansson DK, Hermansson A, Hansson GK, Ketelhuth DFJ. Activation of the Regulatory T-Cell/Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Axis Reduces Vascular Inflammation and Atherosclerosis in Hyperlipidemic Mice. Front Immunol 2018; 9:950. [PMID: 29867939 PMCID: PMC5949314 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell activation is characteristic during the development of atherosclerosis. While overall T-cell responses have been implicated in disease acceleration, regulatory T cells (Tregs) exhibit atheroprotective effects. The expression of the enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1), which catalyzes the degradation of tryptophan (Trp) along the kynurenine pathway, has been implicated in the induction and expansion of Treg populations. Hence, Tregs can reciprocally promote IDO1 expression in dendritic cells (DCs) via reverse signaling mechanisms during antigen presentation. In this study, we hypothesize that triggering the "Treg/IDO axis" in the artery wall is atheroprotective. We show that apolipoprotein B100-pulsed tumor growth factor beta 2-treated tolerogenic DCs promote de novo FoxP3+ Treg expansion in vivo. This local increase in Treg numbers is associated with increased vascular IDO1 expression and a robust reduction in the atherosclerotic burden. Using human primary cell cultures, we show for the first time that IDO1 expression and activity can be regulated by cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein-4, which is a constitutive molecule expressed and secreted by Tregs, in smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and macrophages. Altogether, our data suggest that Tregs and IDO1-mediated Trp metabolism can mutually regulate one another in the vessel wall to promote vascular tolerance mechanisms that limit inflammation and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Forteza
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Konstantinos A Polyzos
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roland Baumgartner
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bianca E Suur
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Vascular Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marion Mussbacher
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel K Johansson
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas Hermansson
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Göran K Hansson
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel F J Ketelhuth
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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18
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Sanjadi M, Rezvanie Sichanie Z, Totonchi H, Karami J, Rezaei R, Aslani S. Atherosclerosis and autoimmunity: a growing relationship. Int J Rheum Dis 2018; 21:908-921. [PMID: 29671956 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.13309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is regarded as one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in the world. Nowadays, it seems that atherosclerosis cannot be defined merely through the Framingham traditional risk factors and that autoimmunity settings exert a remarkable role in its mechanobiology. Individuals with autoimmune disorders show enhanced occurrence of cardiovascular complications and subclinical atherosclerosis. The mechanisms underlying the atherosclerosis in disorders like rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, antiphospholipid syndrome, systemic sclerosis and Sjögren's syndrome, seem to be the classical risk factors. However, chronic inflammatory processes and abnormal immune function may also be involved in atherosclerosis development. Autoantigens, autoantibodies, infectious agents and pro-inflammatory mediators exert a role in that process. Being armed with the mechanisms underlying autoimmunity in the etiopathogenesis of atherosclerosis in rheumatic autoimmune disorders and the shared etiologic pathway may result in substantial developing therapeutics for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Sanjadi
- Department of Biochemistry, Islamic Azad University, Falavarjan Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hamidreza Totonchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar Karami
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramazan Rezaei
- Department of Immunology, Medical School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Aslani
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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19
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Endogenous DAMPs, Category I: Constitutively Expressed, Native Molecules (Cat. I DAMPs). DAMAGE-ASSOCIATED MOLECULAR PATTERNS IN HUMAN DISEASES 2018. [PMCID: PMC7122936 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78655-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This chapter provides the reader with a collection of endogenous DAMPs in terms of constitutively expressed native molecules. The first class of this category refers to DAMPs, which are passively released from necrotic cells, and includes the most prominent subclasses of high mobility group box I and heat shock proteins. Further subclasses of DAMPs that are passively released from necrotic cells include S100 proteins, nucleic acids, histones, pro-forms of interleukin-1-family members, mitochondria-derived N-formylated peptides, F-actin, and heme. A particular subclass of these passively released DAMPs are molecules, which indirectly activate the inflammasome, including adenosine-5′-triphosphate, monosodium urate crystals, cholesterol crystals, some lipolytic species, and beta-amyloid. All these passively released DAMPs are characterized by their capability to promote necroinflammatory responses. The second class of this Category I refers to molecules, which are exposed on the surface of stressed cells. They include the subclass of phagocytosis-facilitating molecules such as calreticulin, as well as the subclass of MHC-I-related molecules such as MHC-I-related molecule A and B. These DAMPs are capable of inducing the activation of innate lymphoid cells and unconventional T cells. One of these DAMPs, the major histocompatibility complex I-related molecule A, is shown to act as a bona fide transplantation antigen. In sum, the endogenous constitutively expressed native molecules represent an impressive category of DAMPs with extraordinary properties, which play a critical role in the pathogenesis of many human diseases.
