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Wang X, Su T, Zhang W, Zhang Z, Zhang S. Knudsen pumps: a review. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2020; 6:26. [PMID: 34567641 PMCID: PMC8433228 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-020-0135-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Knudsen pump (KP) is a kind of micro-pump that can form thermally induced flows induced by temperature fields in rarefied gas environments. It has the advantages of having no moving parts, simple structure, easy construction and extension, a wide range of energy sources, and low energy consumption. With the development of Micro/Nano Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS/NEMS), extensive studies have been conducted on KPs, and the applications of KPs have widened. In order to obtain efficient flow fields in KPs, it is necessary to adopt modern computational methods for simulation and analysis. In many circumstances, the simulation and experimental results have good agreement. However, there seems to be no comprehensive review on KPs at present. In this paper, KPs are first defined and classified according to the flow mechanisms of the thermally induced flows. Then, the three aspects of configurations, performance, and applications of KPs in the current state of research are reviewed and analyzed. Finally, the current problems of KP are discussed, and some suggestions are provided for future research and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, 110819 Shenyang, China
| | - Tianyi Su
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, 110819 Shenyang, China
| | - Wenqing Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, 110819 Shenyang, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, 110819 Shenyang, China
| | - Shiwei Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, 110819 Shenyang, China
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2
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Deuscher Z, Andriot I, Sémon E, Repoux M, Preys S, Roger JM, Boulanger R, Labouré H, Le Quéré JL. Volatile compounds profiling by using proton transfer reaction-time of flight-mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS). The case study of dark chocolates organoleptic differences. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2019; 54:92-119. [PMID: 30478865 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Direct-injection mass spectrometry (DIMS) techniques have evolved into powerful methods to analyse volatile organic compounds (VOCs) without the need of chromatographic separation. Combined to chemometrics, they have been used in many domains to solve sample categorization issues based on volatilome determination. In this paper, different DIMS methods that have largely outperformed conventional electronic noses (e-noses) in classification tasks are briefly reviewed, with an emphasis on food-related applications. A particular attention is paid to proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS), and many results obtained using the powerful PTR-time of flight-MS (PTR-ToF-MS) instrument are reviewed. Data analysis and feature selection issues are also summarized and discussed. As a case study, a challenging problem of classification of dark chocolates that has been previously assessed by sensory evaluation in four distinct categories is presented. The VOC profiles of a set of 206 chocolate samples classified in the four sensory categories were analysed by PTR-ToF-MS. A supervised multivariate data analysis based on partial least squares regression-discriminant analysis allowed the construction of a classification model that showed excellent prediction capability: 97% of a test set of 62 samples were correctly predicted in the sensory categories. Tentative identification of ions aided characterisation of chocolate classes. Variable selection using dedicated methods pinpointed some volatile compounds important for the discrimination of the chocolates. Among them, the CovSel method was used for the first time on PTR-MS data resulting in a selection of 10 features that allowed a good prediction to be achieved. Finally, challenges and future needs in the field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoé Deuscher
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation (CSGA), AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
- CIRAD, UMR 95 QUALISUD, F-34000, Montpellier, France
| | - Isabelle Andriot
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation (CSGA), AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
- ChemoSens Platform, CSGA, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Etienne Sémon
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation (CSGA), AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
- ChemoSens Platform, CSGA, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | | | | | - Jean-Michel Roger
- IRSTEA, Information, Technologies and Environmental Assessment for Agro-Processes, F-34000, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Hélène Labouré
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation (CSGA), AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Jean-Luc Le Quéré
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation (CSGA), AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
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3
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Wu Q, Tian Y, Li A, Andrews D, Hawkins AR, Austin DE. A Miniaturized Linear Wire Ion Trap with Electron Ionization and Single Photon Ionization Sources. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:859-865. [PMID: 28144897 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1607-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A linear wire ion trap (LWIT) with both electron ionization (EI) and single photon ionization (SPI) sources was built. The SPI was provided by a vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) lamp with the ability to softly ionize organic compounds. The VUV lamp was driven by a pulse amplifier, which was controlled by a pulse generator, to avoid the detection of photons during ion detection. Sample gas was introduced through a leak valve, and the pressure in the system is shown to affect the signal-to-noise ratio and resolving power. Under optimized conditions, the limit of detection (LOD) for benzene was 80 ppbv using SPI, better than the LOD using EI (137 ppbv). System performance was demonstrated by distinguishing compounds in different classes from gasoline. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghao Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Yuan Tian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Ailin Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Derek Andrews
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Aaron R Hawkins
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Daniel E Austin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA.
