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Abstract
Eicosanoids are 20-carbon bioactive lipids derived from the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which can modulate various biological processes including cell proliferation, adhesion and migration, angiogenesis, vascular permeability and inflammatory responses. In recent years, studies have shown the importance of eicosanoids in the control of physiological and pathological processes associated with several diseases, including cancer. The polyunsaturated fatty acid predominantly metabolized to generate 2-series eicosanoids is arachidonic acid, which is the major n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid found in animal fat and in the occidental diet. The three main pathways responsible for metabolizing arachidonic acid and other polyunsaturated fatty acids to generate eicosanoids are the cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase and P450 epoxygenase pathways. Inflammation plays a decisive role in various stages of tumor development including initiation, promotion, invasion and metastasis. This review will focus on studies that have investigated the role of prostanoids and lipoxygenase-derived eicosanoids in the development and progression of different tumors, highlighting the findings that may provide insights into how these eicosanoids can influence cell proliferation, cell migration and the inflammatory process. A better understanding of the complex role played by eicosanoids in both tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment may provide new markers for diagnostic and prognostic purposes and identify new therapeutic strategies in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Nascimento Gomes
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Souza Felipe da Costa
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Alison Colquhoun
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, BR
- *Corresponding author. E-mail:
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A Sterol from Soft Coral Induces Apoptosis and Autophagy in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16070238. [PMID: 30018246 PMCID: PMC6071057 DOI: 10.3390/md16070238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a nuclear receptor that plays a key role in regulating cellular metabolism, and is a therapeutic target for cancer therapy. To search for potential PPARγ activators, a compound library comprising 11 marine compounds was examined. Among them, a sterol, 3β,11-dihydroxy-9,11-secogorgost-5-en-9-one (compound 1), showed the highest PPARγ activity with an IC50 value of 8.3 μM for inhibiting human breast adenocarcinoma cell (MCF-7) growth. Western blotting experiments showed that compound 1 induces caspase activation and PARP cleavage. In addition, compound 1 modulated the expression of various PPARγ-regulated downstream biomarkers including cyclin D1, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)6, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), p38, and extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Moreover, compound 1 increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, upregulated the phosphorylation and expression of H2AX, and induced autophagy. Interestingly, pre-treatment with the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine rescued cells from compound 1-induced growth inhibition, which indicates that the cytotoxic effect of compound 1 is, in part, attributable to its ability to induce autophagy. In conclusion, these findings suggest the translational potential of compound 1 in breast cancer therapy.
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Suh J, Kim DH, Kim EH, Park SA, Park JM, Jang JH, Kim SJ, Na HK, Kim ND, Kim NJ, Suh YG, Surh YJ. 15-Deoxy-Δ 12,14-prostaglandin J 2 activates PI3K-Akt signaling in human breast cancer cells through covalent modification of the tumor suppressor PTEN at cysteine 136. Cancer Lett 2018; 424:30-45. [PMID: 29550515 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2), one of the terminal products of cyclooxygenase-2-catalized arachidonic acid metabolism, has been shown to stimulate breast cancer cell proliferation and migration through Akt activation, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated the effects of 15d-PGJ2 on the activity of PTEN, the inhibitor of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt axis, in human breast cancer (MCF-7) cells. Since the α,β-unsaturated carbonyl moiety in the cyclopentenone ring of 15d-PGJ2 is electrophilic, we hypothesized that 15d-PGJ2-induced Akt phosphorylation might result from the covalent modification and subsequent inactivation of PTEN that has several critical cysteine residues. When treated to MCF-7 cells, 15d-PGJ2 bound to PTEN, and this was abolished in the presence of the thiol-reducing agent dithiothreitol. A mass spectrometric analysis by using recombinant and endogenous PTEN protein revealed that the cysteine 136 residue (Cys136) of PTEN is covalently modified upon treatment with 15d-PGJ2. Notably, the ability of 15d-PGJ2 to covalently bind to PTEN as well as to induce Akt phosphorylation was abolished in the cells expressing a mutant form of PTEN in which Cys136 was replaced by serine (C136S-PTEN). The present study demonstrates for the first time that electrophilic 15d-PGJ2 directly binds to cysteine 136 of PTEN and provides new insight into PTEN loss in cancer progression associated with chronic inflammation. These observations suggest that 15d-PGJ2 can undergo nucleophilic addition to PTEN, presumably at Cys136, thereby inactivating this tumor suppressor protein with concomitant Akt activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyoung Suh
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Do-Hee Kim
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Eun-Hee Kim
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, Pocheon-si 11160, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Sin-Aye Park
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Jong-Min Park
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, Pocheon-si 11160, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Hoon Jang
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Su-Jung Kim
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Hye-Kyung Na
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Knowedge-Based Services Engineering, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul 02844, South Korea
| | - Nam-Doo Kim
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu 41061, South Korea
| | - Nam-Jung Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02453, South Korea
| | - Young Ger Suh
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, Pocheon-si 11160, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Young-Joon Surh
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea.
