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Jannati S, Patnaik R, Banerjee Y. Beyond Anticoagulation: A Comprehensive Review of Non-Vitamin K Oral Anticoagulants (NOACs) in Inflammation and Protease-Activated Receptor Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8727. [PMID: 39201414 PMCID: PMC11355043 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25168727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants (NOACs) have revolutionized anticoagulant therapy, offering improved safety and efficacy over traditional agents like warfarin. This review comprehensively examines the dual roles of NOACs-apixaban, rivaroxaban, edoxaban, and dabigatran-not only as anticoagulants, but also as modulators of inflammation via protease-activated receptor (PAR) signaling. We highlight the unique pharmacotherapeutic properties of each NOAC, supported by key clinical trials demonstrating their effectiveness in preventing thromboembolic events. Beyond their established anticoagulant roles, emerging research suggests that NOACs influence inflammation through PAR signaling pathways, implicating factors such as factor Xa (FXa) and thrombin in the modulation of inflammatory responses. This review synthesizes current evidence on the anti-inflammatory potential of NOACs, exploring their impact on inflammatory markers and conditions like atherosclerosis and diabetes. By delineating the mechanisms by which NOACs mediate anti-inflammatory effects, this work aims to expand their therapeutic utility, offering new perspectives for managing inflammatory diseases. Our findings underscore the broader clinical implications of NOACs, advocating for their consideration in therapeutic strategies aimed at addressing inflammation-related pathologies. This comprehensive synthesis not only enhances understanding of NOACs' multifaceted roles, but also paves the way for future research and clinical applications in inflammation and cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Jannati
- Yajnavalkaa Banerrji Research Group, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (MBRU), Dubai Health, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates; (S.J.); (R.P.)
| | - Rajashree Patnaik
- Yajnavalkaa Banerrji Research Group, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (MBRU), Dubai Health, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates; (S.J.); (R.P.)
| | - Yajnavalka Banerjee
- Yajnavalkaa Banerrji Research Group, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (MBRU), Dubai Health, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates; (S.J.); (R.P.)
- Centre for Medical Education, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK
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2
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Chang TK, Zhong YH, Liu SC, Huang CC, Tsai CH, Lee HP, Wang SW, Hsu CJ, Tang CH. Apelin Promotes Endothelial Progenitor Cell Angiogenesis in Rheumatoid Arthritis Disease via the miR-525-5p/Angiopoietin-1 Pathway. Front Immunol 2021; 12:737990. [PMID: 34659230 PMCID: PMC8511637 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.737990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a critical process in the formation of new capillaries and a key participant in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) pathogenesis. The adipokine apelin (APLN) plays critical roles in several cellular functions, including angiogenesis. We report that APLN treatment of RA synovial fibroblasts (RASFs) increased angiopoietin-1 (Ang1) expression. Ang1 antibody abolished endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) tube formation and migration in conditioned medium from APLN-treated RASFs. We also found significantly higher levels of APLN and Ang1 expression in synovial fluid from RA patients compared with those with osteoarthritis. APLN facilitated Ang1-dependent EPC angiogenesis by inhibiting miR-525-5p synthesis via phospholipase C gamma (PLCγ) and protein kinase C alpha (PKCα) signaling. Importantly, infection with APLN shRNA mitigated EPC angiogenesis, articular swelling, and cartilage erosion in ankle joints of mice with collagen-induced arthritis. APLN is therefore a novel therapeutic target for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Kuo Chang
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - You-Han Zhong
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shan-Chi Liu
- Department of Medical Education and Research, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chung Huang
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hao Tsai
- Department of Sports Medicine, College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Ping Lee
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Wei Wang
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Jung Hsu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsin Tang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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3
