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Konishi T, Kamiyama K, Osato T, Yoshimoto T, Aoki T, Anzai T, Tanaka S. Increased Piezo1 expression in myofibroblasts in patients with symptomatic carotid atherosclerotic plaques undergoing carotid endarterectomy: A pilot study. Vascular 2023:17085381231192380. [PMID: 37499697 DOI: 10.1177/17085381231192380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate Piezo1 expression in myofibroblasts in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy and its relationship with atherosclerotic plaque formation. METHODS This cross-sectional study analyzed carotid plaques of 17 randomly selected patients who underwent carotid endarterectomy from May 2015 to August 2017. In total, 51 sections (the most stenotic lesion, and the sections 5-mm proximal and distal) stained with hematoxylin-eosin and elastica-Masson were examined. Immunohistochemistry was performed using antibodies to Piezo1. The Piezo1 score of a section was calculated semiquantitatively, averaged across 30 randomly selected myofibroblasts in the fibrous cap of the plaque. RESULTS Of 17 patients (mean age: 74.2 ± 7.1 years), 15 were men, 9 had diabetes mellitus, and 13 had hypertension. Symptomatic patients had higher mean Piezo1 score than asymptomatic patients (1.78 ± 0.23 vs 1.34 ± 0.17, p < .001). Univariate linear regression analyses suggested an association between plaque rupture, thin-cap fibroatheroma and microcalcifications and the Piezo1 score (p = .001, .008, and 0.003, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Increased Piezo1 expression of myofibroblasts may be associated with atherosclerotic carotid plaque instability. Further study is warranted to support this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Konishi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kenji Kamiyama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nakamura Memorial Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Osato
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nakamura Memorial Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tetsuyuki Yoshimoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hokkaido Neurosurgical Memorial Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Aoki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hokkaido Neurosurgical Memorial Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Anzai
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shinya Tanaka
- Department of Cancer Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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2
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Fukushima D, Kondo K, Harada N, Terazono S, Uchino K, Shibuya K, Sugo N. Quantitative comparison between carotid plaque hardness and histopathological findings: an observational study. Diagn Pathol 2022; 17:58. [PMID: 35818059 PMCID: PMC9275256 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-022-01239-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plaque hardness in carotid artery stenosis correlates with cerebral infarction. This study aimed to quantitatively compare plaque hardness with histopathological findings and identify the pathological factors involved in plaque hardness. Methods This study included 84 patients (89 lesions) undergoing carotid endarterectomy (CEA) at our institution. Plaque hardness was quantitatively measured immediately after excision using a hardness meter. Collagen and calcification were evaluated as the pathological factors. Collagen was stained with Elastica van Gieson stain, converted to a gray-scale image, and displayed in a 256-step histogram. The median gray-scale median (GSM) was used as the collagen content. The degree of calcification was defined by the hematoxylin–eosin stain as follows: "0:" no calcification, "1:" scattered microcalcification, or "2:" calcification greater than 1 mm or more than 2% of the total calcification. Carotid echocardiographic findings, specifically echoluminance or the brightness of the narrowest lesion of the plaque, classified as hypo-, iso-, or hyper-echoic by comparison with the intima-media complex surrounding the plaque, and clinical data were reviewed. Results Plaque hardness was significantly negatively correlated with GSM [Spearman's correlation coefficient: -0.7137 (p < 0.0001)]: the harder the plaque, the higher the collagen content. There were significant differences between plaque hardness and degree of calcification between "0" and "2" (p = 0.0206). For plaque hardness and echoluminance (hypo-iso-hyper), significant differences were found between hypo-iso (p = 0.0220), hypo-hyper (p = 0.0006), and iso-hyper (p = 0.0015): the harder the plaque, the higher the luminance. In single regression analysis, GSM, sex, and diabetes mellitus were significant variables, and in multiple regression analysis, only GSM was extracted as a significant variable. Conclusions Plaque hardness was associated with a higher amount of collagen, which is the main component of the fibrous cap. Greater plaque hardness was associated with increased plaque stability. The degree of calcification may also be associated with plaque hardness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Fukushima
- Department of Neurosurgery (Omori), School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, 143-8541, Japan.
