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Sembach FE, Østergaard MV, Vrang N, Feldt-Rasmussen B, Fosgerau K, Jelsing J, Fink LN. Rodent models of diabetic kidney disease: human translatability and preclinical validity. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:200-217. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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The roles of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in preventing kidney injury in diabetes. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 94:176-187. [PMID: 28759755 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.07.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the leading cause of end stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide. The early effective treatment of high plasma glucose could delay or prevent the onset of DN. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are new target treatments for ameliorating high plasma glucose and help to maintain glucose homeostasis in diabetic patients. Reduced renal glucose reabsorption by SGLT2 inhibition seems to have high potential to improve glycemic control in diabetes mellitus (DM) not only through glucose lowering but also through glucose-independent effects such as blood pressure-lowering and direct renal effects in diabetes. Of note, the important events in the pathogenesis of glucose-induced renal injury and DN including oxidative stress, inflammation, fibrosis and apoptosis conditions have shown to be ameliorate after the treatment with SGLT2 inhibitors. Interestingly, SGLT2 inhibitors have been reported to reduce albuminuria in DM via an activation of renal tubuloglomerular feedback by increased macula densa sodium and chloride delivery, leading to afferent vasoconstriction and attenuated diabetes-induced renal hyperfiltration. These effects also help to conserve glomerular integrity. Thus, the treatment of diabetes mellitus using SGLT2 inhibitors could be one of the effective approach for the management of diabetic-associated kidney disease like DN. This review summarizes the up to date information and discusses the bidirectional relationship between the SGLT2 inhibitor treatments and the renal functions that are available from both basic research and clinical reports. The details of renal outcomes of SGLT2 inhibitors in DN are also provide in this review.
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Hofni A, El-Moselhy MA, Taye A, Khalifa MM. Combination therapy with spironolactone and candesartan protects against streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 744:173-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Revised: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Lezcano EJ, Iñigo P, Larraga AM, Barranquero C, Gimenez I, Osada J. Caloric restriction or telmisartan control dyslipidemia and nephropathy in obese diabetic Zücker rats. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2014; 6:10. [PMID: 24468233 PMCID: PMC3906927 DOI: 10.1186/1758-5996-6-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The obese Zücker diabetic fatty male rat (ZDF:Gmi™-fa) is an animal model of type II diabetes associated with obesity and related metabolic disturbances like dyslipidaemia and diabetic nephropathy. In addition, diabetic dyslipidaemia has been linked to vascular and glomerular damage too. Dietary fat restriction is a current strategy to tackle obesity and, telmisartan, as a renoprotective agent, may mediate cholesterol efflux by activating PPARγ. To test the hypothesis that both therapeutical alternatives may influence dyslipidaemia and nephropathy in the ZDF rat, we studied their effect on development of diabetes. METHODS Male Zücker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rats received a low-calorie diet, vehicle or telmisartan for 9 weeks. Blood samples were obtained for analyses of lipids and lipoproteins, LDL-oxidisability, HDL structural and functional properties. Urinalysis was carried out to estimate albumin loss. At the end of the experimental period, rats were sacrificed, liver extracted and APOA1 mRNA quantified. RESULTS Results indicated that low-calorie diet and telmisartan can slower the onset of overt hyperglycaemia and renal damage assessed as albuminuria. Both interventions decreased the oxidative susceptibility of LDL and hepatic APOA1 mRNA expression but only dietary restriction lowered hyperlipidaemia. CONCLUSION Either a dietary or pharmacologic interventions with telmisartan have important beneficial effects in terms of LDL oxidative susceptibility and progression of albuminuria in obesity related type II diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo J Lezcano
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital de San Pedro, Logroño, Calle Piqueras, 98 26006 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Pablo Iñigo
- Departamento de Medicina. Facultad de Medicina. Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Clínico Universitario “Lozano Blesa”, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana M Larraga
