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Tolan NV, Uljon S, Lauren Donnelly-Morell M, Zhao M, Mahowald GK, Snyder ML, Contella L, Urwiller ED, Daluz Fernandes M, Kang P, Melanson SE. Despite the improved clinical sensitivity of the Roche benzodiazepines II assay it cannot replace mass spectrometry in all patient populations. J Mass Spectrom Adv Clin Lab 2024; 33:14-20. [PMID: 39041051 PMCID: PMC11262176 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmsacl.2024.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Benzodiazepines are frequently prescribed and misused therefore urine drug screening (UDS) is performed in many patient populations. Most current benzodiazepine immunoassays have poor sensitivity, particularly for detecting the metabolites of newer benzodiazepines such as lorazepam in urine. Objectives We aimed to verify the clinical performance of the new qualitative Roche Benzodiazepines II (BNZ2) immunoassay, as well as compare its performance to the Roche Benzodiazepines Plus (BENZ) assay in two patient populations: UDS in the emergency department (ED) and compliance monitoring. Methods An initial verification study was performed, selecting for samples containing clonazepam and lorazepam metabolites. Performance of the BNZ2 and BENZ assays was compared to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) as the reference method. Sensitivity, specificity, false positive rate (FPR) and false negative rate (FNR) were determined. Results We verified the performance claims in the initial verification and demonstrated similar precision, with coefficient of variations (CVs) of 12.8% and 7.7% for negative and positive controls, respectively. Furthermore, we observed higher clinical sensitivity and lower FNR with the BNZ2 assay in both the ED and compliance monitoring populations due to improved cross-reactivity for lorazepam and clonazepam metabolites. Despite these improvements, the BNZ2 assay was unable to detect 27% of specimens positive by LC-MS/MS, including specimens from patients using benzodiazepines without prescription. Discussion Due to its improved performance and rapid turnaround time, the BNZ2 assay should be implemented for UDS in the ED. However, the assay should not replace LC-MS/MS testing for compliance monitoring, as unsuspected benzodiazepine use may go undetected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole V. Tolan
- Department of Pathology, Mass General Brigham, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sacha Uljon
- Department of Pathology, Mass General Brigham, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - M. Lauren Donnelly-Morell
- Department of Pathology, Mass General Brigham, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Melissa Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Mass General Brigham, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Grace K. Mahowald
- Department of Pathology, Mass General Brigham, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Phillip Kang
- Department of Pathology, Mass General Brigham, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Stacy E.F. Melanson
- Department of Pathology, Mass General Brigham, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Noguez JH, Koch CD. Bridging the gap: The critical role of laboratory developed tests in clinical toxicology. J Mass Spectrom Adv Clin Lab 2023; 28:70-74. [PMID: 36872953 PMCID: PMC9982682 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmsacl.2023.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
•Toxicology testing provides valuable information for patient management.•Current in vitro diagnostics (IVDs) are unable to meet all clinical needs.•Lab-developed tests (LDTs) in toxicology can be used to close clinical care gaps.•LDTs in clinical toxicology are almost exclusively mass spectrometry-based methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime H Noguez
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Christopher D Koch
- Department of Pathology, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, USA.,Sanford Laboratories, Sanford Health, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
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Bakhshi A, Daryasari AP, Soleimani M. A Molecularly Imprinted Polymer as the Adsorbent for the Selective Determination of Oxazepam in Urine and Plasma Samples by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array Detection. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934821120029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abou El Hassan M, Colantonio D, Likhodii S, Nassar BA. The analytical performance of six urine drug screens on cobas 6000 and ARCHITECT i2000 compared to LC-MS/MS gold standard. Clin Biochem 2021; 93:99-103. [PMID: 33844982 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunoassays provide a rapid tool for the screening of drugs-of-abuse (DOA). However, results are presumptive and confirmatory testing is warranted. To reduce associated cost and delay, laboratories should employ assays with high positive and negative predictive values (PPVs and NPVs). Here, we compared the results of urine drug screens on cobas 6000 (cobas) and ARCHITECTi2000 (ARCHITECT) platforms for six drugs against LC-MS/MS to assess the analytical performance of these assays. METHODS Eighty nine residual urine specimens, which tested positive for amphetamine, THC-COOH, benzoylecgonine, EDDP, opiates and/or oxycodone during routine drug testing, were stored frozen until later confirmation by LC-MS/MS. Immunoassays were performed on cobas and ARCHITECT using a split sample. A third aliquot from these samples was tested by LC-MS/MS to assess the percentage of false positive, false negative, true positive and true negative results and calculate the PPVs and NPVs for each immunoassay. RESULTS The PPVs of THC-COOH and EDDP assays were 100% on both platforms. Suboptimal PPVs were achieved for oxycodone (cobas, 57.1% vs ARCHITECT, 66.7%), amphetamine (77.8 vs. 100%), opiates (80.0 vs. 84.6%) and benzoylecgonine (88.9 vs. 84.2%) assays. The NPV was 100% for cobas and ARCHITECT oxycodone assays. Lower NPVs were achieved for THC-COOH (cobas, 28.6% vs ARCHITECT, 25.0%), EDDP (72.7% for both assays), benzoylecgonine (74.4% vs 73.8%), amphetamine (83.3% vs 82.8%) and opiates (100% vs 85.3%). CONCLUSION Overall, cobas and ARCHITECT urine drug screens have comparable analytical performance. Confirmatory testing is warranted for positive test results especially for oxycodone, amphetamine, opiates and cocaine. Negative drug screen results must be interpreted with caution especially for THC-COOH, EDDP, benzoylecgonine, amphetamine and opiates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abou El Hassan
