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Wagner WJ, Gross ML. Using mass spectrometry-based methods to understand amyloid formation and inhibition of alpha-synuclein and amyloid beta. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024; 43:782-825. [PMID: 36224716 PMCID: PMC10090239 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid fibrils, insoluble β-sheets structures that arise from protein misfolding, are associated with several neurodegenerative disorders. Many small molecules have been investigated to prevent amyloid fibrils from forming; however, there are currently no therapeutics to combat these diseases. Mass spectrometry (MS) is proving to be effective for studying the high order structure (HOS) of aggregating proteins and for determining structural changes accompanying protein-inhibitor interactions. When combined with native MS (nMS), gas-phase ion mobility, protein footprinting, and chemical cross-linking, MS can afford regional and sometimes amino acid spatial resolution of the aggregating protein. The spatial resolution is greater than typical low-resolution spectroscopic, calorimetric, and the traditional ThT fluorescence methods used in amyloid research today. High-resolution approaches can struggle when investigating protein aggregation, as the proteins exist as complex oligomeric mixtures of many sizes and several conformations or polymorphs. Thus, MS is positioned to complement both high- and low-resolution approaches to studying amyloid fibril formation and protein-inhibitor interactions. This review covers basics in MS paired with ion mobility, continuous hydrogen-deuterium exchange (continuous HDX), pulsed hydrogen-deuterium exchange (pulsed HDX), fast photochemical oxidation of proteins (FPOP) and other irreversible labeling methods, and chemical cross-linking. We then review the applications of these approaches to studying amyloid-prone proteins with a focus on amyloid beta and alpha-synuclein. Another focus is the determination of protein-inhibitor interactions. The expectation is that MS will bring new insights to amyloid formation and thereby play an important role to prevent their formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley J Wagner
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Michael L Gross
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Muthu SA, Qureshi A, Sharma R, Bisaria I, Parvez S, Grover S, Ahmad B. Redesigning the kinetics of lysozyme amyloid aggregation by cephalosporin molecules. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-16. [PMID: 38682862 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2024.2335304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
In lysozyme amyloidosis, fibrillar aggregates of lysozyme are associated with severe renal, hepatic, and gastrointestinal manifestations, with no definite therapy. Current drugs are now being tested in amyloidosis clinical trials as aggregation inhibitors to mitigate disease progression. The tetracycline group among antimicrobials in use is in phase II of clinical trials, whereas some macrolides and cephalosporins have shown neuroprotection. In the present study, two cephalosporins, ceftazidime (CZD) and cefotaxime (CXM), and a glycopeptide, vancomycin (VNC), are evaluated for inhibition of amyloid aggregation of hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) under two conditions (i) 4 M guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl) at pH 6.5 and 37° C, (ii) At pH 1.5 and 65 °C. Fluorescence quench titration and molecular docking methods report that CZD, CXM, and VNC interact more strongly with the partially folded intermediates (PFI) in comparison to the protein's natural state (N). However, only CZD and CXM proficiently inhibit the aggregation. Transmission electron microscopy, tinctorial assessments, and aggregation kinetics all support oligomer-level inhibition. Transition structures in CZD-HEWL and CXM-HEWL aggregation are shown by circular dichroism (CD). On the other hand, kinetic variables and soluble fraction assays point to a localized association of monomers. Intrinsic fluorescence (IF),1-Anilino 8-naphthalene sulphonic acid, and CD demonstrate structural and conformational modifications redesigning the PFI. GuHCl-induced unfolding and differential scanning fluorimetry suggested that the PFI monomers bound to CZD and CXM exhibited partial stability. Our results present two mechanisms that function in both solution conditions, creating a novel avenue for the screening of putative inhibitors for drug repurposing. We extend our proposed mechanisms in the designing of physical inhibitors of amyloid aggregation considering shorter time frames and foolproof methods.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani A Muthu
- Protein Assembly Laboratory, Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Interdisciplinary Studies, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Afnaan Qureshi
- Protein Assembly Laboratory, Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Rahul Sharma
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Interdisciplinary Studies, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Ishita Bisaria
- Protein Assembly Laboratory, Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Suhel Parvez
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Sonam Grover
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Interdisciplinary Studies, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Basir Ahmad