- Departamento de Medicina. Facultad de Medicina. Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Clínico Universitario “Lozano Blesa”, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Cristina Barranquero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón - Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Gimenez
- Departamento de Farmacología y Fisiología, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jesús Osada
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón - Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Ohmura T, Tsunenari I, Seidler R, Chachin M, Hayashi T, Konomi A, Matsumaru T, Sumida T, Hayashi N, Horie Y. Renoprotective effects of telmisartan on renal injury in obese Zucker rats. Acta Diabetol 2012; 49 Suppl 1:S15-24. [PMID: 18008027 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-007-0016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2007] [Accepted: 08/03/2007] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the renoprotective effect of telmisartan, an angiotensin II receptor antagonist, on the early stages of diabetic nephropathy in obese Zucker rats, which is a type 2-related diabetes mellitus model. Telmisartan 1, 3 or 10 mg/kg/day was orally administered to 7-week-old rats that demonstrated glucose tolerance without albuminuria or proteinuria, for 24 consecutive weeks (Experiment A). In another experiment (Experiment B), oral administration of telmisartan 10 mg/kg/day was initiated at the age of 16 weeks after the rats demonstrated marked proteinuria, and continued for 24 weeks. Telmisartan inhibited the increase in proteinuria and albuminuria in a dose-dependent manner, and the inhibition for all telmisartan groups was statistically significant by the completion of administration (Experiment A). Telmisartan also displayed similar inhibitory effects on proteinuria and albuminuria in Experiment B. Histologically, telmisartan [3 and 10 mg/kg/day] was associated with a significant decrease in the progression of glomerulosclerosis, and significantly improved interstitial cell infiltration, interstitial fibrosis and dilation and atrophy of renal tubules. Furthermore, telmisartan treatment was associated with a tendency towards normalized plasma lipids (total cholesterol and triglyceride). Our results suggest that telmisartan has a definite renoprotective effect against renal injury in type II diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ohmura
- Project Coordination Group, Kawanishi Pharma Research Institute, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co, Ltd, Yato, 3-10-1 Kawanishi, Hyogo, Japan.
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Kusumoto K. [In vitro and in vivo pharmacological profiles of a novel angiotensin type 1-receptor blocker, azilsartan]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2012; 139:236-240. [PMID: 22728984 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.139.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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Kusumoto K, Igata H, Ojima M, Tsuboi A, Imanishi M, Yamaguchi F, Sakamoto H, Kuroita T, Kawaguchi N, Nishigaki N, Nagaya H. Antihypertensive, insulin-sensitising and renoprotective effects of a novel, potent and long-acting angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker, azilsartan medoxomil, in rat and dog models. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 669:84-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Jak2-Independent Activation of Stat3 by Intracellular Angiotensin II in Human Mesangial Cells. JOURNAL OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 2011; 2011:257862. [PMID: 21915376 PMCID: PMC3171157 DOI: 10.1155/2011/257862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Ang II is shown to
mediate the stimulatory effect of high glucose
on TGF-b1 and extracellular matrix proteins in
glomerular mesangial cells. Also inhibition of Ang II formation
in cell media (extracellular) and lysates
(intracellular) blocks high-glucose effects on
TGF-b1 and matrix more effectively compared to
inhibition of extracellular Ang II alone. To investigate whether
intracellular Ang II can stimulate TGF-b1 and
matrix independent of extracellular Ang II,
cultured human mesangial cells were transfected
with Ang II to increase intracellular Ang II
levels and its effects on TGF-b1 and matrix
proteins were determined. Prior to transfection,
cells were treated with candesartan to block
extracellular Ang II-induced responses via cell
membrane AT1 receptors. Transfection of cells
with Ang II resulted in increased levels of
intracellular Ang II which was accompanied by
increased production of TGF-b1, collagen IV,
fibronectin, and cell proliferation as well. On
further examination, intracellular Ang II was
found to activate Stat3 transcription factor
including increased Stat3 protein expression,
tyrosine 705 phosphorylation, and DNA-binding
activity. Treatment with AG-490, an inhibitor of
Jak2, did not block intracellular Ang II-induced
Stat3 phosphorylation at tyrosine 705 residue
indicating a Jak2-independent mechanism used by
intracellular Ang II for Stat3 phosphorylation.