| | - Kosuke Kondo
- Department of Neurosurgery (Omori), School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, 143-8541, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Harada
- Department of Neurosurgery (Omori), School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, 143-8541, Japan
| | - Sayaka Terazono
- Department of Neurosurgery (Omori), School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, 143-8541, Japan
| | - Kei Uchino
- Department of Neurosurgery (Omori), School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, 143-8541, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Shibuya
- Department of Pathology, Toho University Omori Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuo Sugo
- Department of Neurosurgery (Omori), School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, 143-8541, Japan
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miR-320a targeting RGS5 aggravates atherosclerosis by promoting migration and proliferation of ox-LDL-stimulated vascular smooth muscle cells. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2022; 80:110-117. [PMID: 35522176 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000001286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been implicated in atherosclerosis (AS) progression. Here, we focused on how miR-320a affect AS progression via vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Oxidized low-density lipoproteins (ox-LDL)-stimulated VSMCs were used as an AS cell model and qRT-PCR was performed to measure miR-320a and RGS5 levels. CCK-8 and wound healing assays were used to detect the viability and migration of VSMCs. Western blotting was used to measure the protein expression levels of PCNA, Bax, and Bcl-2. The interaction of miR-320a and RGS5 was determined by dual-luciferase and RNA pull-down assays. MiR-320a was highly expressed while RGS5 showed low levels of expression in the arterial plaque tissues. Silencing of miR-320a blocked cell viability and migration, inhibited expression of the proliferation-specific protein PCNA in ox-LDL-treated VSMCs, promoted Bax protein expression and inhibited Bcl-2 protein expression. Furthermore, miR-320a was found to exert these effects by inhibiting RGS5 expression. Collectively, miR-320a promoted cell viability, migration, and proliferation while reducing apoptosis of ox-LDL-stimulated VSMCs by inhibiting RGS5.
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4
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Laivuori M, Tolva J, Lokki AI, Linder N, Lundin J, Paakkanen R, Albäck A, Venermo M, Mäyränpää MI, Lokki ML, Sinisalo J. Osteoid Metaplasia in Femoral Artery Plaques Is Associated With the Clinical Severity of Lower Extremity Artery Disease in Men. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:594192. [PMID: 33363220 PMCID: PMC7758249 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.594192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lamellar metaplastic bone, osteoid metaplasia (OM), is found in atherosclerotic plaques, especially in the femoral arteries. In the carotid arteries, OM has been documented to be associated with plaque stability. This study investigated the clinical impact of OM load in femoral artery plaques of patients with lower extremity artery disease (LEAD) by using a deep learning-based image analysis algorithm. Plaques from 90 patients undergoing endarterectomy of the common femoral artery were collected and analyzed. After decalcification and fixation, 4-μm-thick longitudinal sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, digitized, and uploaded as whole-slide images on a cloud-based platform. A deep learning-based image analysis algorithm was trained to analyze the area percentage of OM in whole-slide images. Clinical data were extracted from electronic patient records, and the association with OM was analyzed. Fifty-one (56.7%) sections had OM. Females with diabetes had a higher area percentage of OM than females without diabetes. In male patients, the area percentage of OM inversely correlated with toe pressure and was significantly associated with severe symptoms of LEAD including rest pain, ulcer, or gangrene. According to our results, OM is a typical feature of femoral artery plaques and can be quantified using a deep learning-based image analysis method. The association of OM load with clinical features of LEAD appears to differ between male and female patients, highlighting the need for a gender-specific approach in the study of the mechanisms of atherosclerotic disease. In addition, the role of plaque characteristics in the treatment of atherosclerotic lesions warrants further consideration in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjami Laivuori
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Tolva
- Transplantation Laboratory, Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A Inkeri Lokki
- Transplantation Laboratory, Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Cardiology, Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Translational Immunology Research Program, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nina Linder
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, HILIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johan Lundin
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, HILIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Global Public Health, Global Health/IHCAR, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Riitta Paakkanen
- Transplantation Laboratory, Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Cardiology, Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anders Albäck
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maarit Venermo
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko I Mäyränpää
- Department of Pathology, HUSLAB, Meilahti Central Laboratory of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marja-Liisa Lokki
- Transplantation Laboratory, Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Sinisalo
- Department of Cardiology, Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Tosun H, Kamışlı S, Tecellioğlu M, Alan S, Tecellioğlu FS, Öztanır MN, Kablan Y. Red and White Thrombus Characteristics in Patients Undergoing Carotid Endarterectomy. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2020; 30:105451. [PMID: 33278805 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study aimed to compare the characteristics of red and white thrombi in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study was conducted in 81 patients with ischemic stroke who underwent carotid endarterectomy for carotid artery stenosis. Carotid plaques were graded by two pathologists. Thrombus materials were divided into two groups: white and red. The parameters of assessment were plaque rupture, lipid core, fibrous cap thickness, inflammation, intraplaque hemorrhage, calcification, necrotic core, and neovascularization. Normally distributed data were evaluated using Mann-Whitney U and Chi-squared tests. RESULTS The ratio of white and red thrombus was 19.8% and 80.2%, respectively. Lipid core, plaque rupture, necrotic core, neovascularization, intraplaque hemorrhage, obstruction, and inflammation were observed more in red thrombus, which were statistically significant. Calcification and fibrous cap thickness were not statistically significant in the two groups. Moreover, intimal smooth muscle cells were present in all thrombus types. CONCLUSION In our study, we found that red thrombi had more unstable characteristics than white thrombi. Thus, the risk for ischemic cerebrovascular events is more in red thrombi. However, this finding cannot be generalized due to the small number of patients in this study. Therefore, studies involving more patients are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Saadet Alan
- Turgut Özal Medical Center, Malatya, Turkey.
