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Sypek EI, Tassou A, Collins HY, Huang K, McCallum WM, Bourdillon AT, Barres BA, Bohlen CJ, Scherrer G. Diversity of microglial transcriptional responses during opioid exposure and neuropathic pain. Pain 2024:00006396-990000000-00672. [PMID: 39073407 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Microglia take on an altered morphology during chronic opioid treatment. This morphological change is broadly used to identify the activated microglial state associated with opioid side effects, including tolerance and opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH). Microglia display similar morphological responses in the spinal cord after peripheral nerve injury (PNI). Consistent with this observation, functional studies have suggested that microglia activated by opioids or PNI engage common molecular mechanisms to induce hypersensitivity. In this article, we conducted deep RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and morphological analysis of spinal cord microglia in male mice to comprehensively interrogate transcriptional states and mechanistic commonality between multiple models of OIH and PNI. After PNI, we identify an early proliferative transcriptional event across models that precedes the upregulation of histological markers of microglial activation. However, we found no proliferative transcriptional response associated with opioid-induced microglial activation, consistent with histological data, indicating that the number of microglia remains stable during morphine treatment, whereas their morphological response differs from PNI models. Collectively, these results establish the diversity of pain-associated microglial transcriptomic responses and point towards the targeting of distinct insult-specific microglial responses to treat OIH, PNI, or other central nervous system pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth I Sypek
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford, CA, United States
- Stanford University Neurosciences Graduate Program, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Adrien Tassou
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, UNC Neuroscience Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Hannah Y Collins
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States. Bohlen is now with the Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Karen Huang
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, UNC Neuroscience Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - William M McCallum
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, UNC Neuroscience Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | | | - Ben A Barres
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States. Bohlen is now with the Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Christopher J Bohlen
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States. Bohlen is now with the Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Grégory Scherrer
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, UNC Neuroscience Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- New York Stem Cell Foundation-Robertson Investigator Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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Gao L, Zhang AP, Fu L, Li QW, Qin XM, Zhao J. Huangqin decoction attenuates spared nerve injury (SNI)-induced neuropathic pain by modulating microglial M1/M2 polarization partially mediated by intestinal nicotinamide metabolism. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 129:155594. [PMID: 38614040 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of neuropathic pain is progressively increasing over time. The activation of M1-type microglia plays a crucial role in the initiation and progression of neuropathic pain. Huangqin Decoction (HQD) is traditionally used to alleviate dysentery and abdominal pain. However, it remains unclear whether HQD can effectively mitigate neuropathic pain and the underlying mechanisms. PURPOSE The present study aims to investigate the impact of HQD on neuropathic pain induced by spared nerve injury (SNI) in mice, and to elucidate whether the analgesic effect of HQD is associated with microglia polarization. METHODS The analgesic effect of HQD on SNI mice was investigated through assessments of mechanical pain threshold, thermal pain threshold, cold pain threshold, and motor ability. We elucidated the molecular mechanisms of HQD in alleviating SNI-induced neuropathic pain by focusing on microglia polarization and intestinal metabolite abnormalities. The expression levels of markers associated with microglia polarization (Iba-1, CD68, CD206, iNOS) was detected by immunofluorescence and Western blot, and the levels of inflammatory factors (IL-4, IL-10, IL-6, TNF-α) were assessed by ELISA. UPLC-QTOF-MS metabolomics was utilized to identify differential metabolites in the intestines of SNI mice. We screened the differential metabolites related to microglial polarization by correlation analysis, subsequently nicotinamide was selected for validation in LPS-induced BV-2 cells. RESULTS Our findings demonstrated that HQD (20 g/kg) significantly enhanced the mechanical pain threshold, thermal pain threshold, and cold pain threshold, and protected the injured DRG neurons of SNI mice. Moreover, HQD (20 g/kg) obviously suppressed the expression of microglia M1 polarization markers (Iba-1, CD68, iNOS, IL-6, TNF-α), and promoted the expression of microglia M2 polarization markers (CD206, IL-10, IL-4) in the spinal cord of SNI mice. Additionally, HQD (20 g/kg) prominently ameliorated intestinal barrier damage by upregulating Claudin 1 and Occludin expression in the colon of SNI mice. Furthermore, HQD (20 g/kg) rectified 19 metabolite abnormalities in the intestine. Notably, nicotinamide (100 μM), an amide derivative with anti-inflammatory property, effectively suppresses microglia activation and polarization in LPS-induced BV-2 cells by downregulating IL-6 level and CD68 expression while upregulating IL-4 level and CD206 expression. CONCLUSION In summary, HQD alleviates neuropathic pain in SNI mice by regulating the activation and polarization of microglia, partially mediated through intestinal nicotinamide metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Gao
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM of Shanxi Province, PR China.
| | - Ai-Ping Zhang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM of Shanxi Province, PR China
| | - Lei Fu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM of Shanxi Province, PR China
| | - Qian-Wen Li
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM of Shanxi Province, PR China
| | - Xue-Mei Qin
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM of Shanxi Province, PR China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, UK, London.
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Qu SY, Wang HZ, Hu QQ, Ma YQ, Kang YR, Ma LQ, Li X, Chen LH, Liu BY, Shao XM, Liu BY, Du JY, Liang Y, Zhao HL, Jiang YL, Fang JQ, He XF. Electroacupuncture may alleviate diabetic neuropathic pain by inhibiting the microglia P2X4R and neuroinflammation. Purinergic Signal 2023:10.1007/s11302-023-09972-9. [PMID: 37870716 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-023-09972-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic neuropathic pain (DNP) is a common and destructive complication of diabetes mellitus. The discovery of effective therapeutic methods for DNP is vitally imperative because of the lack of effective treatments. Although 2 Hz electroacupuncture (EA) was a successful approach for relieving DNP, the mechanism underlying the effect of EA on DNP is still poorly understood. Here, we established a rat model of DNP that was induced by streptozotocin (STZ) injection. P2X4R was upregulated in the spinal cord after STZ-injection. The upregulation of P2X4R was mainly expressed on activated microglia. Intrathecal injection of a P2X4R antagonist or microglia inhibitor attenuated STZ-induced nociceptive thermal hyperalgesia and reduced the overexpression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the spinal cord. We also assessed the effects of EA treatment on the pain hypersensitivities of DNP rats, and further investigated the possible mechanism underlying the analgesic effect of EA. EA relieved the hyperalgesia of DNP. In terms of mechanism, EA reduced the upregulation of P2X4R on activated microglia and decreased BDNF, IL-1β and TNF-α in the spinal cord. Mechanistic research of EA's analgesic impact would be beneficial in ensuring its prospective therapeutic effect on DNP as well as in extending EA's applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Ying Qu
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Han-Zhi Wang
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
- Department of TCM Gynecology, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Qun-Qi Hu
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi-Qi Ma
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu-Rong Kang
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li-Qian Ma
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lu-Hang Chen
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bo-Yu Liu
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Shao
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bo-Yi Liu
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun-Ying Du
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi Liang
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hong-Li Zhao
- Department of TCM Gynecology, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Yong-Liang Jiang
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jian-Qiao Fang
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xiao-Fen He
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China.