In contrast, extracellular Ang II-induced
tyrosine 705 phosphorylation of Stat3 was
inhibited by AG-490 confirming the presence of a
Jak2-dependent pathway. These findings suggest
that intracellular Ang II increases TGF-b1 and
matrix in human mesangial cells and also
activates Stat3 transcription factor without
involvement of the extracellular Ang II
signaling pathway.
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The effect of chronic candesartan therapy on the metabolic profile and renal tissue cytokine levels in the obese Zucker rat. Mediators Inflamm 2010; 2010:841343. [PMID: 20490358 PMCID: PMC2872766 DOI: 10.1155/2010/841343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2009] [Revised: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of candesartan, an angiotensin-II type-1 receptor antagonist, on the metabolic profile and renal inflammation is unclear. We evaluated this relationship by feeding male lean (LZ) and obese (OZ) Zucker rats chow or chow with candesartan (23.5 mg/kg · diet) for 14 weeks (n = 6–8/treatment/body type). Candesartan reduced serum triglycerides, plasma creatinine, urine albumin, and renal cortical collagen and glycogen deposition in the OZ. An ELISA-based cytokine array revealed that candesartan normalized elevated renal interleukin (IL) 1-β and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) levels in OZ. Nonetheless, candesartan impaired glucose tolerance, and did not lower blood insulin or glucose levels. Moreover, renal IL-1α, -2, -4, -6 and -10 tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, were
significantly reduced in OZ relative to LZ, and increased by candesartan. Furthermore, candesartan increased growth-regulated oncogene, transforming growth factor-β1 and IL-18
in OZ kidneys to a level higher than LZ or untreated OZ. Candesartan did not affect renal cytokine levels in LZ. Overall, candesartan attenuated renal disease and improved renal function in OZ, despite mixed effects on metabolic factors and cytokines. Reduced plasma
triglycerides and/or renal MCP-1 and IL-1β may have had a role in this protection. However,
these effects were clearly independent of any improvement in glucose tolerance.
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do Carmo JM, Tallam LS, Roberts JV, Brandon EL, Biglane J, da Silva AA, Hall JE. Impact of obesity on renal structure and function in the presence and absence of hypertension: evidence from melanocortin-4 receptor-deficient mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009; 297:R803-12. [PMID: 19605765 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00187.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the long-term impact of obesity and related metabolic abnormalities in the absence and presence of hypertension on renal injury and salt-sensitivity of blood pressure. Markers of renal injury and blood pressure salt sensitivity were assessed in 52- to 55-wk-old normotensive melanocortin-4 receptor-deficient (MC4R-/-) mice and lean C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) mice and in 22-wk-old MC4R-/- and WT mice made hypertensive by N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) in the drinking water for 8 wk. Old MC4R-/- mice were 60% heavier, hyperinsulinemic, and hyperleptinemic but had similar mean arterial pressure (MAP) as WT mice (115 +/- 2 and 117 +/- 2 mmHg) on normal salt diet (0.4% NaCl). A high-salt diet (4.0% NaCl) for 12 days did not raise MAP in obese or lean mice [DeltaMAP: MC4R (-/-) 4 +/- 2 mmHg; WT, 2 +/- 1 mmHg]. Obese MC4R-/- mice had 23% greater glomerular tuft area and moderately increased GFR compared with WT mice. Bowman's space, total glomerular area, mesangial matrix, urinary albumin excretion (UAE), renal TGF-beta and collagen expression were not significantly different between old MC4R-/- and WT mice. Renal lipid content was greater but renal macrophage count was markedly lower in MC4R-/- than WT mice. Mild increases in MAP during L-NAME treatment (approximately 16 mmHg) caused small, but greater, elevations in UAE, renal TGF-beta content, and macrophage infiltration in MC4R-/- compared with WT mice without significant changes in glomerular structure. Thus despite long-term obesity and multiple metabolic abnormalities, MC4R-/- mice have no evidence of renal injury or salt-sensitivity of blood pressure. These observations suggest that elevations in blood pressure may be necessary for obesity and related metabolic abnormalities to cause major renal injury or that MC4R-/- mice are protected from renal injury by mechanisms that are still unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jussara M do Carmo
- Dept. of Physiology and Biophysics, Univ. of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State St., Jackson, MS 39216-4505, USA.