- Protein Assembly Laboratory, Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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Depraz Depland A, Stroganova I, Wootton CA, Rijs AM. Developments in Trapped Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry to Probe the Early Stages of Peptide Aggregation. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 34:193-204. [PMID: 36633834 PMCID: PMC9896548 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS) has proven to be an excellent method to characterize the structure of amyloidogenic protein and peptide aggregates, which are formed in coincidence with the development of neurodegenerative diseases. However, it remains a challenge to obtain detailed structural information on all conformational intermediates, originating from the early onset of those pathologies, due to their complex and heterogeneous environment. One way to enhance the insights and the identification of these early stage oligomers is by employing high resolution ion mobility mass spectrometry experiments. This would allow us to enhance the mobility separation and MS characterization. Trapped ion mobility spectrometry (TIMS) is an ion mobility technique known for its inherently high resolution and has successfully been applied to the analysis of protein conformations among others. To obtain conformational information on fragile peptide aggregates, the instrumental parameters of the TIMS-Quadrupole-Time-of-Flight mass spectrometer (TIMS-qToF-MS) have to be optimized to allow the study of intact aggregates and ensure their transmission toward the detector. Here, we investigate the suitability and application of TIMS to probe the aggregation process, targeting the well-characterized M307-N319 peptide segment of the TDP-43 protein, which is involved in the development of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. By studying the influence of key parameters over the full mass spectrometer, such as source temperature, applied voltages or RFs among others, we demonstrate that by using an optimized instrumental method TIMS can be used to probe peptide aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agathe Depraz Depland
- Division
of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life
Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Iuliia Stroganova
- Division
of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life
Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Anouk M. Rijs
- Division
of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life
Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Harrison JA, Pruška A, Bittner P, Muck A, Cooper-Shepherd DA, Zenobi R. Advancing Cyclic Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry Methods for Studying Biomolecules: Toward the Conformational Dynamics of Mega Dalton Protein Aggregates. Anal Chem 2022; 94:12435-12443. [PMID: 36049221 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Native mass spectrometry is a powerful tool for the analysis of noncovalent complexes. When coupled with high-resolution ion mobility, this technique can be used to investigate the conformational changes induced in said complexes by different solution or gas-phase conditions. In this study, we describe how a new-generation high-resolution ion mobility instrument equipped with a cyclic ion mobility cell can be utilized for the analysis of large biomolecular systems, including temperature-induced protein aggregates of masses greater than 1.5 MDa, as well as a 63 kDa oligonucleotide complex. The effects of and the interplay between the voltages applied to the different components of the cyclic ion mobility spectrometry system on ion transmission and arrival time distribution were demonstrated using biomolecules covering the m/z range 2000-10,000. These data were used to establish a theoretical framework for achieving the best separation in the cyclic ion mobility system. Finally, the cyclic ion mobility mass spectrometer was coupled with a temperature-controlled electrospray ionization source to investigate high-mass protein aggregation. This analysis showed that it was possible to continuously monitor the change in abundance for several conformations of MDa aggregates with increasing temperature. This work significantly increases the range of biomolecules that can be analyzed by both cyclic ion mobility and temperature-controlled electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, providing new possibilities for high-resolution ion mobility analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian A Harrison
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adam Pruška
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Bittner
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Bennett JL, Nguyen GTH, Donald WA. Protein-Small Molecule Interactions in Native Mass Spectrometry. Chem Rev 2021; 122:7327-7385. [PMID: 34449207 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Small molecule drug discovery has been propelled by the continual development of novel scientific methodologies to occasion therapeutic advances. Although established biophysical methods can be used to obtain information regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying drug action, these approaches are often inefficient, low throughput, and ineffective in the analysis of heterogeneous systems including dynamic oligomeric assemblies and proteins that have undergone extensive post-translational modification. Native mass spectrometry can be used to probe protein-small molecule interactions with unprecedented speed and sensitivity, providing unique insights into polydisperse biomolecular systems that are commonly encountered during the drug discovery process. In this review, we describe potential and proven applications of native MS in the study of interactions between small, drug-like molecules and proteins, including large multiprotein complexes and membrane proteins. Approaches to quantify the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of ligand binding are discussed, alongside a summary of gas-phase ion activation techniques that have been used to interrogate the structure of protein-small molecule complexes. We additionally highlight some of the key areas in modern drug design for which native mass spectrometry has elicited significant advances. Future developments and applications of native mass spectrometry in drug discovery workflows are identified, including potential pathways toward studying protein-small molecule interactions on a whole-proteome scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack L Bennett