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Wu Q, Cui X, Guan LC, Zhang C, Liu J, Ford NC, He S, Chen X, Cao X, Zang L, Guan Y. Chronic pain after spine surgery: Insights into pathogenesis, new treatment, and preventive therapy. J Orthop Translat 2023; 42:147-159. [PMID: 37823035 PMCID: PMC10562770 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2023.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain after spine surgery (CPSS) is often characterized by intractable low back pain and/or radiating leg pain, and has been reported in 8-40% of patients that received lumbar spine surgery. We conducted a literature search of PubMed, MEDLINE/OVID with a focus on studies about the etiology and treatments of CPSS and low back pain. Our aim was to provide a narrative review that would help us better understand the pathogenesis and current treatment options for CPSS. This knowledge will aid in the development of optimal strategies for managing postoperative pain symptoms and potentially curing the underlying etiologies. Firstly, we reviewed recent advances in the mechanistic study of CPSS, illustrated both structural (e.g., fibrosis and scaring) and non-structural factors (e.g., inflammation, neuronal sensitization, glial activation, psychological factor) causing CPSS, and highlighted those having not been given sufficient attention as the etiology of CPSS. Secondly, we summarized clinical evidence and therapeutic perspectives of CPSS. We also presented new insights about the treatments and etiology of CPSS, in order to raise awareness of medical staff in the identification and management of this complex painful disease. Finally, we discussed potential new targets for clinical interventions of CPSS and future perspectives of mechanistic and translational research. CPSS patients often have a mixed etiology. By reviewing recent findings, the authors advocate that clinicians shall comprehensively evaluate each case to formulate a patient-specific and multi-modal pain treatment, and importantly, consider an early intraoperative intervention that may decrease the risk or even prevent the onset of CPSS. Translational potential statement CPSS remains difficult to treat. This review broadens our understanding of clinical therapies and underlying mechanisms of CPSS, and provides new insights which will aid in the development of novel mechanism-based therapies for not only managing the established pain symptoms but also preventing the development of CPSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qichao Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100149, China
| | - Xiang Cui
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Leo C. Guan
- McDonogh School, Owing Mills, Maryland, 21117, USA
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Neil C. Ford
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Shaoqiu He
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Xueming Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100149, China
| | - Xu Cao
- Department of Orthopedics, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Lei Zang
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100149, China
| | - Yun Guan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
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Zajączkowska R, Pawlik K, Ciapała K, Piotrowska A, Ciechanowska A, Rojewska E, Kocot-Kępska M, Makuch W, Wordliczek J, Mika J. Mirogabalin Decreases Pain-like Behaviors by Inhibiting the Microglial/Macrophage Activation, p38MAPK Signaling, and Pronociceptive CCL2 and CCL5 Release in a Mouse Model of Neuropathic Pain. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1023. [PMID: 37513935 PMCID: PMC10384153 DOI: 10.3390/ph16071023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a chronic condition that significantly reduces the quality of life of many patients as a result of ineffective pain relief therapy. For that reason, looking for new analgesics remains an important issue. Mirogabalin is a new gabapentinoid that is a specific ligand for the α2σ-1 and α2σ-2 subunits of voltage-gated calcium channels. In the present study, we compared the analgesic effect of pregabalin and mirogabalin in a neuropathic pain chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve in a mouse model. The main purpose of our study was to determine the effectiveness of mirogabalin administered both once and repeatedly and to explain how the drug influences highly activated cells at the spinal cord level in neuropathy. We also sought to understand whether mirogabalin modulates the selected intracellular pathways (p38MAPK, ERK, JNK) and chemokines (CCL2, CCL5) important for nociceptive transmission, which is crucial information from a clinical perspective. First, our study provides evidence that a single mirogabalin administration diminishes tactile hypersensitivity more effectively than pregabalin. Second, research shows that several indirect mechanisms may be responsible for the beneficial analgesic effect of mirogabalin. This study reports that repeated intraperitoneally (i.p.) mirogabalin administration strongly prevents spinal microglia/macrophage activation evoked by nerve injury, slightly suppresses astroglia and neutrophil infiltration, and reduces the p38MAPK levels associated with neuropathic pain, as measured on Day 7. Moreover, mirogabalin strongly diminished the levels of the pronociceptive chemokines CCL2 and CCL5. Our results indicate that mirogabalin may represent a new strategy for the effective pharmacotherapy of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Zajączkowska
- Department of Interdisciplinary Intensive Care, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Pawlik
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Ciapała
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Piotrowska
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Agata Ciechanowska
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewelina Rojewska
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kocot-Kępska
- Department of Pain Research and Treatment, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-501 Krakow, Poland
| | - Wioletta Makuch
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jerzy Wordliczek
- Department of Interdisciplinary Intensive Care, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Mika
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
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Taing K, Chen L, Weng HR. Emerging roles of GPR109A in regulation of neuroinflammation in neurological diseases and pain. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:763-768. [PMID: 36204834 PMCID: PMC9700108 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.354514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays a critical role in the pathological process of multiple neurological disorders and pathological pain conditions. GPR109A, a Gi protein-coupled receptor, has emerged as an important therapeutic target for controlling inflammation in various tissues and organs. In this review, we summarized current data about the role of GPR109A in neuroinflammation. Specifically, we focused on the pharmacological features of GPR109A and signaling pathways used by GPR109A to ameliorate neuroinflammation and symptoms in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, stroke, and pathological pain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Taing
- Department of Basic Sciences, California Northstate University College of Medicine, Elk Grove, CA, USA
| | - Lawrence Chen
- Department of Basic Sciences, California Northstate University College of Medicine, Elk Grove, CA, USA
| | - Han-Rong Weng
- Department of Basic Sciences, California Northstate University College of Medicine, Elk Grove, CA, USA
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Huc-MSCs-derived exosomes attenuate neuropathic pain by inhibiting activation of the TLR2/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway in the spinal microglia by targeting Rsad2. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 114:109505. [PMID: 36516531 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)-derived exosomes have shown promise as a cell-free therapeutic strategy for neuropathic pain. This study was conducted to explore the potential mechanisms underlying the analgesic effects of MSC-derived exosomes in treating neuropathic pain. METHODS Human umbilical cord MSCs (huc-MSCs)-derived exosomes were isolated and identified. BV-2 microglia were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the presence or absence of exosomes. Differentially expressed proteins were identified by tandem mass tag (TMT)-based proteomic analysis. The analgesic effects of huc-MSCs-derived exosomes were evaluated in a rat model of chronic constriction injury (CCI). The underlying mechanism was investigated by flow cytometry, RT-qPCR, Western blotting, immunofluorescent staining, and small interfering RNA transfection. RESULTS In vitro, huc-MSCs-derived exosomes suppressed LPS-induced microglial activation and inhibited activation of the TLR2/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway. Based on the proteomic analysis, Rsad2 was identified and confirmed to be down-regulated by huc-MSCs-derived exosomes. Importantly, knockdown of Rsad2 also inhibited microglial activation and restrained activation of the TLR2/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway. In vivo, intrathecal injection of exosomes ameliorated CCI-induced mechanical allodynia, down-regulated Rsad2 expression and restrained TLR2/MyD88/NF-κB signaling activation in the spinal microglia. CONCLUSION Huc-MSCs-derived exosomes exerted analgesic effects on neuropathic pain by inhibiting activation of the TLR2/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway in the spinal microglia. The mechanism underlying these antinociceptive effects involved exosome-mediated interference with Rsad2 expression, thereby inhibiting microglial activation.
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Qin J, Ma Z, Chen X, Shu S. Microglia activation in central nervous system disorders: A review of recent mechanistic investigations and development efforts. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1103416. [PMID: 36959826 PMCID: PMC10027711 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1103416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the principal resident immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS) and play important roles in the development of CNS disorders. In recent years, there have been significant developments in our understanding of microglia, and we now have greater insight into the temporal and spatial patterns of microglia activation in a variety of CNS disorders, as well as the interactions between microglia and neurons. A variety of signaling pathways have been implicated. However, to date, all published clinical trials have failed to demonstrate efficacy over placebo. This review summarizes the results of recent important studies and attempts to provide a mechanistic view of microglia activation, inflammation, tissue repair, and CNS disorders.
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Imraish A, Abu-Thiab T, Hammad H. P 2X and P2Y receptor antagonists reduce inflammation in ATP-induced microglia. Pharm Pract (Granada) 2023; 21:2788. [PMID: 37090457 PMCID: PMC10117305 DOI: 10.18549/pharmpract.2023.1.2788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background P2 receptors have been implicated in the release of neurotransmitter and pro-inflammatory cytokines due to their response to neuro-excitatory substances in the microglia. The P2X4, P2X7 and P2Y12 receptors are involved in the development of pain behavior induced by peripheral nerve injury. However, it is not known if blocking P2X4, P2X7 and P2Y12 receptors is associated with the expression and the release of interleukin-1B (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), or tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in cultured neonatal spinal cord microglia. Objective For this reason, we examined the effects of P2X4, P2X7 and P2Y12 antagonists on the expression and the release of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in ATP-stimulated microglia. Methods In this study, we observed the effect of A-740003, PSB-12062 and MRS 2395 (P2X4, P2X7 and P2Y12 receptors antagonist, respectively), on the expression and release of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α by using real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results ATP induced the increased expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α at the level of messenger RNA (mRNA). ATP-evoked increase in IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α mRNA expression was inhibited by the P2X4 receptor antagonist A-740003 or P2X7 receptor antagonist PSB-12062, respectively. Similarly, ATP-evoked release of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α was inhibited by A-740003 and PSB-12062. Furthermore, ATP-evoked increased expression of Iba-1, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α mRNA, and release of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α were nearly all blocked after co-administration of A-740003 plus PSB-12062. Finally, ATP-evoked increased gene expression and release of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α were also inhibited by MRS 2395 (P2Y12 antagonist). Conclusion These observations suggest a new clue for therapeutic strategies to treat the neuro-inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amer Imraish
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.
| | - Tuqa Abu-Thiab
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.
| | - Hana Hammad
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.
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Jergova S, Hernandez M, Sagen J. Analgesic effect of recombinant GABAergic precursors releasing MVIIA in a model of peripheral nerve injury in rats. Mol Pain 2022; 18:17448069221129829. [PMID: 36113096 PMCID: PMC9513588 DOI: 10.1177/17448069221129829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of chronic pain has been attributed to dysfunctional GABA signaling in the
spinal cord. Direct pharmacological interventions on GABA signaling are usually not very
efficient and often accompanied by side effects due to the widespread distribution of GABA
receptors in CNS. Transplantation of GABAergic neuronal cells may restore the inhibitory
potential in the spinal cord. Grafted cells may also release additional analgesic peptides
by means of genetic engineering to further enhance the benefits of this approach.
Conopeptides are ideal candidates for recombinant expression using cell-based strategies.
The omega-conopeptide MVIIA is in clinical use for severe pain marketed as FDA approved
Prialt in the form of intrathecal injections. The goal of this study was to develop
transplantable recombinant GABAergic cells releasing conopeptide MVIIA and to evaluate the
analgesic effect of the grafts in a model of peripheral nerve injury-induced pain. We have
engineered and characterized the GABAergic progenitors expressing MVIIA. Recombinant and
nonrecombinant cells were intraspinally injected into animals after the nerve injury.
Animals were tested weekly up to 12 weeks for the presence of hypersensitivity, followed
by histochemical and biochemical analysis of the tissue. We observed beneficial effects of
the grafted cells in reducing hypersensitivity in all grafted animals, especially potent
in the recombinant group. The level of pain-related cytokines was reduced in the grafted
animals and correlation between these pain markers and actual behavior was indicated. This
study demonstrated the feasibility of recombinant cell transplantation in the management
of chronic pain.