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Klein JD, Rash A, Sands JM, Ecelbarger CM, Tiwari S. Candesartan Differentially Regulates Epithelial Sodium Channel in Cortex Versus Medulla of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 2:23. [PMID: 20151042 DOI: 10.2174/1875044300902010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is associated with an activated renal renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and it was shown that streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats had increased whole kidney protein levels of the epithelial sodium channel subunits (α-, β- and γ-ENaC). However, the role of the RAAS on the regional, i.e., cortical versus medullary, regulation of ENaC is unclear. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with STZ (intravenous, 65 mg/kg·bw, n=12/group). After 14 days, half of them received drinking water with candesartan (2 mg/kg·bw/day), an angiotensin-II type-1 receptor (AT1R) antagonist, for one week. In the medulla, i.e., inner stripe of the outer medulla (ISOM), base and/or tip of the inner medulla, immunoblotting revealed increased protein abundances of α1 Na-K-ATPase and ENaC subunits with diabetes (200-600% of controls), which were not reversed by candesartan. In fact, candesartan increased all ENaC subunits and α1 Na-K-ATPase in the ISOM and/or base in control rats. In contrast, in the cortex, diabetes did not increase these proteins. However, candesartan reduced cortical β- and γ-ENaC regardless of diabetic state. In summary, diabetes-induced increases in ENaC were seen preferentially in the medulla. These changes appeared to be due to a mechanism clearly distinct from AT1R activation, because they were not abolished by candesartan. In fact, candesartan treatment tended to increase some of these medullary proteins, perhaps in compensation for increased NaCl load. In contrast, cortical β- and γ-ENaC were reduced by candesartan regardless of diabetic state suggesting their regulation by AT1R at this site; however this did not appear to be a site of diabetes-induced ENaC up-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet D Klein
- School of Medicine, Renal Division, Emory University, 1639 Pierce Drive NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
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Hu J, Tiwari S, Riazi S, Hu X, Wang X, Ecelbarger CM. Regulation of angiotensin II type I receptor (AT1R) protein levels in the obese Zucker rat kidney and urine. Clin Exp Hypertens 2009; 31:49-63. [PMID: 19172459 DOI: 10.1080/10641960802409788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Increased renal expression of the angiotensin II, type-1 receptor (AT1R) has been associated with increased blood pressure (BP) and progression of renal disease. We tested whether common medications used to treat hypertension and the metabolic syndrome alter renal AT1R; and whether urine AT1R can be used as a reasonable noninvasive marker of renal levels in the obese Zucker rat, a model for human metabolic syndrome. Immunoblotting revealed that renal and urinary levels of AT1R were significantly higher in obese versus lean rats and correlated (R = 0.62, p < 0.05). Chronic treatment with BP lowering, candesartan, an AT1R antagonist, increased renal levels of AT1R in both lean (282% of lean controls) and obese (178% of obese controls) rats, but decreased urine AT1R levels in obese rats (72% of obese controls). Similarly, chronic treatment with rosiglitazone (RGZ), a peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (subtype gamma) agonist, significantly decreased urine (43% of obese controls) but not renal AT1R (105%) in obese rats. Blood pressure, measured by radiotelemetry, was significantly correlated in untreated and RGZ-treated rats to renal AT1R (R = 0.57, p = 0.0035). Finally, high- (4%) and medium- (0.4%) NaCl diets increased excretion of AT1R in obese rats to approximately 400% of low- (0.04%) NaCl diet. This effect was markedly blunted in lean rats. Overall, we demonstrate increased renal AT1R levels in obese rats. Urine AT1R correlated with renal levels only in the untreated state. Relative salt-sensitivity of AT1R excretion in obese, relative to lean rats, may have implications for both BP and renal disease in the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA