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Lucena F, McDougall JJ. Protease Activated Receptors and Arthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9352. [PMID: 34502257 PMCID: PMC8430764 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The catabolic and destructive activity of serine proteases in arthritic joints is well known; however, these enzymes can also signal pain and inflammation in joints. For example, thrombin, trypsin, tryptase, and neutrophil elastase cleave the extracellular N-terminus of a family of G protein-coupled receptors and the remaining tethered ligand sequence then binds to the same receptor to initiate a series of molecular signalling processes. These protease activated receptors (PARs) pervade multiple tissues and cells throughout joints where they have the potential to regulate joint homeostasis. Overall, joint PARs contribute to pain, inflammation, and structural integrity by altering vascular reactivity, nociceptor sensitivity, and tissue remodelling. This review highlights the therapeutic potential of targeting PARs to alleviate the pain and destructive nature of elevated proteases in various arthritic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason J. McDougall
- Departments of Pharmacology and Anesthesia, Pain Management & Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada;
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4
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Teixeira C, Fernandes CM, Leiguez E, Chudzinski-Tavassi AM. Inflammation Induced by Platelet-Activating Viperid Snake Venoms: Perspectives on Thromboinflammation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2082. [PMID: 31572356 PMCID: PMC6737392 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Envenomation by viperid snakes is characterized by systemic thrombotic syndrome and prominent local inflammation. To date, the mechanisms underlying inflammation and blood coagulation induced by Viperidae venoms have been viewed as distinct processes. However, studies on the mechanisms involved in these processes have revealed several factors and signaling molecules that simultaneously act in both the innate immune and hemostatic systems, suggesting an overlap between both systems during viper envenomation. Moreover, distinct classes of venom toxins involved in these effects have also been identified. However, the interplay between inflammation and hemostatic alterations, referred as to thromboinflammation, has never been addressed in the investigation of viper envenomation. Considering that platelets are important targets of viper snake venoms and are critical for the process of thromboinflammation, in this review, we summarize the inflammatory effects and mechanisms induced by viper snake venoms, particularly from the Bothrops genus, which strongly activate platelet functions and highlight selected venom components (metalloproteases and C-type lectins) that both stimulate platelet functions and exhibit pro-inflammatory activities, thus providing insights into the possible role(s) of thromboinflammation in viper envenomation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Teixeira
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil.,Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristina Maria Fernandes
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil.,Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elbio Leiguez
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil.,Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Marisa Chudzinski-Tavassi
- Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
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Thromboinflammation: challenges of therapeutically targeting coagulation and other host defense mechanisms. Blood 2019; 133:906-918. [PMID: 30642917 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-11-882993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombosis with associated inflammation (thromboinflammation) occurs commonly in a broad range of human disorders. It is well recognized clinically in the context of superficial thrombophlebitis (thrombosis and inflammation of superficial veins); however, it is more dangerous when it develops in the microvasculature of injured tissues and organs. Microvascular thrombosis with associated inflammation is well recognized in the context of sepsis and ischemia-reperfusion injury; however, it also occurs in organ transplant rejection, major trauma, severe burns, the antiphospholipid syndrome, preeclampsia, sickle cell disease, and biomaterial-induced thromboinflammation. Central to thromboinflammation is the loss of the normal antithrombotic and anti-inflammatory functions of endothelial cells, leading to dysregulation of coagulation, complement, platelet activation, and leukocyte recruitment in the microvasculature. α-Thrombin plays a critical role in coordinating thrombotic and inflammatory responses and has long been considered an attractive therapeutic target to reduce thromboinflammatory complications. This review focuses on the role of basic aspects of coagulation and α-thrombin in promoting thromboinflammatory responses and discusses insights gained from clinical trials on the effects of various inhibitors of coagulation on thromboinflammatory disorders. Studies in sepsis patients have been particularly informative because, despite using anticoagulant approaches with different pharmacological profiles, which act at distinct points in the coagulation cascade, bleeding complications continue to undermine clinical benefit. Future advances may require the development of therapeutics with primary anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective properties, which have less impact on hemostasis. This may be possible with the growing recognition that components of blood coagulation and platelets have prothrombotic and proinflammatory functions independent of their hemostatic effects.