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11
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Maixner D, Christy D, Kong L, Viatchenko-Karpinski V, Horner A, Hooks S, Weng HR. Phytohormone abscisic acid ameliorates neuropathic pain via regulating LANCL2 protein abundance and glial activation at the spinal cord. Mol Pain 2022; 18:17448069221107781. [PMID: 35647699 PMCID: PMC9248043 DOI: 10.1177/17448069221107781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal neuroinflammation plays a critical role in the genesis of neuropathic
pain. Accumulating data suggest that abscisic acid (ABA), a phytohormone,
regulates inflammatory processes in mammals. In this study, we found that
reduction of the LANCL2 receptor protein but not the agonist ABA in the spinal
cord is associated with the genesis of neuropathic pain. Systemic or intrathecal
administration of ABA ameliorates the development and pre-existence of
mechanical allodynia and heat hyperalgesia in animals with partial sciatic nerve
ligation (pSNL). LANCL2 is expressed only in microglia in the spinal dorsal
horn. Pre-emptive treatment with ABA attenuates activation of microglia and
astrocytes, ERK activity, and TNFα protein abundance in the dorsal horn in rats
with pSNL. These are accompanied by restoration of spinal LANCL2 protein
abundance. Spinal knockdown of LANCL2 gene with siRNA recapitulates the
behavioral and spinal molecular changes induced by pSNL. Activation of spinal
toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) with lipopolysaccharide leads to activation of
microglia, and over production of TNFα, which are concurrently accompanied by
suppression of protein levels of LANCL2 and peroxisome proliferator
activated-receptor γ. These changes are ameliorated when ABA is added with LPS.
The anti-inflammatory effects induced by ABA do not requires Gi
protein activity. Our study reveals that the ABA/LANCL2 system is a powerful
endogenous system regulating spinal neuroinflammation and nociceptive
processing, suggesting the potential utility of ABA as the management of
neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Maixner
- Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences15506University of Georgia College of Pharmacy
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Han-Rong Weng
- Basic Sciences436933California Northstate University
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12
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Busa P, Kuthati Y, Huang N, Wong CS. New Advances on Pathophysiology of Diabetes Neuropathy and Pain Management: Potential Role of Melatonin and DPP-4 Inhibitors. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:864088. [PMID: 35496279 PMCID: PMC9039240 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.864088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-diabetes and diabetes are growing threats to the modern world. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with comorbidities such as hypertension (83.40%), obesity (90.49%), and dyslipidemia (93.43%), creating a substantial burden on patients and society. Reductive and oxidative (Redox) stress level imbalance and inflammation play an important role in DM progression. Various therapeutics have been investigated to treat these neuronal complications. Melatonin and dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors (DPP-4i) are known to possess powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and have garnered significant attention in the recent years. In this present review article, we have reviewed the recently published reports on the therapeutic efficiency of melatonin and DPP-4i in the treatment of DM. We summarized the efficacy of melatonin and DPP-4i in DM and associated complications of diabetic neuropathy (DNP) and neuropathic pain. Furthermore, we discussed the mechanisms of action and their efficacy in the alleviation of oxidative stress in DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhakar Busa
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yaswanth Kuthati
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Niancih Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Grauate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Shung Wong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Grauate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Chih-Shung Wong,
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13
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Viatchenko-Karpinski V, Kong L, Weng HR. Activation of microglial GPR109A alleviates thermal hyperalgesia in female lupus mice by suppressing IL-18 and glutamatergic synaptic activity. Glia 2021; 70:634-649. [PMID: 34919284 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Many patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) live with chronic pain despite advances in medical management in reducing mortality related to SLE. Few animal studies have addressed mechanisms and treatment for chronic pain caused by SLE. In this study, we provide the first evidence for the analgesic effects of a GPR109A specific agonist (MK1903) and its action mechanisms in thermal hyperalgesia in female MRL/lpr mice, an SLE mouse model. Specifically, we show that MRL/lpr mice had a higher sensitivity to thermal stimuli at age 11-16 weeks, which was accompanied with significantly microglial and astrocytic activation, increases in p38 MAPK and glutamatergic synaptic activities in the spinal dorsal horn. We demonstrate that thermal hyperalgesia in MRL/lpr mice was significantly attenuated by intrathecal injection of MK1903. GPR109A was expressed in spinal microglia but not astrocytes or neurons. Its expression was significantly increased in MRL/lpr mice with thermal hyperalgesia. Activation of GPR109A receptors in microglia attenuated glutamatergic synaptic activity via suppressing production of interleukin-18 (IL-18). We provide evidence that activation of GPR109A attenuated thermal hyperalgesia in the SLE animal model via suppressing p38 MAPK activity and production of IL-18. Our study suggests that targeting the microglial GPR109A is a potent approach for reversing spinal neuroinflammation, abnormal excitatory synaptic activity, and management of thermal hyperalgesia caused by SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lingwei Kong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia, USA
| | - Han-Rong Weng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia, USA.,Department of Basic Sciences, California Northstate University College of Medicine, Elk Grove, Georgia, USA
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14
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Lu R, Cui SS, Wang XX, Chen L, Liu F, Gao J, Wang W. Astrocytic c-Jun N-terminal kinase-histone deacetylase-2 cascade contributes to glutamate transporter-1 decrease and mechanical allodynia following peripheral nerve injury in rats. Brain Res Bull 2021; 175:213-223. [PMID: 34333051 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Decrease of glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) in the spinal dorsal horn after nerve injury induces enhanced excitatory transmission and causes persistent pain. Histone deacetylases (HDACs)-catalyzed deacetylation might contribute to the decrease of GLT-1, while the detailed mechanisms have yet to be fully elaborated. Spinal nerve ligation (SNL) induced significant increases of HDAC2 and decreases of GLT-1 in spinal astrocytes. Intrathecal infusion of the HDAC2 inhibitors attenuated the decrease of GLT-1 and enhanced phosphorylation of glutamate receptors. GLT-1 and phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) were highly colocalized in the spinal cord, and a large number of pJNK positive cells were HDAC2 positive. Intrathecally infusion of the JNK inhibitor SP600125 significantly inhibited SNL-induced upregulation of HDAC2. SNL-induced HDAC2 up-regulation could be inhibited by the neutralizing anti-tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) binding protein etanercept or the microglial inhibitor minocycline. In cultured astrocytes, TNF-α induced enhanced phosphorylation of JNK and a significant increase of HDAC2, as well as a remarkable decrease of GLT-1, which could be prevented by SP600125 or the HDAC2 specific inhibitor CAY10683. Our data suggest that astrocytic JNK-HDAC2 cascade contributes to GLT-1 decrease and mechanical allodynia following peripheral nerve injury. Neuroimmune activation after peripheral nerve injury could induce epigenetic modification changes in astrocytes and contribute to chronic pain maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Lu
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Shan-Shan Cui
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Shaanxi 710032, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Pain Relief, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy (Tianjin), Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Fei Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Jing Gao
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Shaanxi 710032, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Shaanxi 710032, China.
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Up-regulating TIPE2 alleviates inflammatory pain by suppressing microglial activation-mediated inflammatory response via inhibiting Rac1/NF-κB pathway. Exp Cell Res 2021; 404:112631. [PMID: 33933441 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
TNF-α-inducible protein 8-like 2 (TIPE2) is a recently discovered regulator of inflammation that can maintain immune homeostasis, exerting a significant role in the development of inflammation-related diseases. Here, we aimed to explore the role and potential regulatory mechanism of TIPE2 in the progression of inflammatory pain. In the present study, a mouse BV2 microglia cell activation-mediated inflammatory model was developed with LPS induction, and a mouse inflammatory pain model was established with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) injection. In vitro, the TIPE2 expression was decreased in LPS-induced BV2 cells. Overexpression of TIPE2 mitigated LPS-medicated microglial activation via decreasing nitric oxide (NO) generation and the expression of microglia marker IBA-1. Notably, increasing TIPE2 expression alleviated microglial activation-triggered expression levels and releases of proinflammatory factors such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. Mechanism analysis verified that overexpression of TIPE2 blunted Rac1-mediated activation of NF-κB pathway following LPS stimulation. More importantly, CFA injection reduced the expression of TIPE2 in a mouse inflammatory pain model and overexpression of TIPE2 alleviated CFA-mediated pain hypersensitivity and inflammatory response, and inactivated microglia cell in vivo. Furthermore, overexpression of TIPE2 decreased Rac1 expression and suppressed the activation of NF-κB pathway in spinal cord after CFA injection. In summary, the present study revealed that overexpression of TIPE2 mitigated inflammatory pain through suppressing microglial activation-induced inflammation by inactivating Rac1/NF-κB pathway. The study provides a novel theoretical foundation for the therapy of inflammatory pain.
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16
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Dissection of P2X4 and P2X7 Receptor Current Components in BV-2 Microglia. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228489. [PMID: 33187309 PMCID: PMC7696836 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia cells represent the immune system of the central nervous system. They become activated by ATP released from damaged and inflamed tissue via purinergic receptors. Ionotropic purinergic P2X4 and P2X7 receptors have been shown to be involved in neurological inflammation and pain sensation. Whether the two receptors assemble exclusively as homotrimers or also as heterotrimers is still a matter of debate. We investigated the expression of P2X receptors in BV-2 microglia cells applying the whole-cell voltage-clamp technique. We dissected P2X4 and P2X7 receptor-mediated current components by using specific P2X4 and P2X7 receptor blockers and by their characteristic current kinetics. We found that P2X4 and P2X7 receptors are activated independently from each other, indicating that P2X4/P2X7 heteromers are not of functional significance in these cells. The pro-inflammatory mediators lipopolysaccharide and interferon γ, if applied in combination, upregulated P2X4, but not P2X7 receptor-dependent current components also arguing against phenotypically relevant heteromerization of P2X4 and P2X7 receptor subunits.