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Matsui K, Ohta T, Oda T, Sasase T, Ueda N, Miyajima K, Masuyama T, Shinohara M, Matsushita M. Diabetes-associated complications in Spontaneously Diabetic Torii fatty rats. Exp Anim 2008; 57:111-21. [PMID: 18421173 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.57.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) fatty rat, established by introducing the fa allele of the Zucker fatty rat into the SDT rat genome, is a new model of obese type 2 diabetes. The SDT-fa/fa (SDT fatty) rat shows overt obesity, and hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia are observed at a young age as compared with the SDT-+/+ (SDT normal) rat. However, the features of the diabetic complications in the SDT fatty rat have not been reported. In the present study, the incidence and the progression of diabetic complications in the SDT fatty rat were examined, and compared with those of the SDT normal rat. Renal function parameters, such as blood urea nitrogen, urine volume and urinary protein, increased from 4 weeks of age in the SDT fatty rat, and pathological findings in the renal tubule were observed from 8 weeks. Furthermore, cataract was observed in the SDT fatty rat from 8 weeks of age, and prolongation of peak latencies on electroretinograms was observed at 16 and 24 weeks of age. On the other hand, in the SDT normal rat, renal or ocular changes were observed from 24 weeks of age. With early incidence of diabetes mellitus, diabetes-associated complications in the SDT fatty rat were seen at younger ages than those in the SDT normal rat. In conclusion, the SDT fatty rat is expected to be a useful model for the analysis of diabetic complications and the evaluation of drugs related to metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Matsui
- Japan Tobacco Inc., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
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Madala Halagappa VK, Tiwari S, Riazi S, Hu X, Ecelbarger CM. Chronic candesartan alters expression and activity of NKCC2, NCC, and ENaC in the obese Zucker rat. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2008; 294:F1222-31. [PMID: 18305093 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00604.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The obese Zucker rat reportedly has increased activity of the intrarenal renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, which conceptually could contribute to elevated salt sensitivity and blood pressure (BP). Our aim was to determine whether there was increased angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT(1)R)-mediated upregulation of expression or activity of the bumetanide-sensitive Na-K-2Cl cotransporter, the thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter (NCC), and/or the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) in obese vs. lean Zucker rats. Male obese and lean Zucker rats (10-wk old) were fed either 1) control chow (1% NaCl) or 2) chow with candesartan (CAN), an AT(1)R antagonist (25 mg/kg.diet) for 14 wk (n = 8/treatment/body type). BP measured by radiotelemetry, was markedly reduced by CAN ( approximately 20-25 mmHg) in both lean and obese rats with no body-type differences. Obese rats had significantly greater net natriuretic response to single injections of hydrochlorothiazide and benzamil, suggesting increased activity of NCC and ENaC, respectively; however, only the response to benzamil was reduced by CAN. CAN led to a significant reduction in whole kidney levels of NCC and gamma-ENaC (70-kDa band) in both lean and obese rats. However, it significantly increased alpha-ENaC and Na-K-2Cl cotransporter levels, and these increases were greater in obese rats. These studies suggest that relatively increased ENaC, but not NCC activity, in obese rats is due to enhanced AT(1)R activity. CAN attenuated the reduction of several renal transporters in the obese rat kidney. Finally, differences in intrarenal AT(1)R activity do not seem directly responsible for BP differences between lean and obese rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerendra K Madala Halagappa
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia 20007, USA
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Effects of benazepril on renal function and kidney expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 in diabetic rats. Chin Med J (Engl) 2006. [DOI: 10.1097/00029330-200605020-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Schrijvers BF, De Vriese AS, Flyvbjerg A. From hyperglycemia to diabetic kidney disease: the role of metabolic, hemodynamic, intracellular factors and growth factors/cytokines. Endocr Rev 2004; 25:971-1010. [PMID: 15583025 DOI: 10.1210/er.2003-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