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Jiang X, Liu L, Qiao L, Zhang B, Wang X, Han Y, Yu W. Dracorhodin perchlorate regulates fibroblast proliferation to promote rat's wound healing. J Pharmacol Sci 2018; 136:66-72. [PMID: 29428295 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, plant-derived extracts are increasing interest from researchers worldwide due to good efficacy and lower side effects. Among the different plant extracts, Dracorhodin perchlorate (DP) is originated from Dragon's blood which has long been used as a natural medicine with various pharmacological activities. In the present study, we have explored the potential regulation of DP on fibroblast proliferation which promotes wound healing both in vitro and in vivo. DP at treatment of 12-24 h significantly induced fibroblast proliferation which is associated with increasing level of phosphorylated-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Moreover, if ERK is halted with siRNA, DP cannot induce fibroblast proliferation. In vivo, DP ointment treatment at low- (2.5 μg/mL), medium- (5 μg/mL) and high-(10 μg/mL) doses, rat wounds healed more rapidly compared with the control group. After DP treatment for 7 days, Serpin family H member 1 (SERPINH1) staining confirmed enhanced fibroblast proliferation in the wound tissue. Finally, phosphorylated-ERK in the wound tissue remarkably increased with DP ointment treatment. Therefore, DP may be developed into a potential lead compounds for the treatment of wounds in clinical trials in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Lin Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Lu Qiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Binqing Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Xuewei Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Yuwen Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Wenhui Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China; Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, PR China.
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Transforming growth factor β1 enhances heme oxygenase 1 expression in human synovial fibroblasts by inhibiting microRNA 519b synthesis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176052. [PMID: 28423042 PMCID: PMC5397058 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Osteoarthritis (OA) is manifested by synovial inflammation and cartilage destruction that is directly linked to synovitis, joint swelling and pain. In the light of the role of synovium in the pathogenesis and the symptoms of OA, synovium-targeted therapy is a promising strategy to mitigate the symptoms and progression of OA. Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), a secreted homodimeric protein, possesses unique and potent anti-inflammatory and immune-regulatory properties in many cell types. Heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) is an inducible anti-inflammatory and stress responsive enzyme that has been proven to prevent injuries caused by many diseases. Despite the similar anti-inflammatory profile and their involvement in the pathogenesis of arthritic diseases, no studies have as yet explored the possibility of any association between the expression of TGF-β1 and HO-1. Methodology/Principal findings TGF-β1-induced HO-1 expression was examined by HO-1 promoter assay, qPCR, and Western blotting. The siRNAs and enzyme inhibitors were utilized to determine the intermediate involved in the signal transduction pathway. We showed that TGF-β1 stimulated the synthesis of HO-1 in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, which can be mitigated by blockade of the phospholipase (PLC)γ/protein kinase C alpha (PKC)α pathway. We also showed that the expression of miRNA-519b, which blocks HO-1 transcription, is inhibited by TGF-β1, and the suppression of miRNA 519b could be reversed via blockade of the PLCγ/PKCα pathway. Conclusions/Significance TGF-β1 stimulated the expression of HO-1 via activating the PLCγ/PKCα pathway and suppressing the downstream expression of miRNA-519b. These results may shed light on the pathogenesis and treatment of OA.