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4
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghao Wu
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Ailin Li
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Yuan Tian
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Richard N. Zare
- Department
of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, United States
| | - Daniel E. Austin
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
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5
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Duncan KD, Volmer DA, Gill CG, Krogh ET. Rapid Screening of Carboxylic Acids from Waste and Surface Waters by ESI-MS/MS Using Barium Ion Chemistry and On-Line Membrane Sampling. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2016; 27:443-450. [PMID: 26689207 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-015-1311-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Negative ion tandem mass spectrometric analysis of aliphatic carboxylic acids often yields only non-diagnostic ([M - H](-)) ions with limited selective fragmentation. However, carboxylates cationized with Ba(2+) have demonstrated efficient dissociation in positive ion mode, providing structurally diagnostic product ions. We report the application of barium adducts followed by collision induced dissociation (CID), to improve selectivity for rapid screening of carboxylic acids in complex aqueous samples. The quantitative MS/MS method presented utilizes common product ions of [M - H + Ba](+) precursor ions. The mechanism of product ion formation is investigated using isotopically labeled standards and a series of structurally related carboxylic acids. The results suggest that hydrogen atoms in the β and γ positions yield common product ions ([BaH](+) and [BaOH](+)). Furthermore, the diagnostic product ion at m/z 196 serves as a qualifying ion for carboxylate species. This methodology has been successfully used in conjunction with condensed phase membrane introduction mass spectrometry (CP-MIMS), with barium acetate added directly to the methanol acceptor phase. The combination enables rapid screening of carboxylic acids directly from acidified water samples (wastewater effluent, spiked natural waters) using a capillary hollow fiber PDMS membrane immersion probe. We have applied this technique for the direct analysis of complex naphthenic acid mixtures spiked into natural surface waters using CP-MIMS. Selectivity at the ionization and tandem mass spectrometry level eliminate isobaric interferences from hydroxylated species present within the samples, which have been observed in negative electrospray ionization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D Duncan
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Dietrich A Volmer
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Chris G Gill
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.
| | - Erik T Krogh
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.
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6
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalton T. Snyder
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Analytical Instrumentation
Development, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Christopher J. Pulliam
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Analytical Instrumentation
Development, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Zheng Ouyang
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, W.
Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - R. Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Analytical Instrumentation
Development, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN 47907
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7
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Duncan KD, Letourneau DR, Vandergrift GW, Jobst K, Reiner E, Gill CG, Krogh ET. A semi-quantitative approach for the rapid screening and mass profiling of naphthenic acids directly in contaminated aqueous samples. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2016; 51:44-52. [PMID: 26757071 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We report the use of a direct sampling, online analytical approach for the determination of acid extractable naphthenic acids in complex aqueous samples, known as condensed phase membrane introduction mass spectrometry (CP-MIMS). The technique employs a capillary hollow fibre semi-permeable membrane probe configured for immersion into a pH adjusted sample. A continuously flowing methanol acceptor phase transfers naphthenic acids to an electrospray ionization source, operated in negative ion mode, whereupon they are analysed by mass spectrometry as [M-H](-) ions. High-resolution mass spectrometry is used to characterize the influence of sample pH on membrane transport of multiple components of complex naphthenic acid mixtures. We demonstrate the use of CP-MIMS for semi-quantitative analysis of real-world samples using selected ion monitoring and full scan mass spectra at unit mass resolution. The technique has also been employed to continuously monitor the temporal evolution in the mass profile and concentrations of individual naphthenic acid isomer classes in heterogeneous solutions during adsorption processes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D Duncan
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Dane R Letourneau
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Gregory W Vandergrift
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
| | - Karl Jobst
- Laboratory Services Branch, Ontario Ministry of Environment, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric Reiner
- Laboratory Services Branch, Ontario Ministry of Environment, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chris G Gill
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Erik T Krogh
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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8
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Davey NG, Bell RJ, Krogh ET, Gill CG. A membrane introduction mass spectrometer utilizing ion-molecule reactions for the on-line speciation and quantitation of volatile organic molecules. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:2187-2194. [PMID: 26522309 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The ability of membrane introduction mass spectrometry to quantitatively resolve low molecular weight volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) using electron ionization (EI) can be compromised by isobaric interferences. This work focuses on reducing isobaric interferences with ion-molecule reactions in a portable quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer for the analysis of VOCs. METHODS EI was used to produce reagent ions from precursors (chloroform, methyl iodide, trichloroethylene or chlorobenzene) that were continually infused into the helium acceptor phase upstream of the membrane introduction mass spectrometry (MIMS) sampling interface. The reagent ions were selectively stored in the ion trap, and then allowed to react with target VOC analytes in air samples via ion-molecule reactions within the trap storage volume. A variety of reaction times were examined (50-5000 ms), and the resulting product ions were analyzed in positive ion mode. RESULTS The detection limits achieved were comparable with those obtained using EI (low ppbv), and in some cases better than for EI coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). For the VOCs studied, isobaric interferences were greatly reduced or eliminated using chloroform as a reagent gas. The predominant ionization mechanism was via adduct formation, although charge transfer and hydride abstractions were also observed. An internal standard was shown to be effective at correcting for signal changes due to consumption of reagent ions when complex mixtures were sampled. CONCLUSIONS Ion-molecule reactions were exploited to eliminate isobaric interferences that are often encountered in direct, real-time analysis strategies for atmospheric VOC mixtures. The use of a continuously infused internal standard will improve quantitative results in field applications where analyte concentration and sample complexity may be wide ranging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas G Davey