- Clinical Chemistry Division, Provincial Laboratory Services, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada; Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
| | - David Colantonio
- Department of Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sergei Likhodii
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Bassam A Nassar
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), Halifax, NS, Canada
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Zheng YZ, Bunch DR, Lembright K, Wang S. Quantitation of Benzodiazepines and Metabolites in Urine by Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Appl Lab Med 2018; 3:397-407. [DOI: 10.1373/jalm.2018.026658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Benzodiazepines (BZDs) are central nervous system depressants that are prescribed to prevent seizures, manage anxiety, or help sleep. When misused, BZDs can lead to addiction and sometimes cause death. Measurement of BZDs in urine is used to identify their use, especially in pain management settings. LC-MS/MS is preferred for these measurements because of its high sensitivity and specificity. Here, we report an LC-MS/MS assay for measuring 7 BZDs and metabolites in urine.
Methods
Urine sample was incubated at 60 °C for 30 min after addition of internal standards and a β-glucuronidase solution. After centrifugation, the supernatant was diluted with methanol and water before being injected onto a C18 analytical column in an LC-MS/MS system for quantification. The analytical time between injections was 4.35 min. The analytes included 7-aminoclonazepam, α-hydroxyalprazolam, α-hydroxytriazolam, oxazepam, lorazepam, nordiazepam, and temazepam.
Results
The lower limit of quantification ranged from 30 ng/mL to 50 ng/mL with an analytical recovery >80% for all 7 analytes. Total CV was <10% for all analytes (3 concentration levels of 100, 2500, and 5000 ng/mL; n = 30 each). This method had 100% agreement with a GC-MS method offered by an independent laboratory for negative urine samples. For the positive urine samples, this method showed a strong correlation (R > 0.96) with the GC-MS method.
Conclusions
The LC-MS/MS assay allows accurate and precise measurement of 7 BZDs and metabolites in a single analytical run with a short analytical run time and broad measuring ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zi Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Dustin R Bunch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | | | - Sihe Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
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Kang MG, Lin HR. Systematic Evaluation and Validation of Benzodiazepines Confirmation Assay Using LC–MS-MS. J Anal Toxicol 2018; 43:96-103. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bky071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Miau-Guo Kang
- Master Program in Medical Biotechnology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Huei-Ru Lin
- Master Program in Medical Biotechnology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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Review: The Application of Liquid Chromatography Electrochemical Detection for the Determination of Drugs of Abuse. SEPARATIONS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/separations3040028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Pettersson Bergstrand M, Helander A, Hansson T, Beck O. Detectability of designer benzodiazepines in CEDIA, EMIT II Plus, HEIA, and KIMS II immunochemical screening assays. Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:640-645. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anders Helander
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology; Karolinska University Laboratory; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Therese Hansson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Division of Laboratory Medicine; Skåne University Hospital; Lund Sweden
| | - Olof Beck
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology; Karolinska University Laboratory; Stockholm Sweden
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Leung KSY, Fong BMW. LC–MS/MS in the routine clinical laboratory: has its time come? Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 406:2289-301. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7542-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Gudin JA, Mogali S, Jones JD, Comer SD. Risks, management, and monitoring of combination opioid, benzodiazepines, and/or alcohol use. Postgrad Med 2013; 125:115-30. [PMID: 23933900 DOI: 10.3810/pgm.2013.07.2684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The concurrent use of opioids, benzodiazepines (BZDs), and/or alcohol poses a formidable challenge for clinicians who manage chronic pain. While the escalating use of opioid analgesics for the treatment of chronic pain and the concomitant rise in opioid-related abuse and misuse are widely recognized trends, the contribution of combination use of BZDs, alcohol, and/or other sedative agents to opioid-related morbidity and mortality is underappreciated, even when these agents are used appropriately. Patients with chronic pain who use opioid analgesics along with BZDs and/or alcohol are at higher risk for fatal/nonfatal overdose and have more aberrant behaviors. Few practice guidelines for BZD treatment are readily available, especially when they are combined clinically with opioid analgesics and other central nervous system-depressant agents. However, coadministration of these agents produces a defined increase in rates of adverse events, overdose, and death, warranting close monitoring and consideration when treating patients with pain. To improve patient outcomes, ongoing screening for aberrant behavior, monitoring of treatment compliance, documentation of medical necessity, and the adjustment of treatment to clinical changes are essential. In this article, we review the prevalence and pharmacologic consequences of BZDs and/or alcohol use among patients with pain on chronic opioid therapy, as well as the importance of urine drug testing, an indispensable tool for therapeutic drug monitoring, which helps to ensure the continued safety of patients. Regardless of risk or known aberrant drug-related behaviors, patients on chronic opioid therapy should periodically undergo urine drug testing to confirm adherence to the treatment plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Gudin
- Pain Management and Wellness Center, Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood, NJ 07631, USA.