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17
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Ultramicronized Palmitoylethanolamide and Paracetamol, a New Association to Relieve Hyperalgesia and Pain in a Sciatic Nerve Injury Model in Rat. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103509. [PMID: 32429243 PMCID: PMC7278943 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is known to be an essential trigger of the pathological changes that have a critical impact on nerve repair and regeneration; moreover, damage to peripheral nerves can cause a loss of sensory function and produces persistent neuropathic pain. To date, various potential approaches for neuropathic pain have focused on controlling neuroinflammation. The aim of this study was to investigate the neuroprotective effects of a new association of ultramicronized Palmitoylethanolamide (PEAum), an Autacoid Local Injury Antagonist Amide (ALIAmide) with analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties, with Paracetamol, a common analgesic, in a rat model of sciatic nerve injury (SNI). The association of PEAum-Paracetamol, in a low dose (5 mg/kg + 30 mg/kg), was given by oral gavage daily for 14 days after SNI. PEAum-Paracetamol association was able to reduce hyperalgesia, mast cell activation, c-Fos and nerve growth factor (NGF) expression, neural histological damage, cytokine release, and apoptosis. Furthermore, the analgesic action of PEAum-Paracetamol could act in a synergistic manner through the inhibition of the NF-κB pathway, which leads to a decrease of cyclooxygenase 2-dependent prostaglandin E2 (COX-2/PGE2) release. In conclusion, we demonstrated that PEAum associated with Paracetamol was able to relieve pain and neuroinflammation after SNI in a synergistic manner, and this therapeutic approach could be relevant to decrease the demand of analgesic drugs.
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Electroacupuncture Treatment Suppresses Transcription Factor IRF8 in Spinal Cord of Rats with Spared Nerve Injury. Pain Res Manag 2020; 2020:1854363. [PMID: 32351637 PMCID: PMC7171679 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1854363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Objective Neuropathic pain with complex mechanisms has become a major public health problem that greatly impacts patients' quality of life. Therefore, novel and more effective strategies against neuropathic pain need further investigation. Electroacupuncture (EA) has an ameliorating effect on neuropathic pain following spared nerve injury (SNI), but the underlying mechanism remains to be fully clarified. Interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8), a critical transcription factor, was reported to be involved in the modulation of neuropathic pain. Here, we focused on exploring whether 2 Hz EA stimulation exerts an inhibitory action on spinal IRF8 in SNI rats. Methods In this study, SNI rats were treated with 2 Hz EA once every other day for 21 days. Paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) was applied to determine the analgesic effect of 2 Hz EA on SNI rats. The spinal IRF8 and CX3CRl expressions were detected with qRT-PCR and western blot, and immunofluorescence staining was used to evaluate colocation of IRF8 or CX3CRl with microglial activation marker CD11b in the spinal cord. Results It was found that SNI induced significant elevation of spinal IRF8 and CX3CRl mRNA and protein expression. Additionally, immunofluorescence results showed that SNI elicited the coexpression of IRF8 with CD11b, as well as CX3CRl with CD11b in the spinal cord. Meanwhile, 2 Hz EA treatment of SNI rats not only reduced IRF8 and CX3CRl mRNA and protein expression, but also reversed the coexpression of IRF8 or CX3CRl with CD11b in the spinal cord, along with an attenuation of SNI-evoked mechanical hypersensitivity. Conclusion This experiment highlighted that 2 Hz EA can inhibit IRF8 expression and microglial activation in the spinal cord of SNI rats. Hence, targeting IRF8 may be a promising therapeutic strategy for 2 Hz EA treatment of neuropathic pain.
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Yu S, Zhao G, Han F, Liang W, Jiao Y, Li Z, Li L. Muscone relieves inflammatory pain by inhibiting microglial activation-mediated inflammatory response via abrogation of the NOX4/JAK2-STAT3 pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 82:106355. [PMID: 32145511 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that muscone, a pharmacologically active ingredient isolated from musk, has excellent effects on anti-inflammation. However, its effect on microglia activation-induced inflammatory pain is not known yet. In the present study, a mouse BV2 microglia cell activation-mediated inflammatory model was developed with LPS induction, and a mouse inflammatory pain model was established with CFA injection. The inhibitory effect of muscone on microglia inflammatory activation was verified by measuring pro-inflammatory cytokines expression (interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-1β; IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β). We found that muscone suppressed microglial activation-mediated inflammatory response through the NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4)/janus kinase 2-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (JAK2-STAT3) pathway and pyrin-domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. Notably, muscone mitigated CFA-induced pain hypersensitivity and inflammation, as well as microglia cell activation in vivo. Furthermore, muscone inhibited the CFA-induced NOX4, p-JAK2/p-STAT3, and NLRP3 inflammasome expression in spinal cord of mice. In conclusion, this study uncovered that muscone relieved inflammatory pain by inhibiting microglial activation-mediated inflammatory response via abrogation of the NOX4/JAK2-STAT3 pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome. This finding of muscone is promising for treating inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, Jilin, China
| | - Guoqing Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, Jilin, China.
| | - Fanglei Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, Jilin, China
| | - Wenzhao Liang
- Department of Internal Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, Jilin, China
| | - Yuan Jiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, Jilin, China
| | - Zinan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, Jilin, China
| | - Longyun Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, Jilin, China
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Silencing of PTX3 alleviates LPS-induced inflammatory pain by regulating TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in mice. Biosci Rep 2020; 40:221905. [PMID: 31957804 PMCID: PMC7000368 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20194208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pentraxin 3 (PTX3), an inflammatory marker and a pattern recognition receptor, plays an important role in promoting the progress of tumor and inflammatory diseases. However, the role of PTX3 in the pathogenesis of inflammatory pain diseases is rarely reported. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effect of PTX3 on the progression of inflammatory pain and the special molecular mechanism. A mouse BV2 microglia cell activation-mediated inflammatory model was developed with Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induction, and a mouse inflammatory pain model was established with LPS injection. The effect of PTX3 on microglia inflammatory activation was verified by measuring pro-inflammatory cytokines expression. The mechanical hyperalgesia testing, the thermal preference testing and the cold allodynia testing were used to measure the response of mice to mechanical pain, heat stimulation and cold stimulation, respectively. The results revealed that the expression of PTX3 was decreased in the LPS-induced inflammatory pain mice model. Silencing of PTX3 down-regulated LPS-induced inflammatory factors, including IL-6, NO and TNF-α, and alleviated LPS-induced inflammatory pain in BV2 cells. In addition, overexpression of TLR4 reversed the inhibitory effect of si-PTX3 on LPS-induced inflammatory response in BV2 cells. What is more, silencing of PTX3 inhibited TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. Collectively, it suggests that silencing of PTX3 alleviates LPS-induced inflammatory response of BV2 cells potentially by regulating the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.
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21
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Riffel APK, de Souza JA, Santos MDCQ, Kroth A, da Silveira EMS, Scheid T, Dexheimer GM, Horst A, Kolberg C, Ribeiro MFM, de Fraga LS, Partata WA. Co-administration of ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol modifies ascorbic acid and attenuates p38, Akt, and TNF-α expression in spinal cord of rats with neuropathic pain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s41110-019-0113-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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22
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Stochino Loi E, Pontis A, Cofelice V, Pirarba S, Fais MF, Daniilidis A, Melis I, Paoletti AM, Angioni S. Effect of ultramicronized-palmitoylethanolamide and co-micronized palmitoylethanolamide/polydatin on chronic pelvic pain and quality of life in endometriosis patients: An open-label pilot study. Int J Womens Health 2019; 11:443-449. [PMID: 31496832 PMCID: PMC6697671 DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s204275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the ultramicronized-palmitoylethanolamide (um-PEA) and co-micronised palmitoylethanolamide/polydatin m(PEA/PLD) in the management of chronic pelvic pain related to endometriosis in patients desiring pregnancy. Patients and methods Thirty symptomatic women with laparoscopic diagnosis of endometriosis and pregnancy desire were enrolled. Patients were treated with um-PEA twice daily for 10 days followed by m(PEA/PLD) twice daily for 80 days. Intensity of chronic pelvic pain, dyspareunia, dysmenorrhea, dyschezia, and dysuria were evaluated at baseline, after 10, 30, 60, 90 days and after 30 days from the end of treatment, by VAS. Quality of life and women's psychological well-being were evaluated at baseline and at the end of the treatment after 90 days with 36-Item Short Form Health Survey questionnaire and Symptom Check list-90 questionnaire, respectively. All collected data were analyzed with the non-parametric Wilcoxon test. Results At the end of the treatment, all patients showed a significant improvement in chronic pelvic pain, deep dyspareunia, dysmenorrhea, dyschezia, as well as in quality of life and psychological well-being. Conclusion In spite of the study's limited sample size and the open-label design, this research suggests the efficacy of um-PEA and m(PEA/PLD) in reducing painful symptomatology and improving quality of life as well as psychological well-being in patients suffering from endometriosis. Additionally, this treatment did not show any serious side effect, proving particularly suitable for women with pregnancy desire and without other infertility factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Stochino Loi
- Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pontis
- Division of Gynecology and Obstetric, Hospital San Francesco, Nuoro, Italy
| | - Vito Cofelice
- Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Silvia Pirarba
- Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maria Francesca Fais
- Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Angelos Daniilidis
- 2nd University Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hippokratio General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Irene Melis
- Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Paoletti
- Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Stefano Angioni
- Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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Inoue K. Role of the P2X4 receptor in neuropathic pain. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2019; 47:33-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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P2Y6 Receptor-Mediated Spinal Microglial Activation in Neuropathic Pain. Pain Res Manag 2019; 2019:2612534. [PMID: 31281556 PMCID: PMC6589212 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2612534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Objective To explore the role of purine family member P2Y6 receptors in regulating neuropathic pain (NP) via neuroinflammation in the spinal cord. Methods Chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve (CCI) of NP was classic in setting up models on Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Experiments were performed on rats with sham surgery, CCI, CCI + MRS2578 (a P2Y6 receptor antagonist), and UDP (a P2Y6 receptor agonist). The hyperalgesia intensity was mirrored by paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) and thermal withdrawal latency (TWL). Immunofluorescence staining and western blot were used to evaluate activated microglial marker Iba-1. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to access levels of IL-6. Conventional reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot analysis were used to detect the expression of P2Y6 mRNA and activation of JAK/STAT signaling. Results Among all groups, CCI caused decreased PWT and TWL compared to sham surgery, meaning a successful establishment of the NP model. These decreased values of PWT and TWL tests could be prevented by intraperitoneally injected MRS2578 and enhanced by UDP administration. Similarly, CCI induced increase of Iba-1 protein, P2Y6 mRNA expression, and circulating IL-6 secretion, as well as increased JAK2/STAT3 mRNA expression and phosphorylating modification in spinal cord tissues could also be diminished by MRS2578 treatment and exacerbated by UDP. Conclusions These findings indicated the crucial role of the P2Y6 receptor in modulating the microglial and inflammatory responses in the process of NP in vivo. Results from this study would provide insights into targeting the P2Y6 receptor to treat NP in the near future.