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Andreassen SM, Berg LC, Nielsen SS, Kristensen AT, Jacobsen S. mRNA expression of genes involved in inflammation and haemostasis in equine fibroblast-like synoviocytes following exposure to lipopolysaccharide, fibrinogen and thrombin. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:141. [PMID: 26116380 PMCID: PMC4483216 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0448-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies in humans have shown that haemostatic and inflammatory pathways both play important roles in the pathogenesis of joint disease. The aim of this study was to assess mRNA expression of haemostatic and inflammatory factors in cultured equine fibroblast-like synoviocytes exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), fibrinogen and thrombin. Synovial membranes were collected from metacarpo-phalangeal joints of 6 skeletally mature horses euthanized for non-orthopaedic reasons. Passage 4 fibroblast-like synoviocytes were left non-treated or treated with either 0.1 μg/ml LPS, 5 mg/ml fibrinogen or 5 U/ml thrombin and harvested at time points 0, 6, 24 and 48 h. mRNA expression of serum amyloid A (SAA), interleukin-6 (IL-6), monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), tissue factor (TF), plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and protease activator receptor 1 (PAR-1) was assessed using quantitative real time reverse transcriptase PCR. Results LPS caused a significant increase in mRNA expression of SAA, IL-6, MCP-1 and uPA, and a decrease in TF, PAI-1 and PAR-1 when compared to non-treated cells. Treatment with thrombin resulted in increased mRNA expression of SAA, IL-6, MCP-1 and PAI-1, and a decreased PAR-1 expression compared to non-treated cells. The fibrinogen-treated synoviocytes showed significantly increased mRNA expression of IL-6, MCP-1, TF and PAI-1, and decreased PAR-1 expression compared to non-treated cells. Conclusion LPS, fibrinogen and thrombin induced an increased gene expression of inflammatory markers in isolated equine fibroblast-like synoviocytes. LPS caused changes in gene expression promoting increased fibrinolysis, while fibrinogen and thrombin changed the gene expression resulting potentially in reduced fibrinolysis. Overall, it appeared that both inflammatory and haemostatic stimuli affected expression of genes involved in inflammatory and haemostatic pathways, supporting their importance in equine joint diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Mandrup Andreassen
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, Medicine and Surgery group, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegård allé 5, DK-2630, Tåstrup, Denmark.
| | - Lise C Berg
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 16, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Søren Saxmose Nielsen
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 8, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Annemarie T Kristensen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 16, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Stine Jacobsen
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, Medicine and Surgery group, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegård allé 5, DK-2630, Tåstrup, Denmark.
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9
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Giri S, Jennings LK. The Spectrum of Thrombin in Acute Coronary Syndromes. Thromb Res 2015; 135:782-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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10
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Christensen J, Alfredson H, Andersson G. Protease-activated receptors in the Achilles tendon-a potential explanation for the excessive pain signalling in tendinopathy. Mol Pain 2015; 11:13. [PMID: 25880199 PMCID: PMC4369088 DOI: 10.1186/s12990-015-0007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Aim Tendinopathies are pathological conditions of tissue remodelling occurring in the major tendons of the body, accompanied by excessive nociceptive signalling. Tendinopathies have been shown to exhibit an increase in the number of mast cells, which are capable of releasing histamine, tryptase and other substances upon activation, which may play a role in the development of tendinopathies. This study set out to describe the distribution patterns of a family of receptors called protease-activated receptors (PARs) within the Achilles tendon. These four receptors (PAR1, PAR2, PAR3, PAR4) are activated by proteases, including tryptase released from mast cells, and are involved in fibrosis, hyperalgesia and neovascularisation, which are changes seen in tendinopathies. Method In order to study which structures involved in tendinopathy that these proteases can affect, biopsies from patients suffering of mid-portion Achilles tendinosis and healthy controls were collected and examined using immunohistochemistry. Tendon cells were cultured to study in vitro expression patterns. Results The findings showed a distribution of PARs inside the tendon tissue proper, and in the paratendinous tissue, with all four being expressed on nerves and vascular structures. Double staining showed co-localisation of PARs with nociceptive fibres expressing substance P. Concerning tenocytes, PAR2, PAR3, and PAR4, were found in both biopsies of tendon tissue and cultured tendon cells. Conclusions This study describes the expression patterns of PARs in the mid-portion of the Achilles tendon, which can help explain the tissue changes and increased pain signalling seen in tendinopathies. These findings also show that in-vitro studies of the effects of these receptors are plausible and that PARs are a possible therapeutic target in the future treatment strategies of tendinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Christensen
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Section for Anatomy, Umeå University, Umeå, SE-90187, Sweden.
| | - Håkan Alfredson
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Sports Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, SE-90187, Sweden. .,ISEH, UCLH, London, UK. .,Pure Sports Clinic, London, UK.
| | - Gustav Andersson
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Section for Anatomy, Umeå University, Umeå, SE-90187, Sweden. .,Department of Surgical and Perioperative Science, Section for Hand and Plastic Surgery, Umeå University, Umeå, SE-90187, Sweden.