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Melanson SEF, Ptolemy AS, Wasan AD. Optimizing urine drug testing for monitoring medication compliance in pain management. PAIN MEDICINE 2013; 14:1813-20. [PMID: 23899241 DOI: 10.1111/pme.12207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It can be challenging to successfully monitor medication compliance in pain management. Clinicians and laboratorians need to collaborate to optimize patient care and maximize operational efficiency. The test menu, assay cutoffs, and testing algorithms utilized in the urine drug testing panels should be periodically reviewed and tailored to the patient population to effectively assess compliance and avoid unnecessary testing and cost to the patient. OBJECTIVE Pain management and pathology collaborated on an important quality improvement initiative to optimize urine drug testing for monitoring medication compliance in pain management. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed 18 months of data from our pain management center. We gathered data on test volumes, positivity rates, and the frequency of false positive results. We also reviewed the clinical utility of our testing algorithms, assay cutoffs, and adulterant panel. In addition, the cost of each component was calculated. RESULTS The positivity rate for ethanol and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine were <1% so we eliminated this testing from our panel. We also lowered the screening cutoff for cocaine to meet the clinical needs of the pain management center. In addition, we changed our testing algorithm for 6-acetylmorphine, benzodiazepines, and methadone. For example, due the high rate of false negative results using our immunoassay-based benzodiazepine screen, we removed the screening portion of the algorithm and now perform benzodiazepine confirmation up front in all specimens by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. CONCLUSION Conducting an interdisciplinary quality improvement project allowed us to optimize our testing panel for monitoring medication compliance in pain management and reduce cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy E F Melanson
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Lee HH, Lee JF, Lin SY, Lin YY, Wu CF, Wu MT, Chen BH. Simultaneous quantification of urine flunitrazepam, nimetazepam and nitrazepam by using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Clin Chim Acta 2012; 420:134-9. [PMID: 23085494 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2012.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Benzodiazepines are used in hypnotics, sedation, and anti-anxiety. Recently liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has been vastly developed for drug analysis in biological samples. METHODS We developed and validated a LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous quantification of flunitrazepam (FM2), nimetazepam and nitrazepam levels in 87 benzodiazepine positive human urine specimens by enzyme immunoassay. Deuterated analogues were used as internal standard. RESULTS The limits of quantification were found to be 0.25, 2.5, 5, 5 and 1ng/ml for FM2, 7-aminoFM2, nimetazepam, 7-amino-nimetazepam and nitrazepam, respectively. The intraday and inter-day CVs ranged from 0.6 to 4.6% and 1.2-9.4%, respectively. The within-day accuracy ranged from 80.8 to 108.7% and the between-day accuracy ranged from 80.5 to 118.0%. The recovery rate ranged from 70.5 to 96.7% for five different analytes. A group of 34 urine samples previously gas chromatography-mass spectrometry determined to contain 7-aminoFM2 was analyzed by this new LC-MS/MS approach. Quantitative data produced by both methods agreed well. CONCLUSIONS The LC-MS/MS method has proved to be robust and specific for the quantification of FM2, nimetazepam and nitrazepam in urine samples. This study also confirmed that nitrazepam and 7-aminonimetazepam are the metabolic products of nimetazepam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hei Hwa Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Karampela S, Vardakou I, Papoutsis I, Dona A, Spiliopoulou C, Athanaselis S, Pistos C. Direct urine analysis for the identification and quantification of selected benzodiazepines for toxicology screening. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 902:42-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 06/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Pesce A, West C, Egan City K, Strickland J. Interpretation of Urine Drug Testing in Pain Patients. PAIN MEDICINE 2012; 13:868-85. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2012.01350.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Urine is recognized as the prime matrix for drug test screening with well-established methods and testing protocols. Its major limitation is with regard to the inconvenience of sample collection and lack of integrity due to adulteration, dilution, drug spiking or sample exchange. The question is whether oral fluid, with its apparent better sample integrity, can replace urine for drug screening. This review examines the sample integrity problems and the advantages and limitations of oral fluid and urine in drug screening programmes. The variety of sample collection devices for oral fluid is shown to be a problem with recovery and detection for some drugs. This is examined in relation to the pharmacokinetics of drug metabolism and excretion in this matrix. Buccal contamination with drugs in oral fluid may also cause problems with interpretation. The clinical advantages of oral fluid analysis compared with urine testing are highlighted. Parent drugs are often found in oral fluid where only their metabolites may be found in urine, for example the benzodiazepines. 6-Monoacetylmorphine, an indicative marker of heroin, has a high prevalence in oral fluid from users of this drug but its detection in urine is limited due to its short half-life. Advances in analytical techniques, particularly chromatography linked to tandem mass spectrometry, are helping to promote oral fluid analysis. However, the lack of concordance studies examining both urine and oral fluid drug levels and kinetics in the clinical setting is of some concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith R Allen