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6
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Konishi T, Sunaga D, Funayama N, Yamamoto T, Murakami H, Hotta D, Nojima M, Tanaka S. Eicosapentaenoic acid therapy is associated with decreased coronary plaque instability assessed using optical frequency domain imaging. Clin Cardiol 2019; 42:618-628. [PMID: 30993750 PMCID: PMC6553360 DOI: 10.1002/clc.23185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The relationship between eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) therapy and coronary plaque stability assessed by optical frequency domain imaging (OFDI) has not been thoroughly described. Hypothesis EPA therapy is associated with decreased plaque instability in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) using OFDI. Methods Data on coronary artery plaques from 121 patients who consecutively underwent PCI between October 2015 and July 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. Of these patients, 109 were untreated (no‐EPA group), whereas 12 were treated with EPA (EPA group). Each plaque's morphological characteristics were analyzed using OFDI. Results We used 1:4 propensity score matching for patients who received or did not receive EPA therapy before PCI. Baseline characteristics were balanced between both groups (age, sex, body mass index, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, chronic kidney disease, smoking, previous PCI or coronary artery bypass grafting, previous myocardial infarction, prior statin use, acute coronary syndrome, hemoglobin A1c level, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration, triglyceride concentration, and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration). OFDI data from 60 patients were analyzed in this study. The EPA group had significantly lower mean lipid index (818 ± 806 vs 1574 ± 891) and macrophage grade (13.5 ± 5.9 vs 19.3 ± 7.4) but higher mean minimum fibrous cap thickness (109.2 ± 55.7 vs 81.6 ± 36.4 μm) than the no‐EPA group (P = 0.010, 0.019, and 0.040, respectively). Multiple logistic regression analyses showed that prior EPA use was independently associated with lower lipid index and macrophage grade (P = 0.043 and 0.024, respectively). Conclusion This OFDI analysis suggests that EPA therapy is associated with decreased plaque instability in patients undergoing PCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Konishi
- Department of Cardiology, Hokkaido Cardiovascular Hospital, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Cancer Pathology, Hokkaido University Faculty of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sunaga
- Department of Cardiology, Hokkaido Cardiovascular Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Naohiro Funayama
- Department of Cardiology, Hokkaido Cardiovascular Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yamamoto
- Department of Cardiology, Hokkaido Cardiovascular Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hironori Murakami
- Department of Cardiology, Hokkaido Cardiovascular Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hotta
- Department of Cardiology, Hokkaido Cardiovascular Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masanori Nojima
- Center for Translational Research, The Institute of Medical Science Hospital, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinya Tanaka
- Department of Cancer Pathology, Hokkaido University Faculty of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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7
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Obstructive sleep apnea is associated with increased coronary plaque instability: an optical frequency domain imaging study. Heart Vessels 2019; 34:1266-1279. [PMID: 30790035 PMCID: PMC6620247 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-019-01363-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with coronary artery disease (CAD) and with an increased risk for myocardial infarction, stroke or death due to cardiovascular disease. Optical frequency-domain imaging (OFDI) is a useful modality for evaluating the characteristics of atherosclerotic plaque. The purpose of the study was to use OFDI to investigate the association of OSA with coronary plaque characteristics in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). We retrospectively analyzed OFDI data for coronary artery plaques from 15 patients with OSA and 35 non–OSA patients treated between October 2015 and October 2018. Plaque morphology was evaluated for 70 lesions, including 21 from patients with OSA and 49 from non–OSA patients. Compared with the non–OSA group, patients with OSA had significantly higher prevalences of thinned cap fibroatheroma (TCFA) (67% vs. 35%, P = 0.014) and microchannels (86% vs. 55%, P = 0.014); a significantly higher mean lipid index (1392 ± 982 vs. 817 ± 699, P = 0.021), macrophage grade (8.4 ± 6.4 vs. 4.8 ± 4.5, P = 0.030), and maximum number of microchannels (1.5 ± 1.0 vs. 0.7 ± 0.7, P = 0.001); and a significantly lower mean minimum fibrous cap thickness (69.4 ± 28.7 vs. 96.1 ± 51.8 μm, P = 0.008). This OFDI analysis suggests that OSA is associated with unstable plaque characteristics in patients with CAD. More intensive medical management for stabilization of coronary atherosclerotic plaque is required in patients with OSA.