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20
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Baumgartner R, Forteza MJ, Ketelhuth DFJ. The interplay between cytokines and the Kynurenine pathway in inflammation and atherosclerosis. Cytokine 2017; 122:154148. [PMID: 28899580 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The kynurenine pathway (KP) is the major metabolic route of tryptophan (Trp) metabolism. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1), the enzyme responsible for the first and rate-limiting step in the pathway, as well as other enzymes in the pathway, have been shown to be highly regulated by cytokines. Hence, the KP has been implicated in several pathologic conditions, including infectious diseases, psychiatric disorders, malignancies, and autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases. Additionally, recent studies have linked the KP with atherosclerosis, suggesting that Trp metabolism could play an essential role in the maintenance of immune homeostasis in the vascular wall. This review summarizes experimental and clinical evidence of the interplay between cytokines and the KP and the potential role of the KP in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Baumgartner
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Maria J Forteza
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel F J Ketelhuth
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
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21
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Gisterå A, Hermansson A, Strodthoff D, Klement ML, Hedin U, Fredrikson GN, Nilsson J, Hansson GK, Ketelhuth DFJ. Vaccination against T-cell epitopes of native ApoB100 reduces vascular inflammation and disease in a humanized mouse model of atherosclerosis. J Intern Med 2017; 281:383-397. [PMID: 28194913 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The T-cell response to low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in the vessel wall plays a critical role in atherosclerotic plaque formation and stability. In this study, we used a new translational approach to investigate epitopes from human apolipoprotein B100 (ApoB100), the protein component of LDL, which triggers T-cell activation. We also evaluated the potential of two selected native ApoB100 epitopes to modulate atherosclerosis in human ApoB100-transgenic Ldlr-/- (HuBL) mice. METHODS AND RESULTS HuBL mice were immunized with human atherosclerotic plaque homogenate to boost cellular autoimmune response to tissue-derived ApoB100 epitopes. In vitro challenge of splenocytes from immunized mice with a library of overlapping native peptides covering human ApoB100 revealed several sequences eliciting T-cell proliferation. Of these sequences, peptide (P) 265 and P295 were predicted to bind several human leucocyte antigen (HLA) haplotypes and induced high levels of interferon (IFN)-γ. Vaccination of HuBL mice with these peptides mounted a strong adaptive immune response to native ApoB100, including high levels of epitope-specific plasma IgGs. Interestingly, P265 and P295 vaccines significantly decreased plaque size, reduced macrophage infiltration and increased IgG1 deposition in the plaques. Purified IgGs from vaccinated mice displayed anti-inflammatory properties against macrophages in vitro, reducing their response to LPS in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION We identified two specific epitopes from human native ApoB100 that trigger T-cell activation and protect HuBL mice against atherosclerosis when used in a vaccine. Our data suggest that vaccination-induced protective mechanisms may be mediated at least in part through specific antibody responses to LDL that inhibit macrophage activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gisterå
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Hermansson
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - D Strodthoff
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M L Klement
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - U Hedin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Vascular Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - G N Fredrikson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - J Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - G K Hansson
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - D F J Ketelhuth
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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The Telomere/Telomerase System in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases. Cause or Effect? Genes (Basel) 2016; 7:genes7090060. [PMID: 27598205 PMCID: PMC5042391 DOI: 10.3390/genes7090060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomeres are specialized nucleoprotein structures located at the end of linear chromosomes and telomerase is the enzyme responsible for telomere elongation. Telomerase activity is a key component of many cancer cells responsible for rapid cell division but it has also been found by many laboratories around the world that telomere/telomerase biology is dysfunctional in many other chronic conditions as well. These conditions are characterized by chronic inflammation, a situation mostly overlooked by physicians regarding patient treatment. Among others, these conditions include diabetes, renal failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, etc. Since researchers have in many cases identified the association between telomerase and inflammation but there are still many missing links regarding this correlation, the latest findings about this phenomenon will be discussed by reviewing the literature. Our focus will be describing telomere/telomerase status in chronic diseases under the prism of inflammation, reporting molecular findings where available and proposing possible future approaches.