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Gugerell A, Pasteiner W, Nürnberger S, Kober J, Meinl A, Pfeifer S, Hartinger J, Wolbank S, Goppelt A, Redl H, Mittermayr R. Thrombin as important factor for cutaneous wound healing: comparison of fibrin biomatrices in vitro and in a rat excisional wound healing model. Wound Repair Regen 2015; 22:740-8. [PMID: 25231003 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fibrin biomatrices have been used for many years for hemostasis and sealing and are a well-established surgical tool. The objective of the present study was to compare two commercially available fibrin biomatrices regarding the effect of their thrombin concentration on keratinocytes and wound healing in vitro and in vivo. Keratinocytes showed significant differences in adhesion, viability, and morphology in the presence of the fibrin matrices in vitro. A high thrombin concentration (800-1,200 IU/mL) caused deteriorated cell compatibility. By using a thrombin inhibitor, those differences could be reversed. In a rat excisional wound healing model, we observed more rapid wound closure and less wound severity in wounds treated with a fibrin matrix containing a lower concentration of thrombin (4 IU/mL). Furthermore, fewer new functional vessels and a lower level of vascular endothelial growth factor were measured in wounds after 7 days treated with the matrix with higher thrombin concentration. These in vivo results may be partially explained by the in vitro biocompatibility data. Additionally, results show that low thrombin biomatrices were degraded faster than the high thrombin material. Hence, we conclude that the composition of fibrin biomatrices influences keratinocytes and therefore has an impact on wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Gugerell
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Thrombin promotes matrix metalloproteinase-13 expression through the PKCδ c-Src/EGFR/PI3K/Akt/AP-1 signaling pathway in human chondrocytes. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:326041. [PMID: 24385683 PMCID: PMC3872103 DOI: 10.1155/2013/326041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombin is a key mediator of fibrin deposition, angiogenesis, and proinflammatory processes. Abnormalities in these processes are primary features of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) may contribute to the breakdown of articular cartilage during arthritis. However, the role of thrombin in MMP-13 production in chondrocytes is unknown. In this study, we investigated the intracellular signaling pathways involved in thrombin-induced MMP-13 expression in human chondrocytes. We found that stimulation with thrombin led to increased secretion of MMP-13 in cultured human chondrocytes. Further, this thrombin-induced MMP-13 production was reduced after transfection with siRNAs against protease activated receptors 1 and 3 (PAR1 and PAR3), but not with PAR4 siRNA. Treatment with specific inhibitors for PKCδ, c-Src, EGFR, PI3K, Akt, or AP-1 or with the corresponding siRNAs against these signaling proteins also abolished the thrombin-mediated increase in MMP-13 production in chondrocytes. Our results provide evidence that thrombin acts through the PAR1/PAR3 receptors and activates PKCδ and c-Src, resulting in EGFR transactivation and activation of PI3K, Akt, and finally AP-1 on the MMP-13 promoter, thereby contributing to cartilage destruction during arthritis.