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Giang T H Nguyen
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - William A Donald
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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Oganesyan I, Lento C, Tandon A, Wilson DJ. Conformational Dynamics of α-Synuclein during the Interaction with Phospholipid Nanodiscs by Millisecond Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:1169-1179. [PMID: 33784451 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Both normal and pathological functions of α-synuclein (αSN), an abundant protein in the central and peripheral nervous system, have been linked to its interaction with membrane lipid bilayers. The ability to characterize structural transitions of αSN upon membrane complexation will clarify molecular mechanisms associated with αSN-linked pathologies, including Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple systems atrophy, and other synucleinopathies. In this work, time-resolved electrospray ionization hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (TRESI-HDX-MS) was employed to acquire a detailed picture of αSN's conformational transitions as it undergoes complexation with nanodisc membrane mimics with different headgroup charges (zwitterionic DMPC and negative POPG). Using this approach, αSN interactions with DMPC nanodiscs were shown to be rapid exchanging and to have little impact on the αSN conformational ensemble. Interactions with nanodiscs containing lipids known to promote amyloidogenesis (e.g., POPG), on the other hand, were observed to induce substantial and specific changes in the αSN conformational ensemble. Ultimately, we identify a region corresponding residues 19-28 and 45-57 of the αSN sequence that is uniquely impacted by interactions with "amyloidogenic" lipid membranes, supporting the existing "broken-helix" model for α-synuclein/membrane interactions, but do not detect a "helical extension" that is also thought to play a role in αSN aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Oganesyan
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Cristina Lento
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Anurag Tandon
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Derek J Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto M3J 1P3, Canada
- Centre for Research in Mass Spectrometry, York University, Toronto M3J 1P3, Canada
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Torpey JH, Meade RM, Mistry R, Mason JM, Madine J. Insights Into Peptide Inhibition of Alpha-Synuclein Aggregation. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:561462. [PMID: 33177976 PMCID: PMC7594713 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.561462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein (aSyn) aggregation is an attractive target for therapeutic development for a range of neurodegenerative conditions, collectively termed synucleinopathies. Here, we probe the mechanism of action of a peptide 4554W, (KDGIVNGVKA), previously identified through intracellular library screening, to prevent aSyn aggregation and associated toxicity. We utilize NMR to probe association and identify that 4554W associates with a "partially aggregated" form of aSyn, with enhanced association occurring over time. We also report the ability of 4554W to undergo modification through deamidation of the central asparagine residue, occurring on the same timescale as aSyn aggregation in vitro, with peptide modification enhancing its association with aSyn. Additionally, we report that 4554W can act to reduce fibril formation of five Parkinson's disease associated aSyn mutants. Inhibitory peptide binding to partially aggregated forms of aSyn, as identified here, is particularly attractive from a therapeutic perspective, as it would eliminate the need to administer the therapy at pre-aggregation stages, which are difficult to diagnose. Taken together the data suggest that 4554W could be a suitable candidate for future therapeutic development against wild-type, and most mutant aSyn aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Torpey
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Richard M Meade
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Ravina Mistry
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jody M Mason
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Jillian Madine
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Advances in the development of imaging probes and aggregation inhibitors for alpha-synuclein. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2020; 41:483-498. [PMID: 31586134 PMCID: PMC7470848 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-019-0304-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal protein aggregation has been linked to many neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease (PD). The main pathological hallmark of PD is the formation of Lewy bodies (LBs) and Lewy neurites, both of which contain the presynaptic protein alpha-synuclein (α-syn). Under normal conditions, native α-syn exists in a soluble unfolded state but undergoes misfolding and aggregation into toxic aggregates under pathological conditions. Toxic α-syn species, especially oligomers, can cause oxidative stress, membrane penetration, synaptic and mitochondrial dysfunction, as well as other damage, leading to neuronal death and eventually neurodegeneration. Early diagnosis and treatments targeting PD pathogenesis are urgently needed. Given its critical role in PD, α-syn is an attractive target for the development of both diagnostic tools and effective therapeutics. This review summarizes the progress toward discovering imaging probes and aggregation inhibitors for α-syn. Relevant strategies and techniques in the discovery of α-syn-targeted drugs are also discussed.