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Fatty acid transport protein 1 enhances the macrophage inflammatory response by coupling with ceramide and c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 55:205-215. [PMID: 29272817 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are important cells that need to be controlled at the site of inflammation. Several factors are involved in chronic inflammation and its timely resolution. Free fatty acids drive the inflammatory response in macrophages and contribute to the vicious cycle of the inflammatory response. However, the identity of the uptake pathways of fatty acids is not fully clear in macrophages and how the inflammatory responses are regulated by the uptake of fatty acids remain poorly understood. We investigated the relationship between fatty acid transport protein (FATP) and the inflammatory response signaling pathway in macrophages as the first report. The FATP family has composed six isoforms, FATP1-6. We found that FATP1 is the most highly expressed isoform in macrophages. Forced expression of FATP1 enhanced production of inflammatory cytokines, such as TNFα and IL-6 concomitant with the increased uptake of fatty acids, increased level of ceramide, and increased phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). The enhancement by FATP1 was abolished by treatment with a JNK inhibitor, NF-κB inhibitor, or ceramide synthesis inhibitor. siRNA-mediated knockdown of FATP1 strongly inhibited the production of TNFα and IL-6. Similarly, an inhibitor of FATP1 inhibited the production of TNFα and IL-6. Finally, an inhibitor of FATP1 attenuated the production of inflammatory cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in an LPS-induced acute lung injury in vivo mouse model. In summary, we propose that FATP1 is an important regulator of inflammatory response signaling in macrophages. Our findings suggest that ceramide-JNK signaling is important to terminate or sustain inflammation.
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MacNeil AJ, Jiao SC, McEachern LA, Yang YJ, Dennis A, Yu H, Xu Z, Marshall JS, Lin TJ. MAPK kinase 3 is a tumor suppressor with reduced copy number in breast cancer. Cancer Res 2013; 74:162-72. [PMID: 24233520 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-1310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancers are initiated as a result of changes that occur in the genome. Identification of gains and losses in the structure and expression of tumor-suppressor genes and oncogenes lies at the root of the understanding of cancer cell biology. Here, we show that the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) MKK3 suppresses the growth of breast cancer, in which it varies in copy number. A pervasive loss of MKK3 gene copy number in patients with breast cancer is associated with an impairment of MKK3 expression and protein level in malignant tissues. To assess the functional role of MKK3 in breast cancer, we showed in an animal model that MKK3 activity is required for suppression of tumor growth. Active MKK3 enhanced expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21(Cip1/Waf1) and p27(Kip1), leading to increased cell-cycle arrest in G1 phase of the cell cycle. Our results reveal the functional significance of MKK3 as a tumor suppressor and improve understanding of the dynamic role of the MAPK pathway in tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J MacNeil
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Pediatrics, Physiology and Biophysics, and Pathology, Dalhousie University; Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Medical Oncology, General Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, Beijing; and Institute of Zoonosis, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Vanee N, Roberts SB, Riggs MJ, Rao RR, Fong SS. Identification of metabolic changes in genetically unstable stem cells by using model analysis of gene expression. Chem Biodivers 2012; 9:911-29. [PMID: 22589092 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201100390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Stem-cell research seeks to address many different questions related to fundamental stem-cell function with the ultimate goal of being able to control and utilize stem cells for a broad range of therapeutic needs. While a large amount of work is focused on discovering and controlling differentiation mechanisms in stem cells, an equally interesting and important area of work is to understand the basics of stem-cell propagation and self-renewal. With high-throughput genomics and transcriptomic information on hand, it is becoming possible to address some of the detailed mechanistic processes occurring in stem cells, though interpretation of these data is often difficult. In this work, stem cells with genetic abnormalities were compared to genetically normal stem cells using gene-expression array data integrated with a large-scale metabolic model to help interpret changes in metabolism resulting in the identification of several metabolic pathways that were different in the normal and abnormal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niti Vanee