- Chemistry Department, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Chemistry Department, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
| | - Ryan J Bell
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Chemistry Department, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
| | - Erik T Krogh
- Chemistry Department, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Chemistry Department, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
| | - Chris G Gill
- Chemistry Department, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Chemistry Department, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
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Jjunju FPM, Maher S, Li A, Badu-Tawiah AK, Taylor S, Cooks RG. Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using desorption atmospheric pressure chemical ionization coupled to a portable mass spectrometer. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2015; 26:271-280. [PMID: 25503470 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-014-1029-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Desorption atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (DAPCI) is implemented on a portable mass spectrometer and applied to the direct detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and alkyl substituted benzenes. The presence of these compounds in the environment poses a significant threat to the health of both humans and wildlife because of their carcinogenic, toxic, and mutagenic properties. As such, instant detection outside of the laboratory is of particular importance to allow in-situ measurement at the source. Using a rapid, high throughput, miniature, handheld mass spectrometer, several alkyl substituted benzenes and PAHs (i.e., 1,2,3,5-tetramethylbenzene, pentamethylbenzene, hexamethylbenzene, fluoranthene, anthracene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene, acenaphthene, indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene, 9-ethylfluorene, and 1-benzyl-3-methyl-naphthalene) were identified and characterized using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) from ambient surfaces, in the open air. This method can provide almost instantaneous information while minimizing sample preparation, which is advantageous in terms of both cost and simplicity of analysis. This MS-based technique is applicable to a wide range of environmental organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred P M Jjunju
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GJ, UK
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Jjunju FPM, Li A, Badu-Tawiah A, Wei P, Li L, Ouyang Z, Roqan IS, Cooks RG. In situ analysis of corrosion inhibitors using a portable mass spectrometer with paper spray ionization. Analyst 2013; 138:3740-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an00249g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Brkić B, France N, Taylor S. Oil-in-Water Monitoring Using Membrane Inlet Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2011; 83:6230-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ac2008042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Boris Brkić
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L69 3GJ, United Kingdom
| | - Neil France
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L69 3GJ, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Taylor
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L69 3GJ, United Kingdom
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Smith JN, Noll RJ, Cooks RG. Facility monitoring of chemical warfare agent simulants in air using an automated, field-deployable, miniature mass spectrometer. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:1437-1444. [PMID: 21504010 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Vapors of four chemical warfare agent (CWA) stimulants, 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES), diethyl malonate (DEM), dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP), and methyl salicylate (MeS), were detected, identified, and quantitated using a fully automated, field-deployable, miniature mass spectrometer. Samples were ionized using a glow discharge electron ionization (GDEI) source, and ions were mass analyzed with a cylindrical ion trap (CIT) mass analyzer. A dual-tube thermal desorption system was used to trap compounds on 50:50 Tenax TA/Carboxen 569 sorbent before their thermal release. The sample concentrations ranged from low parts per billion [ppb] to two parts per million [ppm]. Limits of detection (LODs) ranged from 0.26 to 5.0 ppb. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves are presented for each analyte. A sample of CEES at low ppb concentration was combined separately with two interferents, bleach (saturated vapor) and diesel fuel exhaust (1%), as a way to explore the capability of detecting the simulant in an environmental matrix. Also investigated was a mixture of the four CWA simulants (at concentrations in air ranging from 270 to 380 ppb). Tandem mass (MS/MS) spectral data were used to identify and quantify the individual components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonell N Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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14
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Desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for lipid characterization and biological tissue imaging. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1811:946-60. [PMID: 21645635 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DESI-MS) imaging of biological samples allows untargeted analysis and structural characterization of lipids ionized from the near-surface region of a sample under ambient conditions. DESI is a powerful and sensitive MS ionization method for 2D and 3D imaging of lipids from direct and unmodified complex biological samples. This review describes the strengths and limitations of DESI-MS for lipid characterization and imaging together with the technical workflow and a survey of applications. Included are discussions of lipid mapping and biomarker discovery as well as a perspective on the future of DESI imaging.
