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Asha W, Obi E, Tendulkar R. Heterophilic Antibodies Resulting in False Positive Elevation of PSA After Radical Prostatectomy. Adv Radiat Oncol 2023; 8:101288. [PMID: 38047224 PMCID: PMC10692288 DOI: 10.1016/j.adro.2023.101288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wafa Asha
- Department of Radiation Oncology, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan
| | - Elizabeth Obi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Rahul Tendulkar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
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2
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Loudas NB, Killeen AA, Palamalai V, Weight CJ, Rao A, Cho LC. Falsely Undetectable Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Due to Presence of an Inhibitory Serum Factor: A Case Report and Review of Pertinent Literature. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS 2019; 20:1248-1252. [PMID: 31444319 PMCID: PMC6717398 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.917137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Patient: Male, 63 Final Diagnosis: Recurrent prostate cancer Symptoms: Falsely undetectable PSA Medication: — Clinical Procedure: Serum dilution Specialty: Urology
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas B Loudas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Anthony A Killeen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Vikram Palamalai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Christopher J Weight
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Arpit Rao
- Deartment of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology, Bone Marrow Transplantation, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - L Chinsoo Cho
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Riman S, Shek CH, Peck MA, Benjamin J, Podini D. Proximity Ligation Real-Time PCR: A protein-based confirmatory method for the identification of semen and sperm cells from sexual assault evidence. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2018; 37:64-72. [PMID: 30086532 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The positive identification of seminal fluids in sexual assault crimes is considered crucial evidence to determine whether a sexual act occurred or not. However, current presumptive methods lack specificity and sensitivity. Confirmation of semen by microscopic examination of spermatozoa is laborious, time consuming, and can sometimes lead to negative or inconclusive results. Here we report the use of the Proximity Ligation Real-Time PCR (PLiRT-PCR) assay as an attractive and promising confirmatory method for the identification of semen and sperm proteins using two polyclonal antibodies, Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) and Sperm-Specific Protein (SP10), respectively. PLiRT-PCR, relies on protein recognition by pairs of proximity probes (antibody-DNA conjugates) that give rise to a ligated DNA strand. The ligated DNA strand is then amplified and detected by qPCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Riman
- Department of Forensic Sciences, The George Washington University, 2100 Foxhall Road NW, Washington, DC 20007, USA; National Institute of Standards and Technology, Biomolecular Measurement Division, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
| | - Chin Hong Shek
- Department of Forensic Sciences, The George Washington University, 2100 Foxhall Road NW, Washington, DC 20007, USA; The Bode Technology Group, 10430 Furnace Road, Suite 107, Lorton, VA 22079, USA
| | - Michelle A Peck
- Department of Forensic Sciences, The George Washington University, 2100 Foxhall Road NW, Washington, DC 20007, USA; International Commission on Missing Persons, Koninginnegracht 12, 2514 AA Den Haag, The Netherlands
| | - Jaclyn Benjamin
- Department of Forensic Sciences, The George Washington University, 2100 Foxhall Road NW, Washington, DC 20007, USA; The Bode Technology Group, 10430 Furnace Road, Suite 107, Lorton, VA 22079, USA
| | - Daniele Podini
- Department of Forensic Sciences, The George Washington University, 2100 Foxhall Road NW, Washington, DC 20007, USA
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Lautenbach N, Müntener M, Zanoni P, Saleh L, Saba K, Umbehr M, Velagapudi S, Hof D, Sulser T, Wild PJ, von Eckardstein A, Poyet C. Prevalence and causes of abnormal PSA recovery. Clin Chem Lab Med 2018; 56:341-349. [PMID: 28763294 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2017-0246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test is of paramount importance as a diagnostic tool for the detection and monitoring of patients with prostate cancer. In the presence of interfering factors such as heterophilic antibodies or anti-PSA antibodies the PSA test can yield significantly falsified results. The prevalence of these factors is unknown. METHODS We determined the recovery of PSA concentrations diluting patient samples with a standard serum of known PSA concentration. Based on the frequency distribution of recoveries in a pre-study on 268 samples, samples with recoveries <80% or >120% were defined as suspect, re-tested and further characterized to identify the cause of interference. RESULTS A total of 1158 consecutive serum samples were analyzed. Four samples (0.3%) showed reproducibly disturbed recoveries of 10%, 68%, 166% and 4441%. In three samples heterophilic antibodies were identified as the probable cause, in the fourth anti-PSA-autoantibodies. The very low recovery caused by the latter interference was confirmed in serum, as well as heparin- and EDTA plasma of blood samples obtained 6 months later. Analysis by eight different immunoassays showed recoveries ranging between <10% and 80%. In a follow-up study of 212 random plasma samples we found seven samples with autoantibodies against PSA which however did not show any disturbed PSA recovery. CONCLUSIONS About 0.3% of PSA determinations by the electrochemiluminescence assay (ECLIA) of Roche diagnostics are disturbed by heterophilic or anti-PSA autoantibodies. Although they are rare, these interferences can cause relevant misinterpretations of a PSA test result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Lautenbach