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Wang Z, Zhao W, Shen X, Wan H, Yu JM. The role of P2Y6 receptors in the maintenance of neuropathic pain and its improvement of oxidative stress in rats. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:17123-17130. [PMID: 31106899 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To explore the role of P2Y6 receptors in the maintenance of neuropathic pain and progression of oxidative stress, we investigated the efficacy of the selective P2Y6 receptors antagonist MRS2578 on the antiallodynic effects and improvement of pathological neuropathic pain-induced oxidative stress, thereby finding a potential therapeutic target in neurological disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS The mechanical allodynia in the ipsilateral spinal dorsal horn (SDH) of rats was observed in rats after chronic constriction injury (CCI). Meanwhile, the messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of biological parameters, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in the SDH of rats were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In addition, the mRNA expression and protein levels of P2Y6 were measured by RT-PCR and Western blot assay, respectively. Next, the rats subjected to CCI were intrathecally infused with MRS2578 to block the expression of P2Y6 receptors. The positive expression of P2Y6 receptors was examined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS In the present study, the results revealed that the P2Y6 expression in the ipsilateral SDH of CCI rats was significantly upregulated. In addition, inhibition of the P2Y6 receptor in SDH increased CCI-induced tactile allodynia. Furthermore, the levels of SOD, GSH, and HO-1 which were correlated with oxidative stress produced by CCI were also decreased. CONCLUSION The results demonstrated that inhibition of the P2Y6 receptor can generate antiallodynic effects and improved the pathological neuropathic pain-induced oxidative stress. Thus, this study provides a potential approach for the therapy of neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Anesthesiology and Pain Department, Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - WenSheng Zhao
- Anesthesiology and Pain Department, Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - XinYi Shen
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - HaiFang Wan
- Anesthesiology and Pain Department, Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Ming Yu
- Anesthesiology and Pain Department, Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Hangzhou, China
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Zou L, Yu K, Fan Y, Cao S, Liu S, Shi L, Li L, Yuan H, Yang R, Yi Z, Gao Y, Li G, Greffrath W, Treede RD, Li M, Xu H, Zhang C, Liang S. The Inhibition by Guanfu Base A of Neuropathic Pain Mediated by P2Y 12 Receptor in Dorsal Root Ganglia. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:1318-1325. [PMID: 30475578 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of satellite glial cells (SGCs) in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) is involved in mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia. The upregulated P2Y12 receptor expressed in SGCs of the DRG participates in the nociceptive transmission of neuropathic pain. Guanfu base A (GFA) has been reported to exhibit antiarrhythmic and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we explored the effects of GFA on P2Y12 receptor-mediated mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia in chronic constriction injury (CCI) rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham operation group (Sham), CCI operation group (CCI), CCI rats treated with guanfu base A group (CCI + GFA) and control rats treated with GFA group (Ctrl + GFA). Mechanical withdrawal threshold and thermal withdrawal latency were measured. P2Y12 expression in L4-L6 dorsal root ganglion (DRG) was detected by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot. After CCI treatment, mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia and the expression values of P2Y12 receptor mRNA and protein in DRG were increased. Dual-labeling immunofluorescence showed that the coexpression of P2Y12 receptor and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the DRG of CCI rats was increased compared to sham rats. GFA relieved mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia in the CCI rats, decreased the expression of P2Y12 mRNA and protein and phosphorylation of p38 MAPK in the DRG, and increased the ADP-downregulated cAMP concentrations in HEK293 cells transfected with P2Y12 plasmid. After CCI rats were treated with GFA, the coexpression of P2Y12 receptor and GFAP in the DRG was significantly decreased compared to the untreated CCI group. Thus, downregulating the P2Y12 receptor relieved mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia in the CCI rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Zou
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory of Physiology Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China
| | - Kehua Yu
- Medical Laboratory Center of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Fan
- Undergraduate student of Clinic Medicine Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China
| | - Suixia Cao
- Undergraduate student of Clinic Medicine Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China
| | - Shuangmei Liu
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory of Physiology Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China
| | - Liran Shi
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory of Physiology Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China
| | - Lin Li
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory of Physiology Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China
| | - Huilong Yuan
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory of Physiology Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China
| | - Runan Yang
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory of Physiology Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China
| | - Zhihua Yi
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory of Physiology Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China
| | - Yun Gao
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory of Physiology Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China
| | - Guilin Li
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory of Physiology Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China
| | - Wolfgang Greffrath
- Department of Neurophysiology, Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim 68167, Germany
| | - Rolf-Detlef Treede
- Department of Neurophysiology, Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim 68167, Germany
| | - Man Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Hong Xu
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory of Physiology Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China
| | - Chunping Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China
| | - Shangdong Liang
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory of Physiology Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China
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Malko P, Syed Mortadza SA, McWilliam J, Jiang LH. TRPM2 Channel in Microglia as a New Player in Neuroinflammation Associated With a Spectrum of Central Nervous System Pathologies. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:239. [PMID: 30914955 PMCID: PMC6423084 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial cells in the central nervous system (CNS) are crucial in maintaining a healthy environment for neurons to function properly. However, aberrant microglial cell activation can lead to excessive generation of neurotoxic proinflammatory mediators and neuroinflammation, which represents a contributing factor in a wide spectrum of CNS pathologies, including ischemic stroke, traumatic brain damage, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, psychiatric disorders, autism spectrum disorders, and chronic neuropathic pain. Oxidative stress is a salient and common feature of these conditions and has been strongly implicated in microglial cell activation and neuroinflammation. The transient receptor potential melastatin-related 2 (TRPM2) channel, an oxidative stress-sensitive calcium-permeable cationic channel, is highly expressed in microglial cells. In this review, we examine the recent studies that provide evidence to support an important role for the TRPM2 channel, particularly TRPM2-mediated Ca2+ signaling, in mediating microglial cell activation, generation of proinflammatory mediators and neuroinflammation, which are of relevance to CNS pathologies. These findings lead to a growing interest in the TRPM2 channel, a new player in neuroinflammation, as a novel therapeutic target for CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa Malko
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Sharifah A Syed Mortadza
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Department of Biochemistry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - Joseph McWilliam
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Lin-Hua Jiang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Kamieniak P, Bielewicz J, Kurzepa J, Daniluk B, Kocot J, Trojanowski T. Serum Level of Metalloproteinase-2 but not Metalloproteinase-9 Rises in Patients With Failed Back Surgery Syndrome After Spinal Cord Stimulation. Neuromodulation 2019; 22:262-268. [PMID: 30620420 DOI: 10.1111/ner.12915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The impact of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) on serum levels of metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) was assessed in a group of patients with failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS). The study was to give new insights into the SCS mechanism of action and the role of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the development of NP. MATERIAL AND METHODS Clinical assessments were performed and biochemical markers were determined in two groups of patients: the control group (24 individuals) and the FBSS group (24 patients). Seventeen patients with the FBSS had SCS implanted and were examined before surgical procedure, one month after (17 patients), and three months after operation (12 patients). Clinical status was assessed with the use numeric rating scale, pain rating index of McGill pain questionnaire, Oswestry disability index and Beck depression inventory. MMP-2 and MMP-9 serum levels were determined using gelatin zymography. Immunoenzymatic method was employed to determine plasma concentrations of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). RESULTS Levels of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 were higher in the FBSS group compared to the control group. The difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001 and p = 0.004, respectively). The concentration of MMP-2 was significantly increased (p = 0.0135) one-month post-SCS and remained elevated but stable up to three months after implantation. TIMP-2, MMP-2/TIMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, and MMP-9/TIMP-1 serum levels did not change significantly. CONCLUSIONS MMPs may play a role in the development of FBSS. SCS increases the already elevated MMP-2 serum levels which are associated with neuroinflammatory processes in FBSS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Kamieniak
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Joanna Bielewicz
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jacek Kurzepa
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Beata Daniluk
- Institute of Psychology, Marie Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Joanna Kocot
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Tomasz Trojanowski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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Diabetes-induced Neuropathic Mechanical Hyperalgesia Depends on P2X4 Receptor Activation in Dorsal Root Ganglia. Neuroscience 2018; 398:158-170. [PMID: 30537520 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral diabetic neuropathy (PDN) manifests in 50-60% of type I and II diabetic patients and is the major cause of limb amputation. Adequate therapy for PDN is a current challenge. There are evidences that the activation of the P2X4 receptor (P2X4R) expressed on microglial cells of the central nervous system takes part in the development of neuropathic pain. However, there is an open question: Is P2X4R activation on dorsal root ganglia (DRG) involved in the development of neuropathic pain? To answer this question, this study verified the involvement of P2X4R expressed in DRG cells on diabetes-induced neuropathic mechanical hyperalgesia in rats. We found that intrathecal or ganglionar (L5-DRG) administration of a novel P2X4R antagonist (PSB-15417) or intrathecal administration of oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN)-antisense against the P2X4R reversed diabetes-induced neuropathic mechanical hyperalgesia. The DRG of the diabetic neuropathic rats showed an increase in P2X4R expression, and the DRG immunofluorescence suggested that P2X4R is expressed mainly in satellite glial cells (SGC). Finally, our study showed a functional expression of P2X4R in SGCs of the rat's DRG, because the P2X4R agonist BzATP elicits an increase in intracellular calcium concentration in SGCs, which was reduced by PSB-15417. These findings indicate that P2X4R activation in DRG is essential to diabetes-induced neuropathic mechanical hyperalgesia. Therefore, this purinergic receptor in DRG could be an interesting therapeutic target for quaternary P2X4R antagonists that do not cross the hematoencephalic barrier, for the control of neuropathic pain, preserving central nervous system functions.