- Department of Specialist Laboratory Medicine, Leeds Teaching Hospitals, Britannia House, Morley, Leeds LS27 0DQ, UK
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Niessen WMA. Fragmentation of toxicologically relevant drugs in positive-ion liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:626-663. [PMID: 21294151 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The identification of drugs and related compounds by LC-MS-MS is an important analytical challenge in several application areas, including clinical and forensic toxicology, doping control analysis, and environmental analysis. Although target-compound based analytical strategies are most frequently applied, at some point the information content of the MS-MS spectra becomes relevant. In this article, the positive-ion MS-MS spectra of a wide variety of drugs and related substances are discussed. Starting point was an MS-MS mass spectral library of toxicologically relevant compounds, available on the internet. The positive-ion MS-MS spectra of ∼570 compounds were interpreted by chemical and therapeutic class, thus involving a wide variety of drug compound classes, such benzodiazepines, beta-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, phenothiazines, dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, diuretics, local anesthetics, vasodilators, as well as various subclasses of anti-diabetic, antidepressant, analgesic, and antihistaminic drugs. In addition, the scientific literature was searched for available MS-MS data of these compound classes and the interpretation thereof. The results of this elaborate study are presented in this article. For each individual compound class, the emphasis is on class-specific fragmentation, as discussing fragmentation of all individual compounds would take far too much space. The recognition of class-specific fragmentation may be quite informative in determining the compound class of a specific unknown, which may further help in the identification. In addition, knowledge on (class-specific) fragmentation may further help in the optimization of the selectivity in targeted analytical approaches of compounds of one particular class.
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Salomone A, Gerace E, Brizio P, Gennaro MC, Vincenti M. A fast liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for determining benzodiazepines and analogues in urine. Validation and application to real cases of forensic interest. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 56:582-91. [PMID: 21737221 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Revised: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A fast liquid chromatographic/tandem mass spectrometric method was developed for the simultaneous determination in human urine of seventeen benzodiazepines, four relevant metabolites together plus zolpidem and zopiclone. The sample preparation, optimized to take into account the matrix effect, was based on enzymatic hydrolysis and liquid-liquid extraction. The separation of the twenty-three analytes was achieved in less than eight minutes. The whole methodology was fully validated according to UNI EN ISO/IEC 17025:2005 rules and 2006 SOFT/AAFS guidelines. Selectivity, linearity range, identification (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) limits, precision, accuracy and recovery were evaluated. For all the species the signal/concentration linearity was satisfactory in the 50-1000 ng/mL concentration range. The limits of detection ranged from 0.5 to 30 ng/mL and LOQs from 1.7 to 100.0 ng/mL. Precisions were in the ranges 5.0-11.8%, 1.5-11.0% and 1.1-4.4% for low (100 ng/mL), medium (300 ng/mL) and high (1000 ng/mL) concentration, respectively. The accuracy, expressed as bias% was within ± 25 % for all the analytes. The recovery values, evaluated at 300 ng/mL concentration, ranged from 56.2% to 98.8%. The present method for the determination of several benzodiazepines, zolpidem and zopiclone in human urine proved to be simple, fast, specific and sensitive. The quantification by LC-MS/MS was successfully applied to 329 forensic cases among driving re-licensing, car accidents and alleged sexual violence cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Salomone
- Centro Regionale Antidoping A. Bertinaria, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
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Couchman L, Morgan PE. LC-MS in analytical toxicology: some practical considerations. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 25:100-23. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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