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Xu M, Loa-Kum-Cheung W, Zhang H, Quinn RJ, Mellick GD. Identification of a New α-Synuclein Aggregation Inhibitor via Mass Spectrometry Based Screening. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:2683-2691. [PMID: 31117342 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aggregation of disordered α-synuclein protein is pathogenically connected with Parkinson's disease. Therefore, discovering molecules that can inhibit the misfolding and aggregation of α-synuclein is an active research area in PD drug development. A key property of such required therapeutic agents is specific binding to the target protein. Mass spectrometry allows rapid detection of direct interactions between molecules and proteins and is an ideal technique for discovering specific α-synuclein binders. Here, by setting up an automated mass spectrometry-based screening system, we were able to screen over 2500 compounds and identify a new α-synuclein inhibitor, 3-[(3-methoxyphenyl)carbamoyl]-7-[( E)-2-phenylethenyl]-4,7-dihydropyrazolo [1,5- a]pyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid (compound 2). This compound not only significantly inhibits the misfolding and aggregation of α-synuclein and protects neuroblastoma cells from α-synuclein toxicity, but also has a more specific binding site compared with positive controls. Our work for the first time reports the inhibition of compound 2 on α-synuclein aggregation and also consolidates the capability of mass spectrometry to discover α-synuclein aggregation inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Xu
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Don Young Road, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Wendy Loa-Kum-Cheung
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Don Young Road, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ronald J. Quinn
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Don Young Road, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - George D. Mellick
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Don Young Road, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
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Das S, Pukala TL, Smid SD. Exploring the Structural Diversity in Inhibitors of α-Synuclein Amyloidogenic Folding, Aggregation, and Neurotoxicity. Front Chem 2018; 6:181. [PMID: 29888220 PMCID: PMC5983024 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregation of α-Synuclein (αS) protein to amyloid fibrils is a neuropathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD). Growing evidence suggests that extracellular αS aggregation plays a pivotal role in neurodegeneration found in PD in addition to the intracellular αS aggregates in Lewy bodies (LB). Here, we identified and compared a diverse set of molecules capable of mitigating protein aggregation and exogenous toxicity of αSA53T, a more aggregation-prone αS mutant found in familial PD. For the first time, we investigated the αS anti-amyloid activity of semi-synthetic flavonoid 2', 3', 4' trihydroxyflavone or 2-D08, which was compared with natural flavones myricetin and transilitin, as well as such structurally diverse polyphenols as honokiol and punicalagin. Additionally, two novel synthetic compounds with a dibenzyl imidazolidine scaffold, Compound 1 and Compound 2, were also investigated as they exhibited favorable binding with αSA53T. All seven compounds inhibited αSA53T aggregation as demonstrated by Thioflavin T fluorescence assays, with modified fibril morphology observed by transmission electron microscopy. Ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) was used to monitor the structural conversion of native αSA53T into amyloidogenic conformations and all seven compounds preserved the native unfolded conformations of αSA53T following 48 h incubation. The presence of each test compound in a 1:2 molar ratio was also shown to inhibit the neurotoxicity of preincubated αSA53T using phaeochromocytoma (PC12) cell viability assays. Among the seven tested compounds 2-D08, honokiol, and the synthetic Compound 2 demonstrated the highest inhibition of aggregation, coupled with neuroprotection from preincubated αSA53T in vitro. Molecular docking predicted that all compounds bound near the lysine-rich region of the N-terminus of αSA53T, where the flavonoids and honokiol predominantly interacted with Lys 23. Overall, these findings highlight that (i) restricted vicinal trihydroxylation in the flavone B-ring is more effective in stabilizing the native αS conformations, thus blocking amyloidogenic aggregation, than dihydroxylation aggregation in both A and B-ring, and (ii) honokiol, punicalagin, and the synthetic imidazolidine Compound 2 also inhibit αS amyloidogenic aggregation by stabilizing its native conformations. This diverse set of molecules acting on a singular pathological target with predicted binding to αSA53T in the folding-prone N-terminal region may contribute toward novel drug-design for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Das
- Discipline of Pharmacology, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Tara L. Pukala
- Discipline of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Scott D. Smid
- Discipline of Pharmacology, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Eyers CE, Vonderach M, Ferries S, Jeacock K, Eyers PA. Understanding protein–drug interactions using ion mobility–mass spectrometry. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2018; 42:167-176. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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