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Inoue K. A state-of-the-art perspective on microgliopathic pain. Open Biol 2018; 8:rsob.180154. [PMID: 30487300 PMCID: PMC6282071 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.180154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute nociceptive pain is an undesirable feeling but has a physiological significance as a warning system for living organisms. Conversely, chronic pain is lacking physiological significance, but rather represents a confusion of nerve functions. The neuropathic pain that occurs after peripheral nerve injury (PNI) is perhaps the most important type of chronic pain because it is refractory to available medications and thus remains a heavy clinical burden. In recent decades, studies have shown that spinal microglia play a principal role in the alterations in synaptic functions evoking this pain. It is also clear that the P2X4 receptor (P2X4R), a subtype of ionotropic ATP receptors, is upregulated exclusively in spinal microglia after PNI and plays a key role in evoking neuropathic pain. Neuropathic pain is caused by several conditions associated with activated microglia without nerve damage. ‘Microgliopathic pain’ is a new concept indicating such abnormal pain related to activated microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhide Inoue
- Department of Molecular and System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Lu HF, Xu CY, Zhang L, Gan L, Chen C, Yan MY, Guo XN, Fang Q, Xu GY, Zhang YB, Ni JQ, Zhao HR. A new central post-stroke pain rat model: autologous blood injected thalamic hemorrhage involved increased expression of P2X4 receptor. Neurosci Lett 2018; 687:124-130. [PMID: 30267847 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is the leading cause of disability and death in the world. Central post-stroke pain (CPSP), a central neuropathic pain syndrome occurring after cerebral stroke, is a serious problem. But on account of the lack of reliable animal models, the mechanisms underlying CPSP remains poorly understood. To better understand of the pathophysiological basis of CPSP, we developed and characterized a new rat model of CPSP. This model is based on a hemorrhagic stroke lesion with intra-thalamic autologous blood (ITAB) injection in the ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus. Behavioral analysis demonstrated that the animals displayed a significant decrease in mechanical allodynia threshold. We found a significant increase in P2 × 4 receptor expression in microglia in thalamic peri-lesion tissues post-hemorrhage. The mechanical allodynia in rats with CPSP were reversed by blocking P2 × 4 receptors. A significant alleviation of mechanical allodynia was achieved following the administration of adrenergic antidepressants and antiepileptics. Meanwhile, we found a significant decrease in P2 × 4 receptor expression after treatment with these drugs. Taken together, our results suggest that targeting P2 × 4 receptor may be effective in the treatment of CPSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Feng Lu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Chun-Yang Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Lei Gan
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Chan Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Man-Yun Yan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Xiao-Ning Guo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Qi Fang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Guang-Yin Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yan-Bo Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Taishan Medical University, Taian 271000, China
| | - Jian-Qiang Ni
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China.
| | - Hong-Ru Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China.
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Gugliandolo E, D'amico R, Cordaro M, Fusco R, Siracusa R, Crupi R, Impellizzeri D, Cuzzocrea S, Di Paola R. Effect of PEA-OXA on neuropathic pain and functional recovery after sciatic nerve crush. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:264. [PMID: 30217164 PMCID: PMC6137737 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1303-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Animal models of sciatic nerve injury are commonly used to study neuropathic pain as well as axon regeneration. Inflammation/immune response at the site of nerve lesion is known to be an essential trigger of the pathological changes that have a critical impact on nerve repair and regeneration; moreover, the damage to peripheral nerve can cause a loss of sensory function and produces a persistent neuropathic pain. N-Acylethanolamines (NAEs) involve a family of lipid molecules existent in animal and plant, of which is N-palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) that arouses great attention owing to its anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and neuroprotective activities. The modulation of specific amidases for NAEs (and in particular NAE-hydrolyzing acid amidase NAAA, which is more selective for PEA) could be a condition to preserve its levels. Here, we investigated, in a mice model of sciatic nerve crush, the effect of 2-pentadecyl-2-oxazoline (PEA-OXA) the oxazoline of PEA that reportedly modulates activity of NAAA. Methods In this experimental model, the mice, following the sciatic nerve crush, were treated daily with PEA-OXA at a dose of 10 mg\kg for 14 days. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of PEA-OXA on the degree of injury, on the inhibition of neuropathic pain, and on the inflammatory process, as in the improvement of reparative processes and therefore in the restoration of locomotor function. Results Our results showed that PEA-OXA (10 mg/kg) treatment, daily, for 14 days after sciatic nerve crush, have an anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effect and moreover have an analgesic protective effect on hypersensitivity, and improve the functional recovery after nerve crush. Conclusions Therefore, treatment with PEA-OXA as a whole has shown a protective effect, which makes it a powerful candidate for the treatment of peripheral nerve injury and neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Gugliandolo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, no 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Ramona D'amico
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, no 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Marika Cordaro
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, no 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Roberta Fusco
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, no 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Rosalba Siracusa
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, no 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Rosalia Crupi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, no 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Daniela Impellizzeri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, no 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, no 31, 98166, Messina, Italy. .,Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Rosanna Di Paola
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, no 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
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González SL, Meyer L, Raggio MC, Taleb O, Coronel MF, Patte-Mensah C, Mensah-Nyagan AG. Allopregnanolone and Progesterone in Experimental Neuropathic Pain: Former and New Insights with a Translational Perspective. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2018; 39:523-537. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-018-0618-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Gui Y, Li A, Zhang J, Li G, Ruan X, Guo Q, Zou W. α-Asarone Alleviated Chronic Constriction Injury–Induced Neuropathic Pain Through Inhibition of Spinal Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in an Liver X Receptor–Dependent Manner. Anesth Analg 2018; 127:775-783. [DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000002792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Kobiela Ketz A, Byrnes KR, Grunberg NE, Kasper CE, Osborne L, Pryor B, Tosini NL, Wu X, Anders JJ. Characterization of Macrophage/Microglial Activation and Effect of Photobiomodulation in the Spared Nerve Injury Model of Neuropathic Pain. PAIN MEDICINE 2018; 18:932-946. [PMID: 27497321 DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnw144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Objective Neuropathic pain is common and debilitating with limited effective treatments. Macrophage/microglial activation along ascending somatosensory pathways following peripheral nerve injury facilitates neuropathic pain. However, polarization of macrophages/microglia in neuropathic pain is not well understood. Photobiomodulation treatment has been used to decrease neuropathic pain, has anti-inflammatory effects in spinal injury and wound healing models, and modulates microglial polarization in vitro. Our aim was to characterize macrophage/microglia response after peripheral nerve injury and modulate the response with photobiomodulation. Methods Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to sham (N = 13), spared nerve injury (N = 13), or injury + photobiomodulation treatment groups (N = 7). Mechanical hypersensitivity was assessed with electronic von Frey. Photobiomodulation (980 nm) was applied to affected hind paw (output power 1 W, 20 s, 41cm above skin, power density 43.25 mW/cm 2 , dose 20 J), dorsal root ganglia (output power 4.5W, 19s, in skin contact, power density 43.25 mW/cm 2 , dose 85.5 J), and spinal cord regions (output power 1.5 W, 19s, in skin contact, power density 43.25 mW/cm 2 , dose 28.5 J) every other day from day 7-30 post-operatively. Immunohistochemistry characterized macrophage/microglial activation. Results Injured groups demonstrated mechanical hypersensitivity 1-30 days post-operatively. Photobiomodulation-treated animals began to recover after two treatments; at day 26, mechanical sensitivity reached baseline. Peripheral nerve injury caused region-specific macrophages/microglia activation along spinothalamic and dorsal-column medial lemniscus pathways. A pro-inflammatory microglial marker was expressed in the spinal cord of injured rats compared to photobiomodulation-treated and sham group. Photobiomodulation-treated dorsal root ganglion macrophages expressed anti-inflammatory markers. Conclusion Photobiomodulation effectively reduced mechanical hypersensitivity, potentially through modulating macrophage/microglial activation to an anti-inflammatory phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Kobiela Ketz
- Center for Nursing Science and Clinical Inquiry, Landstuhl Regional Medical Center, Landstuhl, Germany
| | - Kimberly R Byrnes
- Anatomy, Physiology & Genetics, The Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Neil E Grunberg
- Departments of Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Christine E Kasper
- Daniel K. Inouye Graduate School of Nursing, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lisa Osborne
- Daniel K. Inouye Graduate School of Nursing, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Xingjia Wu
- Anatomy, Physiology & Genetics, The Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Juanita J Anders
- Anatomy, Physiology & Genetics, The Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Association Between Neurotrophic Factor Expression and Pain-Related Behavior Induced by Nucleus Pulposus Applied to Rat Nerve Root. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2018; 43:E7-E15. [PMID: 28505030 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000002223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN An experimental animal study. OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between pain-related behavior and the expression of neurotrophic factors in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and spinal cord (SC) using a nucleus pulposus (NP) rat model. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Neurotrophic factors are released from activated glial cells and are associated with pain-related behavior. Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a neurotrophic factor that is induced by inflammation. METHODS Rats were divided into an NP group (n = 94) and a sham-operated group (n = 46). NP harvested from the tail was applied to the left L5 DRG. Rats in the NP group were then divided into five subgroups: one non-treatment and four treatment groups. In the treatment groups, a dose of anti-NGF antibody or phosphate-buffered saline was administered into the DRG. Behavioral testing was performed to investigate the mechanical withdrawal threshold of the left hind paw for all groups. Immunohistochemical localization of NGF, phosphorylated p38 (p38), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the DRGs and SCs was performed, and the numbers of immunoreactive (IR) cells were counted. RESULTS The withdrawal threshold in the nontreatment NP group was significantly decreased for 35 days, and that of the middle- and high-dose treatment rats was significantly higher than the phosphate-buffered saline group values. In the DRG, NGF-IR, p38-IR, and BDNF-IR cells were increased for days 21. In the SC, BDNF-IR, and p38-IR cells were increased from days 7 to 21. CONCLUSION In the DRG, NGF expression increased, mechanical thresholds were reduced, and p38 and BDNF expression was increased in the NP group. p38 and BDNF expression was increased in SC neurons during the same period. Inhibition of NGF may be a potential treatment for neuropathic pain due to lumbar disc herniation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 5.