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Müntener
- Department of Urology, City Hospital Triemli Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Zanoni
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lanja Saleh
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karim Saba
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Umbehr
- Department of Urology, City Hospital Triemli Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Srividya Velagapudi
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Danielle Hof
- Unilabs, Labor Dübendorf, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Tullio Sulser
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter J Wild
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Cédric Poyet
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Domínguez A, Bayó M, Muñoz-Rodríguez J, Bellido JA, Abascal-Junquera JM, Hannaoui N, Banús JM. Repeated spurious elevation of serum prostate-specific antigen values solved by chemiluminescence analysis: A possible interference by heterophilic antibodies. Korean J Urol 2015; 56:785-7. [PMID: 26568798 PMCID: PMC4643176 DOI: 10.4111/kju.2015.56.11.785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterophilic antibodies are human immunoglobulins directed against various animal antigens. They can produce false-positive results in the analysis of different tumor markers, including prostate-specific antigen. This interference can lead to misdiagnosis, unnecessary tests, and overtreatment in some cases. We present herein the case of a 52-year-old man with repeated spurious elevation of prostate-specific antigen, reaching levels of 108.7 ng/mL, that were suspected to be caused by heterophilic antibodies. The interference was solved by changing the analysis technique. Real values of prostate-specific antigen were less than 1 ng/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Domínguez
- Urology Department, Institut Català dUrologia i Nefrologia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel Bayó
- Laboratori d'anàlisis M. Bayó, Terrassa, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Naim Hannaoui
- Urology Department, Institut Català dUrologia i Nefrologia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Maria Banús
- Urology Department, Institut Català dUrologia i Nefrologia, Barcelona, Spain
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Poyet C, Hof D, Sulser T, Müntener M. Artificial prostate-specific antigen persistence after radical prostatectomy. J Clin Oncol 2011; 30:e62-3. [PMID: 22203757 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.38.2788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Poyet
- University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Spurious elevation of serum PSA after curative treatment for prostate cancer: clinical consequences and the role of heterophilic antibodies. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2011; 15:182-8. [PMID: 22105412 DOI: 10.1038/pcan.2011.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various interferences can cause spurious results for common laboratory tests. Although rare, heterophilic antibodies may produce false elevations in PSA that could prompt unnecessary therapy in men previously treated for prostate cancer. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of small, spurious PSA elevations, and the role of heterophilic antibodies. METHODS Phase I: all PSA tests drawn and measured between 27 October 2008 and 26 October 2010 at Vanderbilt University Medical Center were analyzed (n=17 133). Patients who had been treated for prostate cancer with PSA values that changed from undetectable to detectable were evaluated. Phase II: patients with a detectable PSA ≤0.5 ng ml(-1) measured between 24 October 2010 and 19 January 2011 were studied prospectively (n=1288). If any patient had a previously undetectable PSA value, their serum was tested for heterophilic antibody interference. RESULTS Phase I: 11 men had a spuriously elevated PSA after curative treatment for prostate cancer (0.3%). Mean time to PSA elevation was 3.4±5.5 years, and mean elevation in PSA was 0.33±0.28 ng ml(-1). Each patient's PSA was undetectable after being repeated, and no patient went on to unnecessary treatment. Phase II: 10 men had a newly detectable PSA, 9 of whom had a history of prostate cancer. Each tested negative for interfering heterophilic antibodies when their PSA test was repeated with a heterophilic antibody-blocking reagent. CONCLUSIONS In a large cohort, we estimate the prevalence of spuriously elevated PSA values in our population to be 0.3%. No patient with a prostate cancer history was subjected to unnecessary diagnostic evaluation or treatment. On prospective evaluation of PSA conversion to low detectable levels, no patient had evidence of interfering heterophilic antibodies. When using PSA for post-treatment surveillance, it is crucial to confirm all concerning values and consider the presence of a spurious elevation in PSA if the value does not correlate with the clinical scenario.
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Gallagher DJ, Riches J, Bajorin DF. False elevation of human chorionic gonadotropin in a patient with testicular cancer. Nat Rev Urol 2010; 7:230-3. [DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2010.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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