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Sparrapan R, Eberlin MN, Alberici RM. Natural and artificial markers of gasoline detected by membrane introduction mass spectrometry. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2011; 3:751-754. [PMID: 32938102 DOI: 10.1039/c0ay00403k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A few hydrocarbons in gasoline display relatively high solubility in water and may function therefore as its characteristic set of natural markers. These markers are detected from an aqueous gasoline extract via membrane introduction mass spectrometry (MIMS) producing characteristic chemical profiles. MIMS adds a second selectivity criterion detecting only the water soluble hydrocarbons that most easily permeate through a silicone membrane. MIMS screening and the use of artificial markers for gasoline with similar chemical properties (high water solubility and membrane permeability) as those of its natural markers is proposed. MIMS provides a reliable screening method for natural and artificial markers in gasoline for its typification and to monitor adulteration and origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Sparrapan
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil.
| | - Marcos N Eberlin
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil.
| | - Rosana M Alberici
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil.
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Cooks RG, Manicke NE, Dill AL, Ifa DR, Eberlin LS, Costa AB, Wang H, Huang G, Ouyang Z. New ionization methods and miniature mass spectrometers for biomedicine: DESI imaging for cancer diagnostics and paper spray ionization for therapeutic drug monitoring. Faraday Discuss 2011; 149:247-67; discussion 333-56. [PMID: 21413184 PMCID: PMC10712017 DOI: 10.1039/c005327a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
The state-of-the-art in two new ambient ionization methods for mass spectrometry, desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) and paper spray (PS), is described and their utility is illustrated with new studies on tissue imaging and biofluid analysis. DESI is an ambient ionization method that can be performed on untreated histological sections of biological tissue in the open lab environment to image lipids, fatty acids, hormones and other compounds. Paper spray is performed in the open lab too; it involves electrospraying dry blood spots or biofluid deposits from a porous medium. PS is characterized by extreme simplicity and speed: a spot of whole blood or other biofluid is analyzed directly from paper, simply by applying a high voltage to the moist paper. Both methods are being developed for use in diagnostics as a means to inform therapy. DESI imaging is applied to create molecular maps of tissue sections without prior labeling or other sample preparation. Like other methods of mass spectrometry imaging (MSI), it combines the chemical speciation of multiple analytes with information on spatial distributions. DESI imaging provides valuable information which correlates with the disease state of tissue as determined by standard histochemical methods. Positive-ion data are presented which complement previously reported negative-ion data on paired human bladder cancerous and adjacent normal tissue sections from 20 patients. These data add to the evidence already in the literature demonstrating that differences in the distributions of particular lipids contain disease-diagnostic information. Multivariate statistical analysis using principal component analysis (PCA) is used to analyze the imaging MS data, and so confirm differences between the lipid profiles of diseased and healthy tissue types. As more such data is acquired, DESI imaging has the potential to be a diagnostic tool for future cancer detection in situ; this suggests a potential role in guiding therapy in parallel with standard histochemical and immunohistological methods. The PS methodology is aimed at high-throughput clinical measurement of quantitative levels of particular therapeutic agents in blood and other biofluids. The experiment allows individual drugs to be quantified at therapeutic levels and data is presented showing quantitative drug analysis from mixtures of therapeutic drugs in whole blood. Data on cholesterol sulfate, a new possible prostate biomarker seen at elevated levels in diseased prostate tissue, but not in healthy prostate tissue in serum are reported using paper spray ionization.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Analytical Instrumentation Development, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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