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Passavanti MB, Fiore M, Sansone P, Aurilio C, Pota V, Barbarisi M, Fierro D, Pace MC. The beneficial use of ultramicronized palmitoylethanolamide as add-on therapy to Tapentadol in the treatment of low back pain: a pilot study comparing prospective and retrospective observational arms. BMC Anesthesiol 2017; 17:171. [PMID: 29258432 PMCID: PMC5735888 DOI: 10.1186/s12871-017-0461-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This pilot study was designed to compare the efficacy of ultramicronized palmitoylethanolamide (um-PEA) as add-on therapy to tapentadol (TP) with TP therapy only in patients suffering from chronic low back pain (LBP). Methods This pilot observational study consists in two arms: the prospective arm and the retrospective one. In the prospective arm patients consecutively selected received um-PEA as add-on therapy to TP for 6 months; in the retrospective arm patients were treated with TP only for 6 months. Pain intensity and neuropathic component were evaluated at baseline, during and after 6 months. The degree of disability and TP dosage assumption were evaluated at baseline and after 6 months. Results Statistical analysis performed with generalized linear mixed model on 55 patients (30 in the prospective group and 25 in the retrospective group) demonstrated that um-PEA as add-on treatment to TP in patients with chronic LBP, in comparison to TP alone, led to a significantly higher reduction in pain intensity, in the neuropathic component, the degree of disability and TP dosage assumption. No serious side effects were observed. Conclusion Overall, the present findings suggest that um-PEA may be an innovative therapeutic intervention as add-on therapy to TP for the management of chronic LBP with a neuropathic component, as well as to improve patient quality of life. Additionally, this combination treatment allowed a reduction in TP dose over time and did not show any serious side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Beatrice Passavanti
- Department of Women, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Fiore
- Department of Women, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138, Naples, Italy.
| | - Pasquale Sansone
- Department of Women, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Caterina Aurilio
- Department of Women, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Pota
- Department of Women, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Manlio Barbarisi
- Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic and Aging Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Piazza L. Miraglia, 2, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Fierro
- Department of Women, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Caterina Pace
- Department of Women, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138, Naples, Italy
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Neuroprotective effect of liquiritin against neuropathic pain induced by chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve in mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 95:186-198. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.07.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Adães S, Almeida L, Potes CS, Ferreira AR, Castro-Lopes JM, Ferreira-Gomes J, Neto FL. Glial activation in the collagenase model of nociception associated with osteoarthritis. Mol Pain 2017; 13:1744806916688219. [PMID: 28326927 PMCID: PMC5302176 DOI: 10.1177/1744806916688219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Experimental osteoarthritis entails neuropathic-like changes in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons. Since glial activation has emerged as a key player in nociception, being reported in numerous models of neuropathic pain, we aimed at evaluating if glial cell activation may also occur in the DRG and spinal cord of rats with osteoarthritis induced by intra-articular injection of collagenase. Methods Osteoarthritis was induced by two injections, separated by three days, of 500 U of type II collagenase into the knee joint of rats. Movement-induced nociception was evaluated by the Knee-Bend and CatWalk tests during the following six weeks. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression in satellite glial cells of the DRG was assessed by immunofluorescence and Western Blot analysis; the pattern of GFAP and activating transcription factor-3 (ATF-3) expression was also compared through double immunofluorescence analysis. GFAP expression in astrocytes and IBA-1 expression in microglia of the L3–L5 spinal cord segments was assessed by immunohistochemistry and Western Blot analysis. The effect of the intrathecal administration of fluorocitrate, an inhibitor of glial activation, on movement-induced nociception was evaluated six weeks after the first collagenase injection. Results GFAP expression in satellite glial cells of collagenase-injected animals was significantly increased six weeks after osteoarthritis induction. Double immunofluorescence showed GFAP upregulation in satellite glial cells surrounding ATF-3-positive neurons. In the spinal cord of collagenase-injected animals, an ipsilateral upregulation of GFAP and IBA-1 was also observed. The inhibition of glial activation with fluorocitrate decreased movement- and loading-induced nociception. Conclusion Collagenase-induced knee osteoarthritis leads to the development of nociception associated with movement of the affected joint and to the activation of glial cells in both the DRG and the spinal cord. Inhibition of glial cell activation by fluorocitrate decreases these osteoarthritis-associated nociceptive behaviours. These results suggest that glial cell activation may play a role in the development of chronic pain in this experimental model of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Adães
- 1 Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,2 Morphysiology of the Somatosensory System Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal.,3 Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Lígia Almeida
- 1 Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,2 Morphysiology of the Somatosensory System Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal.,3 Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina S Potes
- 1 Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,2 Morphysiology of the Somatosensory System Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal.,3 Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Ferreira
- 1 Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José M Castro-Lopes
- 1 Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,2 Morphysiology of the Somatosensory System Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal.,3 Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Ferreira-Gomes
- 1 Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,2 Morphysiology of the Somatosensory System Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal.,3 Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fani L Neto
- 1 Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,2 Morphysiology of the Somatosensory System Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal.,3 Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Richner M, Vaegter CB. Glucocorticoids - Efficient analgesics against postherpetic neuralgia? Scand J Pain 2017; 16:61-63. [PMID: 28850413 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjpain.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mette Richner
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Denmark.