At present, diabetic kidney disease affects about 15-25% of type 1 and 30-40% of type 2 diabetic patients. Several decades of extensive research has elucidated various pathways to be implicated in the development of diabetic kidney disease. This review focuses on the metabolic factors beyond blood glucose that are involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease, i.e., advanced glycation end-products and the aldose reductase system. Furthermore, the contribution of hemodynamic factors, the renin-angiotensin system, the endothelin system, and the nitric oxide system, as well as the prominent role of the intracellular signaling molecule protein kinase C are discussed. Finally, the respective roles of TGF-beta, GH and IGFs, vascular endothelial growth factor, and platelet-derived growth factor are covered. The complex interplay between these different pathways will be highlighted. A brief introduction to each system and description of its expression in the normal kidney is followed by in vitro, experimental, and clinical evidence addressing the role of the system in diabetic kidney disease. Finally, well-known and potential therapeutic strategies targeting each system are discussed, ending with an overall conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bieke F Schrijvers
- Medical Department M/Medical Research Laboratories, Clinical Institute, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Sasaki M, Uehara S, Ohta H, Taguchi K, Kemi M, Nishikibe M, Matsumoto H. Losartan ameliorates progression of glomerular structural changes in diabetic KKAy mice. Life Sci 2004; 75:869-80. [PMID: 15183078 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2004.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2003] [Accepted: 01/26/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Pathological changes in glomerular structure are typically associated with the progression of diabetic nephropathy. The involvement of angiotensin II (AII) in pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy has been extensively studied and the therapeutic advantages associated with blockade of renin-angiotensin system (RAS), primarily with angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, has been well-documented. We studied the effect of RAS blockade with an AII receptor antagonist (losartan) vs. an ACE inhibitor (enalapril) on glomerular lesions in KKAy mice, a model of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Losartan was administered at 3 and 10 mg/kg/day and enalapril at 3 mg/kg/day for 14 weeks in the drinking water. The doses of losartan at 10 mg/kg/day was expected to be equivalent to 3 mg/kg/day of enalapril when considering clinical doses for lowering blood pressure. The dose of 3 mg/kg/day of losartan was selected to compare the efficacy at equivalent dose of enalapril. Histologic observation demonstrated suppression of glomerular mesangial expansion and glomerulosclerosis with exudative lesion in the 10 mg/kg/day losartan group when compared to the untreated diabetic controls. A lesser degree of glomerulosclerosis was also observed with losartan and enalapril treatment at 3 mg/kg/day. Ultrastructural examination of renal glomeruli from the high dose losartan group revealed a decreased degree of effacement and/or irregular arrangement of glomerular podocytic foot process. The beneficial effect of RAS inhibition with the AII receptor antagonist losartan on diabetic glomerular lesions was clearly demonstrated in this study. These findings, therefore, provide mechanistic explanation for the clinical utility of losartan for use in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy in man.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Antihypertensive Agents/therapeutic use
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/pathology
- Diabetic Nephropathies/drug therapy
- Diabetic Nephropathies/etiology
- Diabetic Nephropathies/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Enalapril/therapeutic use
- Kidney/drug effects
- Kidney/pathology
- Kidney Glomerulus/drug effects
- Kidney Glomerulus/ultrastructure
- Losartan/administration & dosage
- Losartan/therapeutic use
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Mice, Obese
- Organ Size/drug effects
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/physiology
- Water Supply
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Sasaki
- Safety Assessment, Tsukuba Research Institute, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 3 Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
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18