- VCU Life Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, 601 W Main Street, P.O. Box 843068, Richmond, VA 23220, USA
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Mizunoe S, Shuto T, Suzuki S, Matsumoto C, Watanabe K, Ueno-Shuto K, Suico MA, Onuki K, Gruenert DC, Kai H. Synergism between interleukin (IL)-17 and Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 signals to induce IL-8 expression in cystic fibrosis airway epithelial cells. J Pharmacol Sci 2012; 118:512-520. [PMID: 22466961 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.11240fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common lethal inherited disorder and is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CF transmembrane regulator (CFTR). The CF lung expresses a profound proinflammatory phenotype that appears to be related to a constitutive hypersecretion of interleukin (IL)-8 from airway epithelial cells in response to microbial infection. Since overproduction of IL-8 in CF contributes to massive bronchial infiltrates of neutrophils, identification of the pathways underlying IL-8 induction could provide novel drug targets for treatment of neutrophil-dominated inflammatory diseases such as CF. Here, we show that IL-17A synergistically increases IL-8 production induced by a toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 agonist, peptidoglycan (PGN), or TLR4 agonist, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), in a human CF bronchial epithelial cell line (CFBE41o-). A strong synergism was also observed in primary human CF bronchial epithelial cells, but not in human non-CF cell lines and primary cells. Notably, despite the induction of nuclear factor-κB and MAP kinases during TLR2 or TLR4 activation in CFBE41o-, IL-17A-dependent synergism appears to be the result of enhanced PGN- or LPS-induced phosphorylation of p38. Taken together, these studies provide evidence that IL-17A is a critical factor in increasing IL-8 expression in bacteria-infected CF airways via a pathway that regulates p38 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Mizunoe
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Global COE "Cell Fate Regulation Research and Education Unit", Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan.,The Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Tokyo 102-8472, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Shuto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Global COE "Cell Fate Regulation Research and Education Unit", Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Shingo Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Global COE "Cell Fate Regulation Research and Education Unit", Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Chizuru Matsumoto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Global COE "Cell Fate Regulation Research and Education Unit", Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Global COE "Cell Fate Regulation Research and Education Unit", Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan.,The Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Tokyo 102-8472, Japan
| | - Keiko Ueno-Shuto
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan
| | - Mary Ann Suico
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Global COE "Cell Fate Regulation Research and Education Unit", Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Kouhei Onuki
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Global COE "Cell Fate Regulation Research and Education Unit", Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan.,The Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Tokyo 102-8472, Japan
| | - Dieter C Gruenert
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery.,Department of Laboratory Medicine.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center.,Institute for Human Genetics.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Hirofumi Kai
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Global COE "Cell Fate Regulation Research and Education Unit", Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