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Huang CY, Chen SY, Tsai HC, Hsu HC, Tang CH. Thrombin induces epidermal growth factor receptor transactivation and CCL2 expression in human osteoblasts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:3344-54. [DOI: 10.1002/art.34557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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14
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Schemarova IV, Selivanova GV, Vlasova TD. Influence of activator and inhibitors of Ca2+ channels on proliferative activity in Tetrahymena pyriformis infusoria. Russ J Dev Biol 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360412040078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Gugerell A, Schossleitner K, Wolbank S, Nürnberger S, Redl H, Gulle H, Goppelt A, Bittner M, Pasteiner W. High thrombin concentrations in fibrin sealants induce apoptosis in human keratinocytes. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 100:1239-47. [PMID: 22359340 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Over the last century many studies have been performed to assess the impact of fibrin sealant (FS) components on cells. Because of the noncovalent bonding of thrombin to fibrin during fibrin clot formation, we wanted to further evaluate the impact of fibrin bound thrombin on cell viability. Initially, we quantified the activity of thrombin in three different, commercially available FS. This information was used to prepare fibrin clots covering a range of thrombin concentrations from 4 to 820 IU mL(-1), but which were identical with respect to all other constituents. Although these fibrin clots did not differ in their three-dimensional structure, clots prepared with highly concentrated thrombin (820 IU mL(-1)) failed to support adhesion and spreading of primary human keratinocytes (NHEK). The number of attached cells was also significantly reduced on high thrombin activity clots. We hypothesized that these observations are not only the consequence of decreased proliferation but of apoptotic mechanisms, since the expression of cleaved caspase 3 and 7 was strongly enhanced on fibrin clots with high thrombin activity. This was accompanied by an induction of expression of Trail-R2 which is a receptor known to mediate apoptosis signals. Blocking of thrombin activity by hirudin led to an improvement of cell morphology and to an increase in number of attached cells. In addition, the induction of caspase 3 and 7 was also reduced. Thus, here we report for the first time that fibrin bound thrombin does not only decrease proliferation (as already published by others), it also does induce NHEK apoptosis when present at high concentrations.
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VALENTINO LA, HAKOBYAN N, ENOCKSON C, SIMPSON ML, KAKODKAR NC, CONG L, SONG X. Exploring the biological basis of haemophilic joint disease: experimental studies. Haemophilia 2011; 18:310-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2516.2011.02669.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Abstract
Vascular endothelium is a key regulator of homeostasis. In physiological conditions it mediates vascular dilatation, prevents platelet adhesion, and inhibits thrombin generation. However, endothelial dysfunction caused by physical injury of the vascular wall, for example during balloon angioplasty, acute or chronic inflammation, such as in atherothrombosis, creates a proinflammatory environment which supports leukocyte transmigration toward inflammatory sites. At the same time, the dysfunction promotes thrombin generation, fibrin deposition, and coagulation. The serine protease thrombin plays a pivotal role in the coagulation cascade. However, thrombin is not only the key effector of coagulation cascade; it also plays a significant role in inflammatory diseases. It shows an array of effects on endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, monocytes, and platelets, all of which participate in the vascular pathophysiology such as atherothrombosis. Therefore, thrombin can be considered as an important modulatory molecule of vascular homeostasis. This review summarizes the existing evidence on the role of thrombin in vascular inflammation.
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Eck SM, Blackburn JS, Schmucker AC, Burrage PS, Brinckerhoff CE. Matrix metalloproteinase and G protein coupled receptors: co-conspirators in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease and cancer. J Autoimmun 2009; 33:214-21. [PMID: 19800199 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2009.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Similarities in the pathologies of autoimmune diseases and cancer have been noted for at least 30 years. Inflammatory cytokines and growth factors mediate cell proliferation, and proteinases, especially the collagenase, Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), contribute to disease progression by remodeling the extracellular matrix and modulating the microenvironment. This review focuses on two cancers (melanoma and breast) and on the autoimmune disorder, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and discusses the activated stromal cells found in these diseases. MMP-1 was originally thought to function only to degrade interstitial collagens, but recent studies have revealed novel roles for MMP-1 involving the G protein-coupled receptors: the chemokine receptor, CXCR-4, and Protease Activated Receptor-1 (PAR-1). Cooperativity between MMP-1 and CXCR4/SDF-1 signaling influences the behavior of activated fibroblasts in both RA and cancer. Further, MMP-1 is a vital part of an autocrine/paracrine MMP-1/PAR-1 signal transduction axis, a function that amplifies its potential to remodel the matrix and to modify cell behavior. Finally, new therapeutic agents directed at MMP-1 and G protein-coupled receptors are emerging. Even though these agents are more specific in their targets than past therapies, these targets are often shared between RA and cancer, underscoring fundamental similarities between autoimmune disorders and some cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Eck
- Department of Biochemistry, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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