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Zhao B, He E, Pan Y, Xu H, Song X. Kindlin-1 is a key protein in hyperbaric oxygen therapy for the treatment of neuropathic pain. Mol Pain 2017; 13:1744806917730254. [PMID: 28845732 PMCID: PMC5593206 DOI: 10.1177/1744806917730254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is increasingly used in adjuvant therapies to treat neuropathic pain. However, the specific targets of hyperbaric oxygen treatment in neuropathic pain remain unclear. Recently, we found that hyperbaric oxygen therapy produces an antinociceptive response via the kindlin-1/wnt-10a signaling pathway in a chronic pain injury model in rats. Methods The rats received an intraperitoneal injection of AAV-FERMT1 or an adeno-associated virus control vector 20 days before the chronic constriction injury operation. During five consecutive days of hyperbaric oxygen treatment, mechanical withdrawal threshold and thermal withdrawal latency tests were performed. Then, kindlin-1 expression was examined by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. Meanwhile, the activation of glial cells and the production of TNF-α, IL-1β, and fractalkine were also determined. Results Our findings demonstrated that hyperbaric oxygen therapy inhibited the chronic constriction injury–induced increase in kindlin-1 expression. Furthermore, overexpression of kindlin-1 reversed the antinociceptive effects of hyperbaric oxygen therapy. The observed hyperbaric oxygen–induced reductions in glial cell activation and neuroinflammation, as indicated by the production of TNF-α, IL-1β, and fractalkine, were also prominently diminished in the group with kindlin-1 overexpression. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that kindlin-1 is a key protein in the action of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in the treatment of neuropathic pain. Indeed, interference with kindlin-1 may be a drug target for reducing the neuroinflammatory responses of the glial population in neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baisong Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Erning He
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanning Second People's Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530031, China
| | - Yongying Pan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Haiping Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
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Cha M, Um SW, Kwon M, Nam TS, Lee BH. Repetitive motor cortex stimulation reinforces the pain modulation circuits of peripheral neuropathic pain. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7986. [PMID: 28801619 PMCID: PMC5554204 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08208-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that motor cortex stimulation (MCS) is a potentially effective treatment for chronic neuropathic pain. However, the neural mechanisms underlying the attenuated hyperalgesia after MCS are not completely understood. In this study, we investigated the neural mechanism of the effects of MCS using an animal model of neuropathic pain. After 10 daily sessions of MCS, repetitive MCS reduced mechanical allodynia and contributed to neuronal changes in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Interestingly, inhibition of protein kinase M zeta (PKMζ), a regulator of synaptic plasticity, in the ACC blocked the effects of repetitive MCS. Histological and molecular studies showed a significantly increased level of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression in the ACC after peripheral neuropathy, and neither MCS treatment nor ZIP administration affected this increase. These results suggest that repetitive MCS can attenuate the mechanical allodynia in neuropathic pain, and that the activation of PKMζ in the ACC may play a role in the modulation of neuropathic pain via MCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeounghoon Cha
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Woo Um
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjee Kwon
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Taick Sang Nam
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Bae Hwan Lee
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea. .,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
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Liu PW, Yue MX, Zhou R, Niu J, Huang DJ, Xu T, Luo P, Liu XH, Zeng JW. P2Y 12 and P2Y 13 receptors involved in ADPβs induced the release of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α from cultured dorsal horn microglia. J Pain Res 2017; 10:1755-1767. [PMID: 28794655 PMCID: PMC5536317 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s137131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective P2 receptors have been implicated in the release of neurotransmitter and pro-inflammatory cytokines due to their response to neuroexcitatory substances in the microglia. Dorsal horn P2Y12 and P2Y13 receptors are involved in the development of pain behavior induced by peripheral nerve injury. However, it is not known whether P2Y12 and P2Y13 receptors activation is associated with the expression and the release of interleukin-1B (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in cultured dorsal spinal cord microglia. For this reason, we examined the effects of ADPβs (ADP analog) on the expression and the release of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Methods and results In this study, we observed the effect of P2Y receptor agonist ADPβs on the expression and release of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α by using real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). ADPβs induced the increased expression of Iba-1, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α at the level of messenger RNA (mRNA). ADPβs-evoked increase in Iba-1, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α mRNA expression was inhibited only partially by P2Y12 receptor antagonist MRS2395 or P2Y13 receptor antagonist MRS2211, respectively. Similarly, ADPβs-evoked release of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α was inhibited only partially by MRS2395 or MRS2211. Furthermore, ADPβs-evoked increased expression of Iba-1, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α mRNA, and release of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α were nearly all blocked after co-administration of MRS2395 plus MRS2179. Further evidence indicated that P2Y12 and P2Y13 receptor-evoked increased gene expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α were inhibited by Y-27632 (ROCK inhibitor), SB203580 (P38MAPK inhibitor) and PDTC (NF-κb inhibitor), respectively. Subsequently, P2Y12 and P2Y13 receptor-evoked release of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α, were also inhibited by Y-27632, SB203580 and PDTC, respectively. Conclusion These observations suggest that P2Y12 and P2Y13 receptor-evoked gene expression and release of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α are associated with ROCK/P38MAPK/NF-κb signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Wen Liu
- Department of Physiology, Zunyi Medical College, Guizhou, China
| | - Ming-Xia Yue
- Department of Physiology, Zunyi Medical College, Guizhou, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Zunyi Medical College, Guizhou, China
| | - Juan Niu
- Department of Physiology, Zunyi Medical College, Guizhou, China
| | - Du-Juan Huang
- Department of Physiology, Zunyi Medical College, Guizhou, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Physiology, Zunyi Medical College, Guizhou, China
| | - Pei Luo
- Department of Physiology, Zunyi Medical College, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Liu
- Department of Physiology, Zunyi Medical College, Guizhou, China
| | - Jun-Wei Zeng
- Department of Physiology, Zunyi Medical College, Guizhou, China
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Zhang J, Mense S, Treede RD, Hoheisel U. Prevention and reversal of latent sensitization of dorsal horn neurons by glial blockers in a model of low back pain in male rats. J Neurophysiol 2017; 118:2059-2069. [PMID: 28615336 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00680.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In an animal model of nonspecific low back pain, recordings from dorsal horn neurons were made to investigate the influence of glial cells in the central sensitization process. To induce a latent sensitization of the neurons, nerve growth factor (NGF) was injected into the multifidus muscle; the manifest sensitization to a second NGF injection 5 days later was used as a read-out. The sensitization manifested in increased resting activity and in an increased proportion of neurons responding to stimulation of deep somatic tissues. To block microglial activation, minocycline was continuously administered intrathecally starting 1 day before or 2 days after the first NGF injection. The glia inhibitor fluorocitrate that also blocks astrocyte activation was administrated 2 days after the first injection. Minocycline applied before the first NGF injection reduced the manifest sensitization after the second NGF injection to control values. The proportion of neurons responsive to stimulation of deep tissues was reduced from 50% to 17.7% (P < 0.01). No significant changes occurred when minocycline was applied after the first injection. In contrast, fluorocitrate administrated after the first NGF injection reduced significantly the proportion of neurons with deep input (15.8%, P < 0.01). A block of glia activation had no significant effect on the increased resting activity. The data suggest that blocking microglial activation prevented the NGF-induced latent spinal sensitization, whereas blocking astrocyte activation reversed it. The induction of spinal neuronal sensitization in this pain model appears to depend on microglia activation, whereas its maintenance is regulated by activated astrocytes.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Activated microglia and astrocytes mediate the latent sensitization induced by nerve growth factor in dorsal horn neurons that receive input from deep tissues of the low back. These processes may contribute to nonspecific low back pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Zhang
- Chair of Neurophysiology, Center for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim (CBTM), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; and.,Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Siegfried Mense
- Chair of Neurophysiology, Center for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim (CBTM), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; and
| | - Rolf-Detlef Treede
- Chair of Neurophysiology, Center for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim (CBTM), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; and
| | - Ulrich Hoheisel
- Chair of Neurophysiology, Center for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim (CBTM), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; and
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Park G, Horie T, Iezaki T, Okamoto M, Fukasawa K, Kanayama T, Ozaki K, Onishi Y, Sugiura M, Hinoi E. Daily oral intake of β-cryptoxanthin ameliorates neuropathic pain. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2017; 81:1014-1017. [PMID: 28110620 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2017.1280661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
β-cryptoxanthin, a xanthophyll carotenoid, exerts preventive effects on various lifestyle-related diseases. Here, we found that daily oral administration of β-cryptoxanthin significantly ameliorated the development of tactile allodynia following spinal nerve injury but was ineffective in mechanical allodynia in an inflammatory pain model in mice. Our results suggest that β-cryptoxanthin supplementation would be beneficial for the prophylaxis of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyujin Park
- a Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Kanazawa University Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology , Kanazawa , Japan
| | - Tetsuhiro Horie
- a Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Kanazawa University Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology , Kanazawa , Japan
| | - Takashi Iezaki
- a Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Kanazawa University Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology , Kanazawa , Japan
| | - Maika Okamoto
- a Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Kanazawa University Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology , Kanazawa , Japan
| | - Kazuya Fukasawa
- a Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Kanazawa University Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology , Kanazawa , Japan
| | - Takashi Kanayama
- a Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Kanazawa University Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology , Kanazawa , Japan
| | - Kakeru Ozaki
- a Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Kanazawa University Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology , Kanazawa , Japan
| | - Yuki Onishi
- a Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Kanazawa University Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology , Kanazawa , Japan
| | - Minoru Sugiura
- b Citrus Research Division , Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization , Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Eiichi Hinoi
- a Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Kanazawa University Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology , Kanazawa , Japan
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Nishinaka T, Nakamoto K, Tokuyama S. [Effect of the functional brain abnormalities induced by early life stress on the chronic pain]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2017; 149:79-83. [PMID: 28154302 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.149.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
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INOUE K. Purinergic signaling in microglia in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2017; 93:174-182. [PMID: 28413195 PMCID: PMC5489427 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.93.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Nerve injury often causes debilitating chronic pain, referred to as neuropathic pain, which is refractory to currently available analgesics including morphine. Many reports indicate that activated spinal microglia evoke neuropathic pain. The P2X4 receptor (P2X4R), a subtype of ionotropic ATP receptors, is upregulated in spinal microglia after nerve injury by several factors, including CC chemokine receptor CCR2, the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin in the spinal cord, interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8) and IRF5. Inhibition of P2X4R function suppresses neuropathic pain, indicating that microglial P2X4R play a key role in evoking neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhide INOUE
- Department of Molecular and System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Correspondence should be addressed: K. Inoue, Department of Molecular and System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan (e-mail: )
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Mahmoudvand H, Ziaali N, Ghazvini H, Shojaee S, Keshavarz H, Esmaeilpour K, Sheibani V. Toxoplasma gondii Infection Promotes Neuroinflammation Through Cytokine Networks and Induced Hyperalgesia in BALB/c Mice. Inflammation 2016; 39:405-412. [PMID: 26490968 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-015-0262-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that in Toxoplasma gondii infection, communication among immune cells promotes neuroinflammation through cytokine networks and induces pain sensitivity under conditions of neuropathic pain. The animal model of Toxoplasma infection was established by the intraperitoneal inoculation of 20-25 tissue cysts from Tehran strain of T. gondii to BALB/c mice. Amitriptyline (20 mg/kg, i.p., 1/day) administrated to animals for 7 days before behavioral tests. Pain behavioral tests including tail flick, hot plate, and formalin test were evaluated in all the groups. The mRNA levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 were examined by real-time PCR. Results revealed that T. gondii induce hyperalgesia in the infected mice, whereas amitriptyline showed a promising effect against the hyperalgesia induced by Toxoplasma infection. The mRNA levels of the aforementioned cytokines significantly (P < 0.05) increased in the infected mice compared to the uninfected ones. Obtained findings suggested that T. gondii infection could promote neuroinflammation through cytokine networks and induced hyperalgesia in BALB/c mice, whereas amitriptyline as an analgesic drug reverses them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Mahmoudvand
- Research Center for Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Naser Ziaali
- Research Center for Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hamed Ghazvini
- Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Saeideh Shojaee
- Department of Medical Parasitology & Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Keshavarz
- Department of Medical Parasitology & Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Esmaeilpour
- Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Vahid Sheibani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
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