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Induction of apoptosis in non-small cell lung carcinoma A549 cells by PGD2metabolite, 15d-PGJ2. Cell Biol Int 2011. [DOI: 10.1042/cbi20100707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Fujimoto Y, Nakatani N, Kubo T, Semi Y, Yoshida N, Nakajima H, Iseri T, Azuma YT, Takeuchi T. Adenosine and ATP affect LPS-induced cytokine production in canine macrophage cell line DH82 cells. J Vet Med Sci 2011; 74:27-34. [PMID: 21873810 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.11-0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are essential for controlling the majority of infections, and are mediators of natural immunity. During infection, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulates macrophages to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines. Adenosine and ATP released into the extracellular space by immunological stimuli have been shown to regulate various immune functions. More recently, it has been shown adenosine and ATP have a critical role on the physiological negative feedback mechanism for limitation and termination of tissue-specific and systemic inflammatory responses. It was useful and meaningful to gain information about interaction between LPS, which generates the inflammation, and adenosine and ATP, which terminate the inflammation. We evaluate effects of adenosine and ATP on the production of cytokines related to inflammation in canine macrophage cell line DH82 cells. Adenosine and ATP respectively increased the production of IL-10 without affecting the production of IL-6, TNF-α and IL-12 in DH82 cells. In addition, adenosine and ATP prevented the production of LPS-induced IL-6, TNF-α and IL-12 in DH82 cells. In contrast, adenosine and ATP potentiated LPS-induced IL-10 production in DH82 cells. Moreover, adenosine, but not ATP inhibited LPS-induced expression of TLR4 in DH82 cells. These results suggest that conditions related to increased adenosine and/or ATP may play an important role in the inflammatory reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Fujimoto
- Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Treatment, Division of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
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Hokari R, Kurihara C, Nagata N, Aritake K, Okada Y, Watanabe C, Komoto S, Nakamura M, Kawaguchi A, Nagao S, Urade Y, Miura S. Increased expression of lipocalin-type-prostaglandin D synthase in ulcerative colitis and exacerbating role in murine colitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011; 300:G401-8. [PMID: 21163901 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00351.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC) is unclear, but enhancement of disease activity by usage of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs suggests involvement of prostanoid in its pathophysiology. However, biological effect of prostaglandin (PG) D(2) on intestinal inflammation remains unknown. We investigated the expression of enzymes for PGD(2) synthesis, prostaglandin D synthase (PGDS), and its relation to the activity of colitis in UC patients. The role of lipocalin-type PGDS (L-PGDS) using a murine colitis model was also assessed. Tissue samples were obtained by colonic biopsies from patients with UC. Expression levels of mRNAs for L-PGDS and hematopoietic-type PGDS were investigated by quantitative RT-PCR. COX-2 and L-PGDS expression was investigated by immunohistochemistry. Localization of L-PGDS expression was also determined by in situ hybridization. In experimental study, mice were treated with dextran sodium sulfate in the drinking water to induce colitis. The degree of colonic inflammation was compared with L-PGDS(-/-) mice and control mice. The level of L-PGDS mRNA expression was increased in UC patients in parallel with disease activity. Colocalization of L-PGDS and cyclooxygenase (COX) 2 was observed in lamina proprial infiltrating cells and muscularis mucosa in UC patients. The level of hematopoietic PGDS mRNA expression did not differ from control mucosa. Dextran sodium sulfate treatment to L-PGDS(-/-) mice showed lower disease activity than control mice. We reported for the first time the presence of L-PGDS in the COX-2-expressing cells in the mucosa of active UC patients and that only L-PGDS increased with disease activity. An animal model study suggests that PGD(2) derived from L-PGDS-expressing cells plays proinflammatory roles in colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Hokari
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan.