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Kurokawa K, Abe K, Saruta T, Arakawa M, Kikkawa R, Ueda N, Onoyama K, Tomita K, Ogawa N. Antiproteinuric effect of candesartan cilexetil in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2002; 3:167-75. [PMID: 12563567 DOI: 10.3317/jraas.2002.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A prospective, randomised, double-blind, parallel-group, dose-response trial was conducted to investigate the antiproteinuric effect of candesartan cilexetil, the angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker, in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis. Patients (n=280) were treated for 12 weeks with candesartan cilexetil 2, 4, or 8 mg given orally once-daily (o.d.). The improvement in urinary protein excretion observed at the end of the treatment period was 15.9% in the 2 mg group, 25.6% in the 4 mg group, and 34.6% in the 8 mg group, respectively, showing a clear dose-response (2 mg <4 mg <8 mg; p=0.003). The mean reduction in urinary protein excretion was 11.3% in the 2 mg group, 26.3% in the 4 mg group, and 26.0% in the 8 mg group, showing a dose-response pattern, in that the effect of 4 mg and 8 mg was greater than that of 2 mg (2 mg <4 mg asymptotically equal to 8 mg; p=0.010). As the observed reduction in urinary protein excretion failed to correlate with changes in mean blood pressure, it could not be attributed to the antihypertensive effect of the study drug alone. This suggests that candesartan cilexetil, 4 8 mg o.d., has antiproteinuric effects in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Kurokawa
- Department of Internal Medicine VII, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan
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19
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Abstract
Obesity, which has reached epidemic proportions in the United States and other western countries, may be complicated by hypertension, an increased incidence of renal cancer or proteinuria. Patients with obesity-associated proteinuria show focal glomerulosclerosis and glomerulomegaly on biopsy, usually have minimal clinical edema and relatively normal levels of serum albumin, cholesterol and blood pressure, and can progress to end-stage renal disease. Severe obesity may also be an additive risk factor in patients with preexisting nephropathy or reduced renal mass. The pathophysiology of obesity-associated proteinuria is unclear but may include hyperfiltration, increased renal venous pressure, glomerular hypertrophy, hyperlipidemia and increased synthesis of vasoactive and fibrogenic substances, including angiotensin II, insulin, leptin and transforming growth factor-beta1. These substances may individually or interactively affect glomerular hyperfiltration, mesangial cell hypertrophy and matrix production, and the production of collagen, fibronectin, transforming growth factor-beta and other fibrogenic mediators of change. Although angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition has proven to have an impact, perhaps temporarily, on obesity-associated proteinuria in humans, weight reduction early in the course of the disease would appear the most important therapeutic approach.
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20
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Matsuo T, Ishikawa E, Ohta M, Shibouta Y, Ishimura Y, Imura Y, Sugiyama Y. Renal protective effect of candesartan cilexetil in spontaneously hypercholesterolemic rats. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY 2002; 88:300-6. [PMID: 11949885 DOI: 10.1254/jjp.88.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneously hypercholesterolemic (SHC) rats exhibit hypercholesterolemia, proteinuria and focal glomerulosclerosis with age, and they finally die as a result of renal failure. In this study, the renoprotective effects of candesartan cilexetil, an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist, and enalapril, an angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitor, were examined in SHC rats. Candesartan cilexetil (0.1 and 1 mg /kg) and enalapril (10 mg/kg) were administered orally to 10-week-old SHC rats for a 6-week period. Candesartan cilexetil (1 mg/kg) and enalapril (10 mg/kg) significantly inhibited proteinuria and hypercholesterolemia to a similar extent. In untreated 16-week-old SHC rats, glomerulosclerosis, basophilic change, cast formation and interstitial mononuclear cell infiltration were observed. Candesartan cilexetil (1 mg/kg) inhibited all of these histological changes. Enalapril inhibited glomerulosclerosis and cast formation. These results show that candesartan cilexetil and enalapril have renal protective effects in SHC rats. Thus, angiotensin II might play an important role in renal pathogenesis in a model of focal glomerulosclerosis with hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Matsuo
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Chemical Industries Ltd, Osaka, Japan
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