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Wu QQ, Liu XY, Xiong LX, Shang JY, Mai XY, Pang RP, Su YX, Yu BX, Yuan JN, Yang C, Wang YL, Zhou P, Lv XF, Liu J, Zhou JG, Liang SJ. Reduction of Intracellular Chloride Concentration Promotes Foam Cell Formation. Circ J 2016; 80:1024-33. [PMID: 26911455 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-15-1209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous work has demonstrated that the volume-regulated chloride channel is activated during foam cell formation, and inhibition of chloride movement prevents intracellular lipid accumulation. However, the mechanism explaining how chloride movement promotes foam cell formation is not clear. METHODS AND RESULTS Foam cell formation was determined by Oil Red O staining. Western blotting and co-immunoprecipitation were used to examine protein expression and protein-protein interaction. [Cl(-)]iwas measured using 6-methoxy-N-ethylquinolinium iodide dye. The results showed that [Cl(-)]iwas decreased in monocytes/macrophages from patients with hypercholesterolemia and from apoE(-/-)mice fed with a high-fat diet. Lowering [Cl(-)]iupregulated scavenger receptor A (SR-A) expression, increased the binding and uptake of oxLDL, enhanced pro-inflammatory cytokine production and subsequently accelerated foam cell formation in macrophages from humans and mice. In addition, low Cl(-)solution stimulated the activation of JNK and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases. Inhibition of JNK and p38 blocked Cl(-)reduced medium-induced SR-A expression and lipid accumulation. In contrast, reduction of [Cl(-)]ipromoted the interaction of SR-A with caveolin-1, thus facilitating caveolin-1-dependent SR-A endocytosis. Moreover, disruption of caveolae attenuated SR-A internalization, JNK and p38 activation, and ultimately prevented SR-A expression and foam cell formation stimulated by low Cl(-)medium. CONCLUSIONS This data provide strong evidence that reduction of [Cl(-)]iis a critical contributor to intracellular lipid accumulation, suggesting that modulation of [Cl(-)]iis a novel avenue to prevent foam cell formation and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Qian Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine
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24
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Park AC, Huang G, Jankowska-Gan E, Massoudi D, Kernien JF, Vignali DA, Sullivan JA, Wilkes DS, Burlingham WJ, Greenspan DS. Mucosal Administration of Collagen V Ameliorates the Atherosclerotic Plaque Burden by Inducing Interleukin 35-dependent Tolerance. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:3359-70. [PMID: 26721885 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.681882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have shown previously that collagen V (col(V)) autoimmunity is a consistent feature of atherosclerosis in human coronary artery disease and in the Apoe(-/-) mouse model. We have also shown sensitization of Apoe(-/-) mice with col(V) to markedly increase the atherosclerotic burden, providing evidence of a causative role for col(V) autoimmunity in atherosclerotic pathogenesis. Here we sought to determine whether induction of immune tolerance to col(V) might ameliorate atherosclerosis, providing further evidence for a causal role for col(V) autoimmunity in atherogenesis and providing insights into the potential for immunomodulatory therapeutic interventions. Mucosal inoculation successfully induced immune tolerance to col(V) with an accompanying reduction in plaque burden in Ldlr(-/-) mice on a high-cholesterol diet. The results therefore demonstrate that inoculation with col(V) can successfully ameliorate the atherosclerotic burden, suggesting novel approaches for therapeutic interventions. Surprisingly, tolerance and reduced atherosclerotic burden were both dependent on the recently described IL-35 and not on IL-10, the immunosuppressive cytokine usually studied in the context of induced tolerance and amelioration of atherosclerotic symptoms. In addition to the above, using recombinant protein fragments, we were able to localize two epitopes of the α1(V) chain involved in col(V) autoimmunity in atherosclerotic Ldlr(-/-) mice, suggesting future courses of experimentation for the characterization of such epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arick C Park
- From the Departments of Cell and Regenerative Biology and
| | - Guorui Huang
- From the Departments of Cell and Regenerative Biology and
| | - Ewa Jankowska-Gan
- Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
| | | | - John F Kernien
- From the Departments of Cell and Regenerative Biology and
| | - Dario A Vignali
- the Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, the Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, and
| | - Jeremy A Sullivan
- Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
| | - David S Wilkes
- the Center for Immunobiology, Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - William J Burlingham
- Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
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25