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8
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Kitamura K, Sato K, Sawabe M, Yoshida M, Hagiwara N. P-Selectin Glycoprotein Ligand-1 (PSGL-1) Expressing CD4 T Cells Contribute Plaque Instability in Acute Coronary Syndrome. Circ J 2018; 82:2128-2135. [PMID: 29962384 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-17-1270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adhesion molecules have essential roles in the development of atherosclerosis. We investigated whether P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1)-expressing CD4 T cells contribute to plaque instability in acute coronary syndrome (ACS).Methods and Results:We studied the adhesion molecules on CD4 T cells from consecutive patients with ACS treated with thrombus-aspirating device and compared them with healthy controls (n=48 each). Blood, thrombi, and plaque samples from the culprit coronary arteries were collected by thrombus aspiration performed during emergency coronary artery angiography. According to flow cytometry results, peripheral CD4 T cells from ACS patients strongly expressed PSGL-1 and integrin β2 (P<0.05 for both) more than those from controls; culprit coronary arteries contained an abundance of PSGL-1+(P<0.001) but not integrin β2+CD4 T cells. In addition, immunohistochemical analysis of the thrombus-aspirating device samples revealed numerous PSGL-1+CD4 T cells in plaques from the culprit lesions. Results from the selectin-binding assay demonstrated that activated PSGL-1+CD4 T cells from ACS patients bound to P- or E-selectin after triggering the T-cell receptor, and adhered to endothelial cells under laminar flow conditions (P<0.05 and P<0.05, respectively), inducing their apoptosis (P<0.01) via activated caspase-3, which correlated with PSGL-1 expression (R=0.788, P=0.021) and was suppressed by application of a PSGL-1-specific antibody (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS PSGL-1 contributed to cytotoxic CD4 T cell homing to the culprit coronary artery and promoted plaque instability in ACS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kayoko Sato
- Department of Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University
| | - Motoji Sawabe
- Section of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Health Care Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Masayuki Yoshida
- Life Sciences and Bioethics Research Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
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Konishi T, Funayama N, Yamamoto T, Hotta D, Nomura R, Nakagaki Y, Murahashi T, Kamiyama K, Yoshimoto T, Aoki T, Tanaka S. Stabilization of symptomatic carotid atherosclerotic plaques by statins: a clinico-pathological analysis. Heart Vessels 2018; 33:1311-1324. [PMID: 29789903 PMCID: PMC6208692 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-018-1193-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Human and animal studies have revealed a stabilization of atherosclerotic plaques by statins. However, the stabilization of human carotid plaques has not been thoroughly described pathologically. This analysis explored the relationship between statin therapy and plaque stability in carotid endarterectomy (CEA) specimens. We analyzed specimens harvested between May 2015 and February 2017, from 79 consecutive patients presenting with > 70% carotid artery stenoses, of whom 66 were untreated (group 1) and 13 treated (group 2) with a statin. Immunohistochemistry was performed, using an endothelial specific antibody to CD31, CD34 and platelet derived growth factor receptor-β. The prevalence of plaque ruptures (P = 0.009), lumen thrombi (P = 0.009), inflammatory cells (P = 0.008), intraplaque hemorrhages (P = 0.030) and intraplaque microvessels (P < 0.001) was significantly lower in group 2 than in group 1. Among 66 patients presenting with strokes and infarct sizes > 1.0 cm3 on magnetic resonance imaging, the mean infarct volume was significantly smaller (P = 0.031) in group 2 (4.2 ± 2.5 cm3) than in group 1 (8.2 ± 7.1 cm3). The difference in mean concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol between group 1 (121 ± 32 mg/dl) and group 2 (105 ± 37 mg/dl) was non-significant (P = 0.118). This analysis of plaques harvested from patients undergoing CEA suggests that statin therapy mitigates the plaque instability, which, in patients presenting with strokes, might decrease infarct volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Konishi
- Department of Cardiology, Hokkaido Cardiovascular Hospital, 1-30, West 13, South 27, Chuou-ku, Sapporo, 064-8622, Japan. .,Department of Cancer Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Naohiro Funayama
- Department of Cardiology, Hokkaido Cardiovascular Hospital, 1-30, West 13, South 27, Chuou-ku, Sapporo, 064-8622, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yamamoto
- Department of Cardiology, Hokkaido Cardiovascular Hospital, 1-30, West 13, South 27, Chuou-ku, Sapporo, 064-8622, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hotta
- Department of Cardiology, Hokkaido Cardiovascular Hospital, 1-30, West 13, South 27, Chuou-ku, Sapporo, 064-8622, Japan
| | - Ryota Nomura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nakamura Memorial Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nakagaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nakamura Memorial Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takeo Murahashi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nakamura Memorial Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kenji Kamiyama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nakamura Memorial Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tetsuyuki Yoshimoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kashiwaba Neurosurgical Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Aoki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hokkaido Neurosurgical Memorial Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shinya Tanaka
- Department of Cancer Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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