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Ikeda-Murakami K, Ikeda T, Watanabe M, Tani N, Ishikawa T. Central nervous system stimulants promote nerve cell death under continuous hypoxia. Hum Cell 2022; 35:1391-1407. [PMID: 35737220 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-022-00734-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Intake of central nervous system (CNS) stimulants causes hypoxia and brain edema, which results in nerve cell death. However, no study has yet investigated the direct and continuous effects on nerve cells of CNS stimulants under hypoxia. Thus, based on autopsy cases, the effects of CNS stimulant drugs on the CNS were examined. The pathological changes in cultured nerve cells when various CNS stimulants were added under a hypoxic condition were also investigated. Five groups (Group A, stimulants; Group B, stimulants with psychiatric drugs; Group C, caffeine; Group D, psychiatric drugs; and Group E, no drugs) according to the detected drugs in autopsy cases were compared, and brain edema was evaluated using morphological findings. Furthermore, the number of dead cultured nerve cells was counted after the addition of drugs (4-aminopyridine (4-AP), caffeine, and ephedrine) under hypoxia (3% O2). Staining with anti-receptor-interacting protein 3 (RIP3) and other associated stains was also performed to investigate the neuronal changes in the brain. Group A showed significantly more brain edema than the other groups. In the culture experiments, the ratio of nerve cell death after the addition of 4-AP was the highest in the hypoxic condition. Groups with stimulants detected were stained more strongly by RIP3 immunostaining than by other staining. Addition of stimulants to cultured nerve cells in a persistent hypoxic condition led to severe cytotoxicity and nerve cell death. These findings suggest that necroptosis is involved in nerve cell death due to the addition of CNS stimulants in the hypoxic condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Ikeda-Murakami
- Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka City University Medical School, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan.
| | - Tomoya Ikeda
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
- Forensic Autopsy Section, Medico-Legal Consultation and Postmortem Investigation Support Center, Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Miho Watanabe
- Laboratory of Clinical Regenerative Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Medical Science Innovation Laboratory 403, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Naoto Tani
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
- Forensic Autopsy Section, Medico-Legal Consultation and Postmortem Investigation Support Center, Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Takaki Ishikawa
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
- Forensic Autopsy Section, Medico-Legal Consultation and Postmortem Investigation Support Center, Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
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El-Mahdy NA, El-Sisi AE, Dewidar BI, El-Desouky KI. Histamine protects against the acute phase of experimentally-induced hepatic ischemia/re-perfusion. J Immunotoxicol 2012; 10:9-16. [PMID: 22793375 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2012.684158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Histamine, involved in many inflammatory reactions and immune responses, is reported to suppress--via H4R stimulation--injury concomitant with the late phase of warm hepatic ischemia/re-perfusion (I/R). The current study investigated the possible effects of histamine on the acute phase of hepatic I/R injury, and the possible underlying mechanisms like oxidative stress and release of inflammatory cytokines (e.g., tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α nd interleukin [IL]-12). Rats were divided into naïve, sham-operated, and I/R groups. The I/R group was divided into sub-groups and pre-treated with histaminergic ligands before induction of ischemia. Anesthetized rats were subjected to warm ischemia for 30 min by occlusion of the portal vein and hepatic artery, then re-perfused for 90 min. Rats in the control I/R group showed significant increases in hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA), TNFα, and IL-12 contents, and in plasma alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) levels, along with significant decreases in hepatic reduced glutathione (GSH) content and marked diffuse histopathologic damage. Pre-treatment with histamine resulted in significant mitigation of each of these end-points. The protective effect of histamine was not antagonized by pre-treatment with mepyramine (H1R antagonist) or ranitidine (H2R antagonist) and completely reversed by pre-treatment with thioperamide (H3R and H4R antagonist). In addition, the histamine protective effect was mimicked by pre-treatment of rats with clozapine (H4R agonist). These observations strongly suggested that histamine has a protective effect against hepatic I/R-mediated tissue injury during the acute phase, and this effect was mediated through an H4R stimulation that led to a decrease in IL-12 and TNFα production--outcomes that consequently decreased localized oxidative stress and afforded hepatic protection in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nageh A El-Mahdy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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Akhtar M, Pillai KK, Vohora D. Effect of thioperamide on oxidative stress markers in middle cerebral artery occlusion model of focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2008; 27:761-7. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327108094608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In view of the recent evidence for the involvement of histamine in cerebral ischemia, the present study evaluated the effect of thioperamide (THP), a selective histamine H3-receptor antagonist, on middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) induced focal cerebral ischemia in rats. The rats were subjected to 2 h of MCAO followed by 22 h reperfusion after which the grip strength, locomotor activity and spontaneous alternation performance were assessed. Animals were then killed and oxidative stress markers were estimated in the whole brain. An elevation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) and a reduction in glutathione (GSH) and antioxidant enzymes, such as glutathione-S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), was observed following MCAO, the last two being statistically insignificant. Pretreatment with THP (5.5 mg/kg i.p. and 11 mg/kg i.p.) significantly reversed the MCAO-induced increase in TBARS, but could not reverse the other parameters. Paradoxically, it further reduced the levels of GPx, GR and SOD. No significant changes were observed in the catalase levels and in the grip strength and spontaneous alternation behavior of rats. Locomotor activity was reduced slightly, but reversed on pretreatment with THP. The dual effect of THP on oxidative stress requires further investigation and raises doubts on its possible use in cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Akhtar
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
| | - KK Pillai
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
| | - D Vohora
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
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Hu W, Xu L, Pan J, Zheng X, Chen Z. Effect of cerebral ischemia on brain mast cells in rats. Brain Res 2004; 1019:275-80. [PMID: 15306264 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.05.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of transient cerebral ischemia on brain mast cells in rats. The mast cells decreased significantly at 1 h, 2 h, 4 h and 7 days after ischemia. At 1 day following ischemia, the increase of the number of mast cells in the middle aspect of the thalamus (bregma -2.80 to -3.16 mm) was twice as that of other regions in the thalamus. In addition, histamine contents increased significantly in the thalamus and striatum after ischemia. These results indicate that brain mast cells participate in the pathological process after ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 353, Yan-An Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310031, PR China
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