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Hansen GM, Nilsson M, Nielsen CH, Holmstrup P, Helqvist S, Tolker-Nielsen T, Givskov M, Hansen PR. Absence of Bacteria on Coronary Angioplasty Balloons from Unselected Patients: Results with Use of a High Sensitivity Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145657. [PMID: 26695491 PMCID: PMC4690592 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic, bacterially-induced inflammatory disease of the tooth-supporting tissues, which may result in transient bacteremia and a systemic inflammatory response. Periodontitis is associated with coronary artery disease independently of established cardiovascular risk factors, and translocation of bacteria from the oral cavity to the coronary arteries may play a role in the development of coronary artery disease. Very few studies have used angioplasty balloons for in vivo sampling from diseased coronary arteries, and with varying results. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess if bacterial DNA from primarily oral bacteria could be detected on coronary angioplasty balloons by use of an optimized sampling process combined with an internally validated sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Coronary angioplasty balloons and control samples from a total of 45 unselected patients with stable angina, unstable angina/non-ST elevation myocardial infarction, and ST-elevation myocardial infarction (n = 15 in each group) were collected and analyzed using a PCR assay with high sensitivity and specificity for 16S rRNA genes of the oral microbiome. Despite elimination of extraction and purification steps, and demonstration of sensitivity levels of 25–125 colony forming units (CFU), we did not detect bacterial DNA from any of the coronary angioplasty balloons. A subsequent questionnaire indicated that the prevalence of periodontitis in the study cohort was at least 39.5%. Although coronary angioplasty balloons are unlikely to be useful for detection of bacteria with current PCR techniques in unselected patients with coronary artery disease, more studies are warranted to determine the extent to which bacteria contribute to atherosclerosis and its clinical manifestations and whether the presence of bacteria in the arteries is a transient phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gorm Mørk Hansen
- Department of Cardiology, Gentofte University Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark.,Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Nilsson
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Henrik Nielsen
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Department of Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Section of Periodontology, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Palle Holmstrup
- Section of Periodontology, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steffen Helqvist
- Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tim Tolker-Nielsen
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Givskov
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Singapore Center on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Peter Riis Hansen
- Department of Cardiology, Gentofte University Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
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Yamashita T, Kasahara K, Emoto T, Matsumoto T, Mizoguchi T, Kitano N, Sasaki N, Hirata KI. Intestinal Immunity and Gut Microbiota as Therapeutic Targets for Preventing Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases. Circ J 2015. [PMID: 26212124 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-15-0526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is considered a chronic inflammatory disease and an intervention targeting the inflammatory process could be a new therapeutic strategy for preventing atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (CVD). We hypothesized that the intestine, which is considered the biggest immune organ in the human body, could be a therapeutic target for preventing CVD. We demonstrated that oral administration of anti-CD3 antibody or an active form of vitamin D3 reduced atherosclerosis in mice via induction of regulatory T cells and tolerogenic dendritic cells in the gut-associated lymphoid tissues. Similar to regulatory immune responses achieved by oral tolerance, our method had systemic effects that ultimately contributed towards atherosclerosis reduction. Recently, we have been interested in the gut microbiota, which have been reported as highly associated with intestinal immunity and systemic metabolic disorders, including obesity and diabetes. Notably, the guts of obese individuals are predominantly colonized by Firmicutes over Bacteroidetes. The association between atherosclerosis and microbiota has been attracting increased attention, and gut microbiota have been shown to participate in the metabolism of a proatherogenic compound called trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) and aggravate CVD. Our investigation of the relationship between susceptibility to CVD and the gut microbiota revealed a characteristic flora type. Here, we discuss the evidence for the relationship between the gut microbiota and cardiometabolic diseases, and consider the gut microbiota as new potential therapeutic targets for treating CVD. (Circ J 2015; 79: 1882-1890).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Yamashita
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
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