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15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 stabilizes, but functionally inactivates p53 by binding to the cysteine 277 residue. Oncogene 2010; 29:2560-76. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Katura T, Moriya T, Nakahata N. 15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-Prostaglandin J2 Biphasically Regulates the Proliferation of Mouse Hippocampal Neural Progenitor Cells by Modulating the Redox State. Mol Pharmacol 2010; 77:601-11. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.109.061010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Kim DH, Kim JH, Kim EH, Na HK, Cha YN, Chung JH, Surh YJ. 15-Deoxy-Δ 12,14 -prostaglandin J 2 upregulates the expression of heme oxygenase-1 and subsequently matrix metalloproteinase-1 in human breast cancer cells: possible roles of iron and ROS. Carcinogenesis 2009; 30:645-54. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgp012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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Vander Griend DJ, Kocherginsky M, Hickson JA, Stadler WM, Lin A, Rinker-Schaeffer CW. Suppression of metastatic colonization by the context-dependent activation of the c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase kinases JNKK1/MKK4 and MKK7. Cancer Res 2006; 65:10984-91. [PMID: 16322247 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-2382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Advances in clinical, translational, and basic studies of metastasis have identified molecular changes associated with specific facets of the metastatic process. Studies of metastasis suppressor gene function are providing a critical mechanistic link between signaling cascades and biological outcomes. We have previously identified c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) kinase 1/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase 4 (JNKK1/MKK4) as a prostate cancer metastasis suppressor gene. The JNKK1/MKK4 protein is a dual-specificity kinase that has been shown to phosphorylate and activate the JNK and p38 MAPKs in response to a variety of extracellular stimuli. In this current study, we show that the kinase activity of JNKK1/MKK4 is required for suppression of overt metastases and is sufficient to prolong animal survival in the AT6.1 model of spontaneous metastasis. Ectopic expression of the JNK-specific kinase MKK7 suppresses the formation of overt metastases, whereas the p38-specific kinase MKK6 has no effect. In vivo studies show that both JNKK1/MKK4 and MKK7 suppress the formation of overt metastases by inhibiting the ability of disseminated cells to colonize the lung (secondary site). Finally, we show that JNKK1/MKK4 and MKK7 from disseminated tumor cells are active in the lung but not in the primary tumor, providing a biochemical explanation for why their expression specifically suppressed metastasis while exerting no effect on the primary tumor. Taken together, these studies contribute to a mechanistic understanding of the context-dependent function of metastasis regulatory proteins.
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Watanabe K. Differentiation by LPS and IFN-γ of expression of adenosine receptors in macrophage cell lines RAW264 and J774. PEDIATRIC DENTAL JOURNAL 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0917-2394(05)70028-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Spinella F, Rosanò L, Di Castro V, Natali PG, Bagnato A. Endothelin-1-induced prostaglandin E2-EP2, EP4 signaling regulates vascular endothelial growth factor production and ovarian carcinoma cell invasion. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:46700-5. [PMID: 15347673 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m408584200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX)-1- and COX-2-derived prostaglandins are implicated in the development and progression of several malignancies. We have recently demonstrated that treatment of ovarian carcinoma cells with endothelin-1 (ET-1) induces expression of both COX-1 and COX-2, which contributes to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production. In this study, we show that in HEY and OVCA 433 ovarian carcinoma cells, ET-1, through the binding with ETA receptor (ETAR), induces prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production, as the more represented PG types, and increases the expression of PGE2 receptor type 2 (EP2) and type 4 (EP4). The use of pharmacological EP agonists and antagonists indicates that ET-1 and PGE2 stimulate VEGF production principally through EP2 and EP4 receptors. At the mechanistic level, we prove that the induction of PGE2 and VEGF by ET-1 involves Src-mediated epidermal growth factor receptor transactivation. Finally, we demonstrate that ETAR-mediated activation of PGE2-dependent signaling participates in the regulation of the invasive behavior of ovarian carcinoma cells by activating tumor-associated matrix metalloproteinase. These results implicate EP2 and EP4 receptors in the induction of VEGF expression and cell invasiveness by ET-1 and provide a mechanism by which ETAR/ET-1 can promote and interact with PGE2-dependent machinery to amplify its proangiogenic and invasive phenotype in ovarian carcinoma cells. Pharmacological blockade of ETAR can therefore represent an additional strategy to control PGE2 signaling, which has been associated with ovarian carcinoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Spinella
- Laboratories of Molecular Pathology and Ultrastructure and Immunology, Regina Elena Cancer Institute, 00158 Rome, Italy
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